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1.
Using data from the 1981, 1991, and 2001 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and several decennial censuses, we examine
how characteristics of metropolitan areas are associated with black and white households’ neighborhood racial composition.
Results from hierarchical linear models show that about 20% to 40% of the variation in the percentage of households’ tract
population that is non-Hispanic white or non-Hispanic black exists across metropolitan areas. Over time, white households’
exposure to non-Hispanic white neighbors has declined, and their exposure to non-Hispanic black neighbors has increased; the
reverse trends are observed for blacks. These trends cannot be attributed to changes in the ecological structure of metropolitan
areas. Blacks have fewer white neighbors in large metropolitan areas containing sizable minority populations, and blacks have
more white neighbors in metropolitan areas with high government employment. Whites have more black neighbors in metropolitan
areas with high levels of government employment and ample new housing; whites have fewer black neighbors in metropolitan areas
with a high level of municipal fragmentation. The association between metropolitan-area percentage black and tract percentage
black is weaker among whites than among blacks, suggesting that whites are especially motivated to self-segregate in metropolitan
areas with large black populations. 相似文献
2.
John C. Caldwell 《Journal of Population Research》2006,23(2):225-242
The study of recent fertility trends in the West has been dominated by examinations of Europe. A better perspective on twentieth-century
fertility movements can be gained by giving an equal emphasis to trends in the ‘Offshoots’ (USA, Canada, Australia and New
Zealand). This paper focuses on the periods of rapid fertility decline and to a greater extent on the intervening periods
of near-equilibrium. It is suggested that the ‘late twentieth century compromise’ is more stable than is suggested by reports
on its internal strains, and that only massive government intervention could raise fertility. 相似文献
3.
This paper examines the potential of self-reported information on capabilities as an alternative indicator and aggregator
for well-being. We survey a population of 18 year old first-year Bachelor students in applied economics and business studies
and demonstrate a way in which capabilities can be measured on the level of life domains as well as on the general level of
‘life as a whole’. The data confirm the theoretical hypothesis that the set of capabilities is larger than the achieved functionings.
We investigate and compare which variables influence general capabilities and satisfaction with life. We find that both concepts
are equally depending on the ‘mood of the day’. On the other hand, we find some diverging influences that call for a debate
on the (policy) relevance of different well-being concepts and their determining variables. The capabilities interpretation
of well-being points to an important role of the parents (especially when they are divorced or rather strict) while the information
on satisfaction is more related to personal and situational characteristics (such as not being single or the number of family
visits). 相似文献
4.
The study of subjective quality of life and its connotations in the People’s Republic of China is at a preliminary stage.
Although there is an emerging body of literature on this topic, there are few datasets representative of the general public,
particularly in Mainland China. This paper reports the findings of a public survey (N = 449) conducted in Zhuhai City, South China using the International Wellbeing Index (IWI). There were four main aims: (1)
to judge whether residents were satisfied with their lives; (2) to compare the data with recent findings from Hong Kong and
Macau; (3) to investigate the equivalence of the IWI in terms of its psychometric properties; and (4) to determine the applicability
of the ‘Theory of Homeostasis Wellbeing’. The data indicated a moderate level of personal (PWI score = 64.4.) and national
(NWI score = 57.4) wellbeing, consistent with recent findings from Hong Kong and Macau. The PWI score was within the normative
range for non-Western countries, which indicates that the residents were, on the whole, satisfied with their lives. Although
previously reported objective measures of quality of life in Zhuhai are lower than in Hong Kong and Macau, this is not reflected
in this study’s subjective measures. This finding was interpreted in terms of the ‘Theory of Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis’,
and the specific situation in Zhuhai, as there seems to be an absence of factors (i.e., no harsh economic or social situation)
which could drive subjective wellbeing below normal. Last, that the IWI demonstrated good psychometric performance in terms
of its reliability, validity, and sensitivity, and concurred with previous published reports, it seems that the scale’s robustness
generalises to Chinese samples. 相似文献
5.
Alison Mackinnon 《Journal of Population Research》2000,17(2):109-123
This paper considers several policy responses to declining birth rates in Australia over the twentieth century, revealing
key continuities in the ‘administration of population’. Early in the century pronatalist policies to enhance fertility predominated.
In spite of evidence in the 1890s, 1920s and 1940s that economics shaped family sizes and that women’s lives included paid
work, little acknowledgment of this occurred outside wartime. In the second half of the twentieth century, immigration largely
replaced pronatalism as a desired means of building population numbers. Century’s end brought new concerns about fertility
decline, an ageing population, immigration and increased asylum seeking. These concerns revitalized the call for a population
policy and raised unresolved questions for women.
