基于财政补贴的拥挤定价下公交收费策略研究

交通拥挤是目前世界上多数大中城市普遍面临的问题,公交优先和拥挤定价是针时该问题的有效管理措施.巨额的公交财政补贴,往往是我国城市推行公交优先政策的障碍.本文采用交通行为科学的理论和方法,从系统科学的角度将财政补贴、拥挤定价和公交收费等问题结合起来,设计了基于财政补贴的拥挤定价下的公交收费策略,解释了如何通过拥挤定价和公交收费等手段实现缓解交通压力减少公交财政补贴的管理目标.本文以广州市为典型,进行了相应的策略分析.     

考虑碳排放成本的差异化停车券管理研究

给定允许公交车和轿车两种交通模式出行的双模式单起讫点的交通系统,以瓶颈模型为基础,考虑停车位的空间位置分布,提出了两种停车券管理策略: 一是指定车位停车券策略;另一是不定车位停车券策略． 两种形式均可以确保持券用户在停车场停车的权利,但前者进一步限定了轿车停车的位置． 结合动态拥挤收费机制,以最小化系统出行成本和交通系统碳排放成本为目标进行策略优化研究,研究表明停车券管理策略可以消除停车位供给不足导致的停车竞争,降低轿车出行成本． 此外,指定车位停车券和动态拥挤收费的综合实施可以实现系统最优． 为了便于实施,并考虑公众的可接受性,只发放不定车位停车券也可以成为效率比较高的次优方案．     

基于系统最优的城市公交专用道网络设计模型及算法

设置公交专用道是实现"公交优先"的重要手段,然而,专用道设置将改变不同交通方式的道路通行能力,进而影响交通网络的整体性能。本文试图提出一种基于系统最优思想的公交专用道网络设计方法,既保证出行者的利益,又能满足交通系统总费用最优的目标。首先,本文分析了公交专用道设置对公交车辆和社会车辆这两种交通方式道路通行能力的影响,基于经典的BPR函数,构造了考虑专用道设置的不同方式的路段阻抗函数。其次,分析了出行者在多方式交通网络中的模式选择和路径选择问题,采用用户平衡理论分析了城市多方式交通平衡配流问题,给出了相应的变分不等式模型。更进一步,采用双层规划方法构造了基于系统最优的城市公交专用道网络设计模型,该模型以交通网络总费用最小为优化目标,并考虑了不同交通方式的平衡流量约束,采用分支定界算法对该双层规划模型进行求解。最后,通过一个简单算例对模型及算法的可行性和有效性进行了分析和验证。     

扩展计划行为理论框架下基于MIMIC模型的城际出行行为分析北大核心CSSCI

为了缓解都市圈城际交通走廊不断增加的交通压力,我国近年来实施了很多投入巨大的高铁建设项目,为了更加有效和准确的评估这些项目,就有必要对城际出行行为进行分析。本文基于扩展的计划行为理论框架,通过构造多指标多因果模型,同时从社会经济统计特征和心理因素两个角度分析都市圈城际出行者对普通列车、高铁和长途汽车这三种方式的选择行为。通过实证研究发现,出行者的社会经济统计特征对模型中的一些潜变量有不同程度的显著影响,并且新增加的潜变量"描述性规范"和"行为习惯"对方式选择行为及意向都有显著的直接或间接影响。根据扩展计划行为理论各要素对都市圈城际方式选择行为和意向的影响及相互关系,结合出行者社会经济统计特征的差异,可以有针对性的制定都市圈城际运输供给信息和政策,为都市圈交通系统的优化提供基础的理论支持。最后给出了心理模型在城际出行方式选择行为领域进一步研究的建议。     

城市道路系统多时段、多出行方式拥挤定价模型

随着城市经济的发展,交通拥挤的问题变得越来越突出,交通拥挤收费逐渐成为解决这一问题的新管理措施.本文分析多种出行方式的单向道路,在高峰和前高峰两个时间段下拥挤定价的问题.结合杭州交通拥挤现状进行实证模拟,比较各种拥挤收费定价方案,并得出各拥挤定价实施的社会效率.     

