重大决策社会稳定风险评估的制度反思与理论建构

社会稳定风险评估在重大决策程序中的引入,旨在通过一种自主性、嵌入性的程序构造,拓展传统的决策程序结构,增强决策过程的风险意识。社会稳定风险作为一种次生性、社会性、综合性风险,具有不同于技术性风险的特质,这要求社会稳定风险评估的制度建构,应当以决策过程开放、决策理性和决策民主为导向。社会稳定风险评估作为一种裁量程序,在实践中面临诸多难题,亟需将其纳入法治轨道。     

重大事项社会稳定风险评估研究综述

我国对重大事项进行社会稳定风险评估具有这样一个特点——实践走在理论研究的前面。2004年汉源事件后,四川省遂宁市开始探索重大事项社会稳定风险评估制度,并在2006年率先实施,效果显著。江苏、浙江、山东、辽宁等省相继把重大事项社会稳定风险评估机制引入维稳工作中。各地因地制宜,积极探索,勇于创新,形成了不同的模式,如四川“遂宁模式”、山东“烟台模式”、浙江“平阳模式”、辽宁“沈阳模式”和江苏“淮安模式”等,在组织领导体制、评估内容和流程等方面具有不同的特色。在理论研究方面,     

论重大事项社会稳定风险评机制中的社会工作--以房屋拆迁为例

在重大事项社会稳定风险评估的过程中,社会工作有五个恰当的介入时机,在五个方面发挥着主要的作用。针对房屋拆迁过程中容易引发冲突的三大原因,社会工作在介入房屋拆迁的社会稳定风险评估时担当七种角色,发挥调谐与维稳功能。当前社会工作介入社会稳定风险评估机制收到三方面条件的制约,需要政府相关部门和社会工作的业内人士共同努力。     

城中村征地安置社会稳定风险识别研究——基于A市240份访谈的内容分析

当前城中村征地安置冲突频发并愈演愈烈,处理不当将会造成难以估量的社会稳定风险。社会稳定风险识别是征地安置风险评估和管理的重要前提工作。本文基于A市240份访谈问卷的内容分析,研究发现当前城中村征地安置主要存在安置房风险、经济风险、延期风险、政策风险、特殊群体风险。安置房风险的概率最大,风险之间形成风险群并会随着时间演进。最后在对风险识别分析的基础上提供政策建议。     

社会稳定格局变迁的影响因素分析——以近30年来农村稳定为例

近30年来,中国农村社会的稳定格局发生了显著变化.引起这一变化的原因很多,一些研究已经从某一层面较好地进行了解释.但从"结构一行动"的角度出发,农村社会稳定格局变迁的影响因素还应包括:乡村利益格局的变化、农民的观念及其组织因素、国家涉农的宏观政策和体制.     

食品安全风险警示制度研究——基于政府社会治理的视角

食品安全问题是风险社会面临的最基本且最重要的难题,是关系人类最基本需求的供给和保障的重要领域。近年来,食品安全在全球范围内越来越受到社会各界的重视,各国都采取相应的措施试图有效控制食品安全问题,但效果有限。党的十八届三中全会提出要推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化,创新社会治理,要求政府在进行社会治理活动的过程中,要从理念和实践两方面进行转变。处理好食品安全问题,健全食品安全警示制度也需要从社会治理的理念出发,实现制度的价值。     

“网络暴力”:概念、根源及其应对——基于风险社会的分析视角

“网络暴力”是网络技术风险与网下社会风险经由网络行为主体的交互行动而发生交叠,继而可能致使当事人的名誉权、隐私权等人格权益受损的一系列网络失范行为.它的产生,主要涉及网络技术发展、社会急剧转型及网民群体结构三个风险源:网络技术的风险特性是催生网络暴力的潜在根源；社会转型过程中风险的无序释放是催生网络暴力的现实动因；网民群体年轻化的结构特点和泛道德化的文化心理是催生网络暴力的重要因素.应对网络暴力的关键在于,通过建构以政府部门为主导、以社会力量为主体、网民自主参与的多元化治理结构,以减少各类风险发生交叠、共振的频率.     

我国社会福利的发展取向:走进福利国家——基于风险社会理论的分析

风险社会理论是西方学者关于晚期现代性社会问题的一种思考。它虽然不能直接应用到我国语境中来,但能够促进我们对转型中的社会问题加以反思。从这个意义上,我国解决转型中的社会问题与社会风险的方略也与西方是不同的。当前中国正面临着多重社会风险,并且这些风险是不平等地分配的。要化解风险,需要我们建立制度化的社会福利制度,促进劳动力的去商品化、满足社会需要和维护社会公平。从长期来看,我们需要重返福利国家。     

Using Video Interviewing in the Assessment of Social Work Communication Skills

The social work degree has now been introduced in England andit is timely to reflect on and evaluate key changes made bymany universities in this process. This paper reflects on thebeginning of such an evaluation, presenting a case study ofassessment changes made in relation to communication skillsteaching in a post-1992 university. This will act as a vehicleto explore some of the inherent complexities involved. Assessmentmethods implemented on social work courses should be scrutinizedin relation to their validity, reliability and feasibility.Drawing upon multi-professional literature, one such processof scrutiny is described, with the intention of contributingto current debates regarding communication skills within thewider arena of developing social work education. The case studypresented outlines how one social work programme changed itsmethod of assessing communication skills for social work students.It explores the processes involved in moving from an essay assignmentto the use of video interviews, supplemented by a written reflectiveself-evaluation undertaken in relation to the interview process.The views of students are outlined via their responses to aquestionnaire and the paper highlights key themes identifiedby a student focus group.     