This expression comes from Mr Ozanne, speaker in the Commonwealth House of Representatives debate on the Maternity Allowance
Bill, 1912, Australia, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, 3412. He spoke of ‘women doing their duty to Australia by bringing
the unclothed immigrant into the world’. 相似文献
6.
Scott Alan Carson 《Journal of population economics》2011,24(4):1471-1491
Nineteenth-century mulattos were taller than their darker-colored African-American counterparts. However, traditional explanations
that attribute the mulatto stature advantage to only socioeconomic factors are yet to tie taller mulatto statures to observable
phenomenon. Vitamin D production may also explain part of the nineteenth-century mulatto–black stature differential. Mulattos
were taller than darker-pigmented blacks across the stature distribution, and higher melanin concentrations in darker black
stratum corneums reduced the amount of vitamin D synthesized. The interaction with sunlight in darker-complexioned blacks
was associated with larger stature returns for darker-complexioned blacks than their mulatto counterparts. 相似文献
7.
Fertility trends in Iran over recent decades can be plausibly related to a number of causal factors. Population policy shifts
were quite marked, and were related to political upheaval and war, which influenced both official policy and popular perceptions
of the nation’s need for children. A range of developmental factors were also important. The key fertility trends to be explained
include the rise to an exceptionally high level in the early 1980s (a TFR of just below 7), and the speed of the subsequent
decline to a TFR of about 2.7 in 1996. As well as estimating the proximate determinants of these trends, the paper sets them
in their political and developmental context. Iran’s fertility trends are then compared with those of Islamic countries of
North Africa and West Asia to gain additional insights into possible causal factors. An adequate explanation of fertility
change in Iran needs to draw on elements of a number of theories of fertility transition. 相似文献
8.
Studies have tested the claim that blacks are the last hired during periods of economic growth and the first fired in recessions
by examining the movement of relative unemployment rates over the business cycle. Any conclusion drawn from this type of analysis
must be viewed as tentative because cyclical movements in the underlying transitions into and out of unemployment are not
examined. Using Current Population Survey data matched across adjacent months from 1989–2004, this article provides the first
detailed examination of labor market transitions for primeage black and white men to test the last hired, first fired hypothesis.
Considerable evidence is presented that blacks are the first fired as the business cycle weakens. However, no evidence is
found that blacks are the last hired. Instead, blacks appear to be initially hired from the ranks of the unemployed early
in the business cycle and later are drawn from nonparticipation. The narrowing of the racial unemployment gap near the peak
of the business cycle is driven by a reduction in the rate of job loss for blacks rather than increases in hiring. 相似文献
9.
This study examines if the Korean fertility decline is driven by long-term cohort changes or by fluctuating period changes.
By using a classic age–period–cohort model, a moment decomposition method, and a new summary fertility measure—‘cross-sectional
average fertility’—I show that the Korean fertility decline is primarily driven by period changes and that delayed childbearing
has important consequences for the onset of fertility decline. These findings are in line with the existing literature in
fertility changes such as theories of fertility transitions and sociological accounts of fertility changes in Western countries
in the twentieth century. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed. 相似文献
10.
Culture and Wellbeing: The Case of Indigenous Australians 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alfred Michael Dockery 《Social indicators research》2010,99(2):315-332
A recurring theme in Indigenous affairs in Australia is a tension between maintenance of Indigenous culture and achievement
of socio-economic ‘equity’: essentially ‘self-determination’ versus ‘assimilation’. Implicit in this tension is the view that
attachment to traditional cultures and lifestyles is a hindrance to achieving ‘mainstream’ economic goals. Using data from
the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, stronger attachment to traditional culture is found to be
associated with enhanced outcomes across a range of socio-economic indicators. This suggests Indigenous culture should be
viewed a part of the solution to Indigenous disadvantage in Australia, and not as part of the problem. 相似文献
11.
Jessica De Maeyer Wouter Vanderplasschen Eric Broekaert 《Social indicators research》2009,90(1):107-126
In drug treatment outcome literature, a focus on objective and socially desirable indicators of change (e.g. no drug use)
has predominated, while outcome indicators that are important for drug users themselves (e.g. quality of life, satisfaction
with treatment) have largely been neglected. Nonetheless, Quality of Life (QoL) has become an important concept to evaluate
effectiveness of treatment in mental health care research and disability studies. Given the almost exclusive focus on Health-related
Quality of Life (HRQOL) in substance abuse research and the neglect of clients’ perspectives in this field, we explore in
this study the concept of QoL as perceived by drug users. Focus group discussions (n = 9) were organised in various treatment settings and community services for drug users in the region of Ghent, Belgium to
identify important dimensions of QoL and their interpretation by drug users. Data were clustered and analysed based on the
theoretical framework of Robert Schalock (Quality of life. Volume 1: Conceptualization and measurement, 1996). The domains
‘personal relationships’, ‘social inclusion’ and ‘self-determination’ were discussed most frequently by the participants.
