A preliminary analysis of the present situation of China's population]

The national census conducted in 1982 provides the most up-to-date statistics on China's population. The following are some characteristics of China's population at the present time, based upon preliminary analysis: (1) The total population figure has passed the one billion mark, but the growth rate has been declining since the 1970s; (2) The population density is higher than other countries of the world, but the distribution is uneven. The percentage of the city population is low, and changes in urban and rural distribution are slow; (3) The population growth of ethnic minorities is higher than average, and the ratio of the minority population is increasing; (4) There are slightly more men than women-an impact of traditional society; (5) The age structure of the population is still young, but sharp change is in the process of developing; (6) Fertility has declined on a large scale, but is still far from reaching the goal of population control; (7) The death rate has remained at a low level for a long period of time, and average lifespan is gradually becoming prolonged; (8) The marital status has remained stable, and people normally marry between the ages of 20 and 30; (9) The cultural and educational level of the general public has been promoted, but still not enough for modernized construction; (10) The employment rate is high, and most of the working population is employed with the departments of material production. The percentage of employment of a service nature is small. A high percentage of the working population is related to agriculture, fishing, and animal husbandry. The precentage of workers in manual labor is much higher than that for mental labor.     

Measuring Progress: A Comparison of the GDP,HDI, GS and the RIE

The current paper constructs a progress measurement appropriate for measuring multiple and different dimensions of progress. The paper is not meant to be a detailed discussion of the framework but rather a demonstrated application of the measure. The constructed resource-infrastructure-environment progress measure employs a non-monetary evaluation adopting a weighting technique based on public opinion. The proposed index is assessed from a single summary standpoint. The aggregation method is evaluated via a z-score standardisation technique. The progress index is applied to three countries that are representative of different clusters. They are Australia (mid-industrialised nation), Mexico (emerging economy), and the US (highly industrialised nation). These selected countries provide an opportunity to highlight any divergences that may exist in their perceived economic strength. The results showed Australia as consistently having the highest levels of progress, closely followed by Mexico and then the US.     

基于省级面板数据的劳动者工资扭曲测度

本文利用1999—2012年省级面板数据,基于C-D生产函数对我国各省历年劳动者工资扭曲指数进行测度。研究结果发现：（1）我国各省劳动者工资普遍存在向下扭曲;（2）劳动者工资扭曲指数的时间趋势表现为先升后降,近4年趋于稳定的态势;（4）劳动者工资扭曲的省际差异的变动轨迹为：先逐渐缩小,再大幅度频繁波动,后平缓缩小;（4）劳动者工资扭曲存在地区差异,扭曲程度从高到低依次为东部地区、中部地区和西部地区。（5）劳动者工资扭曲指数并不完全取决于当地实际工资水平。由此,本文建议是：制定抑制地区间恶性引资竞争的宏观政策,建立以贸易利益最大化为目标的贸易发展模式,完善劳动力市场制度化建设,加强法律和工会对劳动者权益的保护,完善社会保障制度,扩大财政支出,从而减轻劳动者工资扭曲程度。     

稳定低生育水平与中国家庭养老关系的再思考

稳定低生育水平不会对家庭养老功能带来负面影响。主要理由是 :1.衡量家庭养老功能的标准已经变化。2 .家庭养老的本质是国家性家庭养老。 3.稳定低生育水平与家庭养老的关系不是单因素对单因素的关系 ,而是系统与系统的关系     

少腹逐瘀汤治疗月经过多146例的疗效观察

对口服西药难以治愈的146例妇女月经过多,作者采用中药少腹逐瘀汤对其进行治疗,并对疗效进行了观察,疗效显著,有效率为100%,应推广应用。     

贵州省城市化发展与耕地资源的计量和协调性分析

城市化和保护耕地的矛盾已成为贵州经济发展中的突出问题。利用协整理论和协调度指标对贵州省1982～2008年的城市化水平与耕地面积的关系进行实证分析。结果表明,贵州耕地面积与城市化水平之间存在协整关系,且二者间呈负相关关系,随着城市化水平的提高,耕地面积减少,城市化水平提高是耕地面积变化的原因,但耕地面积变动不是城市化水平提高的原因。大部分年份的耕地资源与城市化水平协调度呈调和型,耕地资源保持在承载力阈值内,短期内可接受。     

Transformation and Anomie: Problems of Quality of Life in Bulgaria

The weakening of social integration and anomie are unavoidable in the transformation of societies. The effect is a decrease of quality of life accompanied by disenchantments, aggressiveness and escapism. In some countries in Eastern Europe like Bulgaria the anomie effects of transformation became particularly strong. The major reason is the political instability. The dissolution of the previous state-centered over-integration of society developed into a dissolution of major mechanisms of political integration. The prospects for improvement of quality of life are focused on the balance of economic, political and cultural re-integration of Bulgarian society.     