基于时间价值的交通出行方式选择行为研究

通勤出行是城市居民最基本和最重要的出行目的,通勤出行时间价值是评价通勤出行者对交通方式选择的重要参数之一,以累积前景理论为基础,将通勤出行时间价值引入广义出行成本函数中,以权重函数和改进的广义出行成本函数作为交通方式选择模型的依据,并在模型中自定义广义出行成本参考点,选择累积前景值最大的前景作为出行者最优决策。分别基于“期望效用最大化理论”和“累积前景理论”对通勤出行者在三种不同出行场景下进行仿真模拟,研究最优交通方式选择行为。研究结果表明:期望效用理论框架下,通勤出行者的交通方式选择行为不受出行场景的影响,累积前景理论更适用于出行方式选择行为的研究。构建以通勤出行时间价值为核心变量的交通方式选择模型,可帮助通勤出行者选择合理的交通方式,并为政府及相关部门制定交通管理规划和实施缓解交通拥堵政策提供依据。     

基于道路扩容的道路拥挤定价收入再分配研究

道路拥挤已经成为世界各国面临的一个普遍难题,道路扩容和道路拥挤定价是缓解交通拥挤的有效手段.本文在分析道路拥挤定价收入用于道路扩容后对交通出行者效用的影响的基础上,构建了基于道路扩容的道路拥挤定价收入再分配双层规划模型,并给出求解算法和实证分析.     

政府参与模式下出行者出行方式选择行为的演化博弈分析

随着城市经济的发展,一些城市交通拥堵、群众出行不便等问题日益突出,其主要原因是机动车辆特别是私家车增加过快,我国城市公共交通发展总体上滞后,难以满足人民日益增长的交通出行需求.本文运用演化博弈理论对在政府参与下出行者出行方式选择行为进行了分析,建立了政府参与下出行者出行方式选择行为的演化模型,并分析了一些主要参数对选择行为的影响,结果表明,政府对公交车的激励效应以及对私家车管制效应对出行者出行方式选择行为的演化起着至关重要的作用.在讨论过程中,对各种情况做了详细地分析和解释,可以为政府决策部门提供相应的参考.     

考虑排放成本的共享电动汽车和共享停车位最优组合定价研究

相比于燃油汽车而言,共享电动汽车具有排放低,能耗小的优点。然而城市中心区域共享电动汽车有限的停车泊位阻碍了共享电动汽车的出行需求。本文首先分析了在城市中心区域的办公建筑物附近建立毗邻居住区共享停车位作为共享电动汽车的补充停车网点的可行性;其次,提出了以"共享电动汽车+共享停车位"(Shared Electric Vehicle+Shared Parking, SEV+SP)相结合的方式,作为早高峰私有小汽车和公共交通出行的一种补充方式,并基于瓶颈经济学探讨SEV+SP新出行模式的定价将如何影响社会效益、交通拥堵和系统交通排放成本。最后本文设计案例分析综合考虑社会效益和系统交通排放成本时,共享电动汽车时变租赁费用和共享停车费用的最优组合定价,以此为SEV+SP新出行模式提供定价依据。结果建议综合考虑社会效益和交通排放成本时,应设置较低的共享停车费用和较高的时变租赁费用;建议管理者在鼓励SEV+SP出行模式时,应充分考虑交通系统的拥堵压力,从减少交通排放的角度,应选取较小的权重指标。     

制造商规模不经济的链与链竞争两部定价合同

基于链与链数量竞争及制造商生产规模不经济的环境,以批发价格合同为基准,探索两部定价合同选择的绩效改进条件、博弈均衡特征和局限性,并进一步分析市场竞争强度、规模不经济参数对合同选择行为的影响.研究发现:不管竞争对手供应链是否采用两部定价合同,本供应链通过采用两部定价合同并把固定收费调节在适当范围内,可使制造商和零售商同时实现帕累托(Pareto)绩效改进.值得指出的是,通过适当调节固定收费,两部定价合同成为实现制造商和零售商帕累托绩效改进的占优均衡合同,但该固定收费的选择严重依赖于竞争强度和规模不经济的程度.当规模不经济程度相对较强且严重依赖于数量竞争强度时,两部定价合同是实现供应链系统绩效改进的占优均衡合同.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.