They stressed the importance of a supportive social network in particular. It can be concluded that QoL is not primarily associated
by drug users with health and it involves much more than the aspects typically represented in measures of HRQOL. 相似文献
12.
Latino,Asian, and black segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: Are multiethnic metros different* 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examines 1990 residential segregation levels and 1980–1990 changes in segregation for Latinos, Asians, and blacks in U.S. metropolitan areas. It also evaluates the effect of emerging multiethnic metropolitan area contexts for these segregation patterns. While black segregation levels are still well above those for Latinos and Asians, there is some trend toward convergence over the decade. More than half of the areas increased their Latino segregation levels over the 1980s, and almost three-fourths increased their Asian segregation levels. In contrast, black segregation levels decreased in 88%ofmetropolitan areas. Multiethnic metropolitan area context is shown to be important for internal segregation dynamics. Black segregation levels are lower, and were more likely to decline in multiethnic metropolitan areas and when other minority groups grew faster than blacks. Latino segregation was also more likely to decline in such areas, and declines in both Latino and Asian segregation were greater when other minority groups were growing. These findings point up the potential for greater mixed-race and mixed-ethnicity coresidence in the neighborhoods of multiethnic metropolitan areas. 相似文献
13.
This essay examines the consequences of major social, demographic and economic trends in the United States since World War
II. These include rising women’s employment, the ‘Baby Boom’, the outlines of the so-called ‘new’ immigration, the increasing
racial and ethnic diversity deriving from that immigration, the economic contexts in which recent US immigration has occurred,
and recent technologically-induced features of global work flows that will condition immigration’s future reception and effects.
Women’s wartime work experiences, together with their economic opportunities in the ensuing decades, boosted married women’s
autonomy and domestic leverage. Rising economic prosperity encouraged marriage and family formation even as growing employment
among married women of childbearing age made having and taking care of large families more difficult. World War II also spawned
the expansion of migration to the United States, which in turn converted the country from a largely biracial society with
a sizable white majority and a small black minority into a multiracial, multiethnic society with greater racial and ethnic
boundary crossing and increasingly blurred colour lines. A major issue is whether currently changing economic conditions and
social institutions will support and strengthen such tendencies or instead weaken them. Without robust job growth, the demographic
legacy of the baby boom, which now involves ever-rising numbers of retired people, will be more difficult to support, especially
given the country’s current fiscal deficits. Greater earnings inequality and weak job growth may also poison the climate for
further immigration to the US, thus diminishing the chance that newcomers can continue contributing to the dissolution of
fault lines among racial-ethnic groups and to the resolution of periodic labour shortages. 相似文献
14.
A need to better understand the multidimensional nature of disadvantage is leading to the adoption of a wider range of measurement
variables. One variable now commonly adopted is zero car ownership. This paper challenges the logic of including ‘not having
a car’ as an indicator of disadvantage. It argues that this can distort the real picture of disadvantage. It presents evidence
to show that zero car ownership can be a positive feature of low income households and that conversely high car ownership
can put significant financial stress on households with low income. 相似文献
15.
Roger Patulny 《Social indicators research》2011,101(2):289-293
Social trust is an important phenomenon, but the influence of important time-based measures upon trust has not been examined.
Such measures include social contact and anti-social activity, such as television watching, which allows for the co-presence
of other people. This paper reports on associations between trust and weighted means of co-present ‘social’ time (defined
as time spent in various ‘social’ activities) and co-present time spent watching television, using the Australian Time Use
Survey, 2006. It finds that trust is associated with social time spent in the co-presence of ‘strangers’ predominately from
outside the household, and that TV watching in the co-presence of ‘familiars’—friends and family—is negatively associated
with trust. 相似文献
16.
The article provides an overview of the development of the field of time use studies. It provides an intellectual history
charting the various interests that have shaped the growing applications of this broad social indicator. Recent applications,
reflected in this special issue, are (a) interpreting the meaning of leisure, time; (b) the social and environmental consequences
of affluence; and (c) non-market work, parenting and balance between work and family. New approaches to trends in average
leisure time have attempted to interpret the impact of social and technological change on the meaning of leisure. These approaches
suggest that the ‘economic emergence of women’ rather than the ‘IT revolution’ has been the more influential trend and that
being ‘busy’ may have replaced conspicuous idleness as the signifier of social status. These new forms of social organization
in advanced societies have also attracted a great deal of research on children’s use of time, parenting and work-family balance.
An important new application for time-use information has been in the study of ‘diseases of affluence’, the health consequences
of increasing sedentary activities, and over-eating, the environmental consequences of consumerism, all of which leads to
the need to reassess the economic significance of activities that occur beyond the market. A special feature of this article
is an extensive review of approaches to valuation (in dollars and cents) of the outputs of unpaid (non-market) work. The article
provides a framework for what activities it makes sense to value and the current ideas about ‘best practice’ methods of valuation. 相似文献
17.