The first years of a consultation bureau for homosexuality

The COC's attempt to form a consultation bureau which would supply social aid to homosexuals is presented. The details and problems of forming such a group, including financial matters, type of aid to be supplied, and staffing, are discussed. In conclusion, the total reformation of the bureau in the 1980's is explained. The reformation reflects the change in social tolerance toward homosexuality in The Netherlands.     

The population control helping sustainable economic development in Shantong province

A brief overview is presented of the impact of population control on sustainable economic development in Shantong Province, China. Family planning education was initiated in 1970. Birth control is now widely accepted among the population. The birth rate in 1995 was 9.82/1000 population. The natural growth rate was 0.335%. The population growth rate was below the national average. The total fertility rate was 1.1 children/woman. Shandong Province has a total population of 81 million people. Shandong's share of Chinese total population declined from 8.4% in 1949 to 7.2% in 1995. Gross domestic product in 1995 was 500 billion yuan. The annual urban expenditure was 4000 yuan/person, which was an increase of 1500 yuan from 1991. The annual rural net income was 1650 yuan/person, which was an increase of 680 yuan from 1991. During 1971-95, expenditures for bearing children declined by 492 billion yuan. The party secretary of the province stressed that population quality is desired now that the birth rate is under control.     

Preliminary inquiry into changes among women in mountainous regions with regard to marriage and birth]

Research objectives were in China study the changes in marriage, birth, and birth and birth control of mountain women in the last 43 years. The methodology used was random sampling. The sample was taken based on 1% of the agricultural population. The findings show that the unmarried rate of women is currently very low. Remarriage occurs because of the loss of a spouse rather than divorce. Early marriage occurs more frequently with mountain women since they have gradually strayed from the traditional belief of marrying only once. Within the last 40 years, the average age when one married has gradually increased. The percentage of early marriages has decreased and the percentage of late marriages has increased. Prior to 1975, the birth rate was high and now it has decreased. The decrease in the birth rate in 1960 was due to natural disasters; however, the current decreases in the birth rate are due to family planning. The major factors influencing marriage of mountain farmers and birth rate are traditional feudalistic influences, economic life, marriage laws, population policies, culture, and education. The survey was conducted from August 1982 to April 1983. There were 20,174 women ranging from the ages of 15-67 who participated. Findings show that the majority of the unmarried women are now under the age of 25. The percentage of 1st marriages under the legal age reached 2.89%. The average 1st marriage age of women in the 1940s was 19.03. Between 1980-1982 it was 22.30, an increase of 3.27 years since 1940. The percentage of 1st marriages under the age of 18 in the 1940s was 35.96%. It decreased to 2.28% in 1980. The rate of 1st marriages over the age of 23 before 1970 remained approximately 5%. It increased to 56.84% in the early 1980s. The traditional feudalistic influences have greatly affected marriage of mountain farmers. The ratio of more than 1 child per couple reached a rate of over 40%. The improvement of economic life also increased the aggregate birth rate. It reached 7 in the 1950s. With the emphasis no longer on marriage laws and population policies but on family planning, the early marriage rate decreased to below 15% from a previous rate of 40%.     

烟台加快发展的人口经济研究

改革开放以后,烟台作为第一批沿海开放城市之一,社会经济有了很大发展,但是,与其他沿海开放城市相比仍有明显的差距。加快烟台发展应采取以下对策:1.更新观念是振兴烟台的关键;2.打造支柱产业、特色产业,形成优秀的产业结构和产业链条市加快烟台发展的核心;3.加快人才开发是振兴烟台的根本;4.加快制度创新是振兴烟台的重要保证;5.加快农业劳动力转移,推进城市化是拉动烟台经济、社会发展的重要引擎;6.发展旅游业,扩大知名度,实施形象工程是振兴烟台的重要举措。     

近21年我国自杀人口的性别差异

文章回顾了近年我国因自杀处理不当而引发的群体性事件,分析了1987-2007年我国历年的自杀人数及构成。分析表明：①近20年我国由高自杀率国家转变为低自杀率国家,②女性自杀率虽下降明显但仍高于世界平均水平,③青少年自杀人数比例下降、老年自杀人数相对比例上升,④农村自杀发生率是城市的3~5倍。最后,探讨我国妇女自杀死亡的社会原因,研究了自杀的防范措施。     

吉林省劳动就业的现状分析与展望

改革开放以来 ,吉林省的就业速度明显慢于经济发展速度。劳动力数量多 ,就业岗位有限。在未来 1 0年 ,就业状况仍不容乐观。解决这一问题应当从三个方面着手。一是加大吉林省内的产业结构调整力度 ,二是加强与西部各省份的交流 ,三是加强与周边国家的合作。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Christopher Wills, Children of Prometheus: The Accelerating Pace of Human Evolution Helen Fisher, The First Sex: The Natural Talents of Women and How They Are Changing the World Lionel Tiger, The Decline of Males Francis Fukuyama, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order Tom Kirkwood, Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging Margo J. Anderson And Stephen E. Fienberg, Who Counts? The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America Alain Desrosières, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning. Translation by Camille Naish of La politique des grands nombres: histoire de la raison statistique. Henk A. de Gans, Population Forecasting 1895–1945: The Transition to Modernity Massimo Livi-Bacci and Gustavo De Santis (eds.), Population and Poverty in the Developing World William A. Jackson, The Political Economy of Population Ageing Dorothy J. Solinger, Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market     

