清初宁古塔将军的设置和抗俄斗争

我国清朝政府于1653年把盛京昂邦章京所辖的松花江、黑龙江、乌苏里江流域,包括库页岛和尼布楚等地,划为单独的行政区,在原设的宁古塔副部统之上,增设宁古塔昂邦章京,以加强对这个地区的管辖。1662年,宁古塔昂邦章京改称宁古塔将军(1757年改称“镇守吉林乌喇等处将军”,通称吉林将军)。1683年,清政府又把原属宁古将军管辖的亨滚河上源支流哈达乌拉河、黑龙江北岸的毕占河以及东流松花江等河流以西之地分出,划为黑龙江将军辖区;这些河流以东地区,包括库页岛在内,仍归宁古塔将军管辖。宁古塔昂邦章京治所初设于今黑龙江省海林县旧街公社(宁安县城西北25公     

方式济与《龙沙纪略》

《龙沙纪略》一书,是清人方式济所撰,是一部详尽记载黑龙江地区历史的地方志。有关黑龙江地区的记载,最早见于战国时代成书的《山海经》。以后,历代的史书都作过记载,但尚嫌简阙。清康熙年间纂修的《盛京通志》(三十二卷)和乾隆初年重编的《盛京通志》(四十八卷)等官书,涉及黑龙江地方的,还是比较粗略的。清康熙时人吴振臣的《宁古塔纪略》则记载了宁古塔将军(后改吉林将军)所属的松花江以东地区,主要是宁古塔一带的历史。详尽地记述黑龙江地区的大山名川,历史沿革,地理疆域,民族分布,时令风俗,物产贡赋,饮食起居的地方志,首推《龙沙纪略》这本书。前人对这部私人著述,有过较高的评价。如清代著名学者何秋涛在《考订龙沙纪略叙》     

生死之交

清顺治十四年,有一个叫吴兆骞的年轻人参加科举考试,考中举人。可是被黑势力陷害,以“科场蜚语”的罪名,流放至东北宁古塔,在这“山非山兮水非水,生非生兮死非死”的塞北苦寒之地流落了二十年。     

丝关新故事

正家风感悟:夫妻相扶相携,共同维护家庭的安定。辽北小城开原,明史上以"丝关"著称,可谓东北与中原沟通的重镇,有清一代,一度成为和宁古塔一样的文人流放之地。在这里,发生过许多历史故事,而今天,小城里动人的故事仍在不断上演。暴雨中的电话2013年7月1日,辽宁大地陷入弥天暴雨的蹂躏之中。     

英语教学中的文化教育

语言是文化的载体,是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的,语言是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等,各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。语言离不开文化,文化依靠语言,英语教学是语言教学,当然离不开文化教育。     

文化共生与和谐文化探幽

和谐文化是我国社会发展到一定历史阶段的必然要求,是社会全体成员团结进步的重要精神支撑。文化共生与和谐文化有着密切的联系,和谐文化是在文化共生基础上形成的高级形态,它们是辩证统一的,又是相互依存、相互渗透的。文化共生具有结构性的特征,其横向结构表征为不同国家之间、不同意识形态之间的多元文化共生,国家内部多民族文化之间的多元共生,不同文化群体的共生和主流文化与亚文化的共生;其纵向结构表征为传统文化、现代文化、后现代文化之间的共生;其立体结构表征为文化共生的形式维、内容维与和谐维。和谐文化具有层次性的特征,包括低度和谐、一般和谐和高度和谐,它是由初级不断向高级发展的文化形态。文化共生的结构性与和谐文化的层次性昭示了多元文化发展的递进式、螺旋式上升规律。     

他域的文化与秩序——《西太平洋的航海者》中的他域生活叙写

一、引言 人,通过文化来实现自我;文化,是人们生活的工具。因为文化不同,人们的生活相异,人们的生活方式、生活态度、生活行为呈现各种各样的差别。同时,处于不同文化之中的人又在不断地型塑和完善着其所处的文化。文化是有差异的,不同的文化有效率高低之分,但却不能说这是先进与落后之别。当我们走出书斋,走向田野,当我们进入行动者的文化中去体会,我们会发现,“野蛮人”的社会秩序是和谐的,他们的文化同样是美的。     

国际萨满医药文化研究

萨满医药文化是指由萨满创造、传承和实践的,与医药相关的物质文化、精神文化、组织制度文化的总称;在地域空间范围上采用广义的见解,有利于在不同地域、不同民族的层面间开展萨满医药文化的比较性研究;萨满医药文化是国际萨满文化研究的主题;在众多的涉及萨满医药文化的研究中,由于研究者的视角不同,所关注的萨满的治病方式亦存在较大的差异;萨满医药产品的开发,是最大的现实利益所在。     

西口文化与关东文化之比较

清末民初,在我国北方地域文化中,西口文化与关东文化最具特色。山西、陕西、山东、河北四省汉族移民的大批流动,是西口文化、关东文化形成的前提;而不同民族文化的相互融合,又是西口文化与关东文化的共同之处。西口与关东地区原有民族文化的浓郁特色,加之二者在中国地理位置不同,又使得二文化各自具有不同的内涵和特征,是中华民族地域文化百花园中各具特色的两支奇葩。     

老舍与中国传统文化关系的纵向梳理

老舍与传统文化的关系是一个发展演变的过程,在其生命的不同时期,老舍对传统文化的态度是不同的.就其主要倾向而言,经历了文化接收、文化批判、文化检讨和文化建设四个时段.梳理老舍与传统文化的关系,对于认识老舍的创作和文化心理具有重要的启示意义.     

蓟门烟树今考

长期以来,人们认为燕京八景之一的"蓟门烟树"位于今元大都土城遗址,虽有学者加以纠正,仍是以讹传讹。本文依据史实说明蓟门应在今宣武区广安门附近的南横西街上。"蓟门烟树"应是金代时从蓟门附近的披云楼远眺圣安寺内森森古柏时的景观。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.