中国和叙利亚的历史关系

中国和叙利亚远隔千山万水,但是两国的交往源远流长,约有两千年的历史。无论是在罗马统治时期,还是后来的阿拉伯—伊斯兰时期,叙利亚与我国往来不断,互通贸易,交流文化。     

源远流长谈伊斯兰教前阿拉伯文学与世界文化的渊源关系

文学是文化的重要组成部分,也是文化的反映.世界各国文学,追本穷源,都与世界古代文化有着渊源关系. 谈起世界上最古老的文化,除了黄河流域——中国、恒河流域——印度外,人们总不能不谈到尼罗河流域——埃及、两河流域——巴比伦、地中海东岸——古代巴勒斯坦.这些地区的文化自然都属于东方的范畴.当然,我们也不能不谈到希腊、罗马文化,因为“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础,也就没有现代的欧洲.”①然而,读一下《欧洲文学史》,我们又会发现:“古希腊、罗马文化是古希腊、罗马社会的产物,但它又是在文化发达较早的亚洲西部国家和埃及的影响     

别具一格的叙利亚文化机构

叙利亚是著名的文明古国之一,她以悠久的历史、灿烂的文化而著称于世.叙政府非常重视文化事业的发展,不断增加文化事业的投资,加速文化设施的建设,以满足广大人民群众对文化知识的需求.叙利亚前总统阿萨德说:"文化是人类的最高需求,生活中所有的需求都是有限度的,只有文化的需求是无止境的."本着这种精神,叙政府先后在文化部设立了文化中心局、电影总局、文物总局以及直属机构阿萨德图书馆、高等音乐、戏剧学院.这些机构是叙利亚人民的主要文化活动机构和领导机关,为叙利亚的文化腾飞起到了巨大的作用.     

塔德木尔王国

3世纪上半叶,今叙利亚境内崛起了一个阿拉伯古国——塔德木尔王国.王国因其首都塔德木尔得名,该词源于拉丁语中的“帕尔米拉”,即“椰枣城”.一些学者认为,帕尔米拉译自希伯来语中的椰枣“塔木尔”一词.后来西方人便袭用希腊人和罗马人对它的称呼——帕尔米拉.塔德木尔简史概要塔德木尔从绿洲—村庄—国家—消亡这一历史发展过程,一直贯穿着它的商贸活动,而商贸活动又促成它与波斯、希腊、罗马、阿拉伯等国家和部落在政治、军事、经济等方面形成独特的关系.为此,从乌泽纳家族时期及其前后来谈一下它的内政外交,从而     

雅典卫城修复记

雅典(Athens)作为希腊的首都,是希腊经济、财政、工业、政治和文化的中心,是世界上最古老的城市之一.拥有5000多年建城历史的雅典,历史遗迹丰富,至今仍保留了很多历史遗迹和大量的艺术作品,其中最著名的是雅典卫城的帕提农神庙,这是西方文化的象征.     

亚里士多德与阿拉伯文化

世界编年史上,阿拔斯时代最著名的事件,莫过于智力觉醒,这被认为是世界思想史上和文化史上最有意义的事件之一。这个觉醒,在很大程度上是由于外来的影响,其中有印度、波斯、叙利亚的影响,但主要是古希腊的影响。影响的途径是翻译,即把波斯文、梵文、叙利亚文和希腊文的各种著作翻译成阿拉伯文的版本。这是阿拉伯人开发智力的重要手段。     

黎叙关系对两岸关系的启示

黎巴嫩与叙利亚有着传统"特殊关系"(叙利亚视黎巴嫩为叙利亚一个省,并非主权独立国家),以往黎巴嫩的内政和外交受叙利亚影响很深,甚至其内外政策在一定程度上被叙利亚左右和控制.而我国台湾地区与大陆的关系从某种意义上与黎叙关系有一定相似性,在历史、文化和经济的共同作用下,台湾受到大陆影响非常深刻.并且与黎叙关系相似,我国民主政治仍然处于上升发展期而并非完成期.黎巴嫩不可能追随一个看不清未来的叙利亚同理,中国的未来也影响着台湾的走向.而本文将从黎叙关系和两岸关系的角度,把黎巴嫩自身、中东地缘政治和国际大国三方面因素与台湾统独之争和台海地缘政治结合起来,尝试说明黎巴嫩应对叙利亚而调整外交政策对两岸关系的启示.     

古罗马角斗比赛的发展历程

古罗马角斗文化是古罗马文化不可或缺的一部分,具有罗马的民族精神,几乎贯穿于整个罗马历史,渗透到古罗马生活的各个方面。这种独特的文化随着罗马共和国和罗马帝国的强盛,曾经风靡一时,对罗马的政治、经济、社会等方面影响深远。     

漫谈阿拉伯古代医学

勤劳智慧的阿拉伯人民在吸收、溶合古埃及、巴比伦、希腊、罗马、印度等国的优秀文化成果的基础上,曾在自然科学、文学艺术和社会科学等领域创造出了绚丽多姿的阿拉伯文化,为人类文明的进步作出宝贵的贡献。在这一文化宝     

世俗性——中世纪伊斯兰教育的特色

当欧洲正处于黑暗的中世纪时,阿拉伯人却创造了人类引以为骄傲的宝贵文化.阿拉伯-伊斯兰文化色彩绚丽、硕果累累,它的形成有多方面的原因.其中别具特色的伊斯兰教育对阿拉伯一伊斯兰文化的形成和发展产生了深远的影响. 在中世纪的教育发展过程中,伊斯兰教育异军突起,由于政治和经济发展的现实需要,依靠希腊、罗马和东方的文化学术为资     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Acceptance and Caregiving of Married and Divorced Custodial Mothers and Fathers

The study examined whether differences in gender and family status affect parental caregiving disposition and acceptance of children among parents of children in mid-childhood. The number of participants were 122 divorced-custodial fathers, 107 married fathers, 85 divorced-custodial mothers, and 82 married mothers (n?=?398). A comparison among four groups of parents revealed the following gender differences: mothers scored higher on anxious caregiving and parental acceptance than fathers, and lower on avoidant caregiving. Regression analysis indicated that the higher the caregiving avoidance or anxiety, the lower the parental acceptance. Family status moderated parental acceptance, as avoidant caregiving was associated with reduced parental acceptance among married parents, but not among divorced custodial parents. The finding that avoidant caregiving was not associated with reduced acceptance among divorced custodial parents implies that their parental acceptance behaviors toward their children are affected by their parental status as sole custodial parent, and the associated responsibilities, rather than by gender.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.