Determinants of fertility control in Korea

The objective of this study is to examine the socioeconomic and intervening determinants of fertility control in Korea. The conceptual framework applied here is based on the synthesis framework of fertility control developed by Easterlin and Crimmins. The data came from the 1974 Korean National Family Survey, which was conducted as part of the World Fertility Survey. The study focuses on the relative importance of the socioeconomic factors and intervening variables in the determination of fertility control. The most interesting finding is that there are only small differentials in fertility control by socioeconomic factors. The analysis emphasizes the importance of examining the determinants of fertility control in terms of the intervening variables, which include the components of natural fertility, desired family size, and costs of fertility control. These intervening variables provide general support for the theoretical predictions. Moreover, most of the coefficients for these variables are statistically significant at the .05 level. The analysis also shows that motivation for fertility control is an important factor in determining use of fertility control.     

1954—2005年新疆兵团人口发展特点及制约因素分析

本文从人口增长变动、人口分布、人口构成等方面分析了新疆兵团人口的发展特点．并进一步提出了制约兵团人口发展的因素。分析结果表明：50多年来兵团人口增长迅速,人口总数中,省际人口迁移量大且占有重要的地位：人口再生产类型已经实现了转变,出现了低出生、低死亡、低增长率;人口分布不均;总人口性别比严重失调;就业人口趋于减少,劳动力资源的供蛤严重不足。制约兵团人口发展的因素主要是自然环境差以及经济发展水平低。     

广东退休人口的规模与结构特征分析

本文对劳动统计资料和人口普查资料的分析表明,广东退休人口总量持续快速增长,老年人口中退休人口比例提高。退休人口趋于向城市和珠江三角洲集聚。性别结构逐步向平衡方向变化,较高年龄的退休人口增多。退休人口在保持国有身份特征时趋向多样性。退休人口整体教育素质改善,流动退休人口具有一定的人力资源优势。     

人口与经济:从历史到现实的认识

人口与经济问题是人类社会长期关注的问题之一 ,也是人口经济学最重要的研究内容。本文对自马尔萨斯人口理论建立以来的有代表性的人口经济理论进行了回顾 ,这些理论主要包括 :马尔萨斯人口论与悲观主义人口经济理论 ;长期停滞论和乐观主义人口经济理论 ;低水平均衡陷井论和临界最小努力命题 ;适度人口论与可持续发展理论 ;以及人力资本论与新增长理论。在此基础上 ,对人口经济理论演进的特点进行了总结 :研究内容与不同时代所面临的主要社会经济问题紧密相关 ;研究领域日益宽泛 ;研究视野从发达国家扩展到发展中国家乃至全球范围 ;研究方法和研究思路的进步与完善。     

The way of life of the Hungarian society on the basis of the time budget survey of 1976–1977

The way of life is a topic of central interest in present Hungarian sociology. The time budget survey is considered to be a good method to investigate the way of life. A national survey was performed in 1976–1977. Its results can be compared to an earlier national survey in 1963. The main characteristics of the way of life and the main changes are: The time spent at the workplace changed more slowly than the statutory working time. Income-supplementing working activities are very widespread, most of all in small agricultural plots. These plots are cultivated by almost all social strata residing in villages. The total amount of time spent in household chores diminished and became somewhat more equally shared by women and men. The length of daily contracted and commited time is strongly differentiated by social strata and this differentiation tended to increase.     

A cohort analysis of the fertility of the July 1 People's Commune in Shanghai, County]

The survey was conducted in February-March 1981. The population of this commune at the end of 1980 was 18,608. The cultural and educational levels, economic condition, and work in family planning of this commune form a typical example among numerous similar communes in Shanghai County. The birthrate, natural growth rate, and average fertility rate began to decline in the later half of 1950s and reached the lowest level in 1974. The survey shows a delay in the marriage age. The fertility rate also dropped by 21.31% from 1963 to 1980. The average fertility rate dropped by 162.73% from 1963 to 1980. Among the women of childbearing age, 99% of them have a knowledge of birth control measures, 95% of them have used them before, and 78% are currently using them. All these figures show that the work in family planning in the commune has reached a high level by world standards. 3 factors which have a strong impact on fertility are: the economic and educational level, formation of population elements, and family planning work. A rise in the standard of living and improvement in education normally leads to late marriage and a decline in fertility. An increase in the number of women of childbearing age causes a rise in fertility. The population growth after 1974 is a reflection of this situation. The survey shows that the decline in fertility before 1973 was caused mainly by family planning work.