Cathy Rozel Farnworth 《Social indicators research》2009,90(1):89-106
Malagasy ‘players’—farmers, middle men, organic organisations and policy makers—see in export-orientated organic agriculture
a way for Madagascar to build upon its historic export strengths: spices, essential oils, medicinal plants and tropical fruits.
They point to the de facto organic status of most farming in the country and view organic production strategies as a means for Malagasy farmers to differentiate
their produce in the highly competitive world market (Ramboatiana and Randriamanantena 2000; Randriamanantena 1998; Vallée
2000). However, producing for the export market poses significant challenges for Malagasy farmers. Despite its apparent ‘fit’
with existing farming practice, ‘true’ certified organic practice does not necessarily offer a means towards achieving a Malagasy
farmer-defined ‘good life’. Smallholders can be disempowered through their incorporation into wider systemic relationships
whose more powerful actors—such as buyers and consumers—and their ‘rules’ about what ‘organic’ is, for example, are necessarily
unfamiliar. Yet farmers are very interested in the significant opportunities for much-needed cash that organic farming offers.
This paper argues that strengthening farmer agency, and thus their presence as actors in international food chains, can be
partially achieved if farmers are involved in devising the rules for organic and social certification. I set out eight principles
that I have developed which seem important when trying to capture and measure ‘quality of life’ for the purposes of social
certification. My theoretical and empirical work, detailed here, is set within a methodological discussion on how to best
ensure that research is ‘respondent-led’. Respondent-led research is, I argue, critical for ensuring that an understanding
of the components of ‘quality of life’, and their operationalisation as standards and indicators, is truly meaningful to the
target group.
相似文献
Cathy Rozel FarnworthEmail: |
18.
Labor Migration has long been viewed as a strategy adopted by the household unit to allocate family resources rationally to
increase the flows of income and to raise family standard of living. The research reported here examines the extent to which
remittances sent by Filipino overseas workers increase the income and standard of living of households in the Philippines.
Data for the analysis were obtained from a representative sample of 2,388 households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor
sending” areas in the Philippines. The analysis compares households with and without overseas workers to estimate the contribution
of remittances to household income and to household standard of living (measured once by an ‘objective’ indicator and once
by a ‘subjective’ assessment). The data reveal that due to remittances the income of households with overseas labor migrants
is considerably higher than the income of households without overseas workers. The data also reveal that remittances are used
mostly for consumption purposes (e.g. purchase of food, clothing, education, and goods) and that most of the difference in
standard of living (whether measured on the ‘objective’ or the ‘subjective’ scale) between households with and without overseas
workers are attributed to remittances. The implications of labor migration and the policy that encourages and supports labor
migration for the Filipino society are evaluated and discussed.
相似文献
Anastasia GorodzeiskyEmail: |
19.
This article reports the findings of a survey administering the personal well-being index (PWI) in six Chinese cities (N = 3,390) to ascertain the personal well-being of China’s urban population. The specific aims of the study were: (a) ascertain
whether Chinese urban residents are satisfied with their lives; (b) validate the PWI using an urban sample that is representative
of the urban population and larger in size than that which has been utilized in existing studies for Mainland China; (c) compare
the results to existing studies for Hong Kong, Macau, rural China and single city studies which have administered the PWI
in Guangdong and Shandong; (d) examine whether the responses to the PWI from participants falls within the narrow range predicted
by the ‘Theory of Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis’ and provide further evidence on whether this framework is applicable to
Chinese samples; and (e) examine which participant characteristics predict personal well-being, examine whether own income
and/or relative income predicts personal well-being and compare these results with previous studies for China and other countries.
The data indicated a moderate level of personal well-being (PWI score = 67.1). The PWI demonstrated good psychometric properties
in terms of its reliability and validity, consistent with previous published studies. The PWI was within the normative range
for non-western countries and was within the narrow band predicted by the ‘Theory of Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis’. Similar
variables were found to predict personal well-being to those found in previous studies for China and elsewhere. 相似文献
20.
Jeff Tayman 《Population research and policy review》1996,15(5-6):491-508
This paper's objective is to describe the interplay between forecasting and decision making. It shows how a forecast helped shape public policy and, in turn, how public policy influenced a forecast, within the context of the growth management effort underway in the San Diego region. The forecast identified economic challenges and land use issues facing the region and public policy actions were developed to address them. Normative forecasting best describes the relationship between the forecast and these public policy decisions. This active approach to forecasting involves first deciding what future outcome is desirable and, then, designing policies and actions to achieve these outcomes. 相似文献