公共事业管理专业建设中的问题及对策建议

公共事业管理专业自开办至今,面临着专业定位不明确,社会认可度差,学生就业困难等一系列问题。我们应该通过科学的专业定位,推动我国事业单位管理体制改革,大力宣扬和培育公共管理、公共服务的专业精神和理念,改革教学方法,突出实践教学等多种途径和方法来促进公共事业管理专业的发展。     

中国社会保障公共支出省际比较研究

在借鉴社会保障制度比较研究的经典理论和模型的基础上,本文依据中国31个省份的年度截面数据对影响各省社会保障公共支出水平的因素进行了统计分析和模型检验。研究结果发现,中国各省级政府的社会保障公共支出水平存在着巨大的差异。政府力量是造成各省社会保障公共支出水平差异的首要因素,其次是单位体制因素,再次是经济发展水平因素。     

过渡治理情境下的中国社会服务困境:基于Z市社会工作服务的研究

社会工作近十年来在创新社会治理的推动下发展迅速。本文将重点关注于社会服务组织的服务供给过程及其导致的社会服务困境。通过对治理情境的拓展分析,引入过渡治理情境概念,分析我国社会服务供给。在此情境下,本文以Z市家庭综合服务中心为例,围绕自由裁量权这一概念讨论社会服务组织的服务供给策略及其所导致的服务困境。在过渡治理情境中,消极的自由裁量权与社会工作的半专业化发展结合在一起,社会服务组织选择了“活动化”和“指标化”的服务供给,令社会服务处于创新和碎片化之间,而导致社会服务陷入困境。社会服务困境根源的解决在于建立合作的治理情境、强化本土化社工专业力量以及充分发挥第三方的社会服务供给效力。     

环境风险感知的影响因素和作用机理:基于核风险感知的混合方法分析

在质性研究和已有文献基础上,本文提出了影响公众环境风险感知的“双因素假说”,并对这一假说进行验证。通过“扎根理论”发现了影响公众环境风险感知的四个维度：环境亲和感、系统信任感、信息丰富性和利益趋向性。前两种属于情感因素,后两者属于情境因素。通过结构方程模型进一步证实,情感、情境因素都对公众环境风险感知具有显著影响。同时发现了信息丰富性与环境风险感知的倒“U”型关系,利益趋向性对公众的环境风险感知具有决定性影响等结果。     

Social investments in the knowledge economy: The politics of inclusive,stratified, and targeted reforms across the globe

As countries transition from industrial to post-industrial knowledge economies, education and skills are crucial. Consequently, policy-makers around the globe have increasingly focused on social investment, that is, policies aiming to create, mobilize, or preserve skills. Yet, countries around the globe have developed social investments to different degrees and in highly different forms. Our goal is twofold: First, we introduce a new typology of social investment policies, distinguishing nine types along two dimensions: three distributive profiles (inclusive, stratified, targeted) and three functions (skill creation, preservation, mobilization). This differentiation allows fine-grained analyses of the causes and consequences of different kinds of social investments, thus offering a perspective to study the relationship between efficiency and inclusiveness in a way that goes beyond the mere discussion how social investment policies grosso modo affect inequalities (‘equalizing’ versus ‘Matthew Effects’). Second, we theorize on the politics of social investment. We argue that the interaction of policy legacies and socioeconomic factors is the main explanation for which functions of social investment policies are introduced, whereas their distributive profiles are crucially shaped by political coalitions. We illustrate with empirical material from democracies around the globe.     

The Stability of Social Groups in Childhood and Adolescence: The Role of the Classroom Social Environment.

This study provides a developmental analysis of childhood and adolescent social relationships within the school context. The social groups of 220 fourth graders and 475 seventh graders were tracked over a one year interval. The initial results indicated that approximately 30% of the social groups were identified as stable in that they maintained at least 50% of their membership over the one year interval. However, the stability in group affiliations was a function of the stability of the composition of the classroom. When schools did not promote classrooms as a unit, only 6.8% of social groups were stable, as compared to 55% of groups being stable when the school did promote classrooms as a unit. This school effect in group stability was demonstrated by a high correlation (rs = .97) between classroom stability and group stability. Even in unstable classrooms, individuals were more likely to maintain affiliations when group members were assigned to the same classroom. This work suggests that stable environments promote stable relationships, which in turn, may promote greater continuity in the organization of behavioral patterns.     

A Comparative Study of Child Abuse Risk Assessment in the United States and Korea

The perceptions and judgments of social workers who interview the child and family are especially significant factors in child abuse assessment process. The current study describes and compares child protection workers’ assessment processes in Korea and the USA through the use of case vignettes and in‐depth interview. The responses from social workers in these two countries were compared and discussed in the areas of: risk assessment; perception of the main problems; tolerance of corporal punishment; and judgments about appropriateness of interventions. Most revealing was that Korean social workers determined abuse based on their child abuse definition and the US Army FAP social workers determined abuse based on their definition, which was affected by legal standards and cultural differences. Korean social workers are more likely to remove a child from the home, even in mild cases, but US FAP social workers would recommend child removal from the home as a last option. The social workers that participated in this survey play a vital role in the safety of children in child protective services. Both countries can benefit from sharing information to improve the child protection services delivered. Social workers' professional judgment leads to objective and consistent outcomes and are less likely to compromise child safety in the decision making process.     

转型社会下的多重复合性风险——三城市公众风险感知状况的调查分析

在社会转型期,中国公众的主观风险感知呈现地区差异和多重复合等特点,三重复合-高度不确定性风险、两重复合-中度不确定性风险和单重-低度不确定性风险三种结构的社会风险共存。研究发现,公众普遍对低不确定性的单重风险感知最高,对高不确定性的三重风险感知最低;教育水平较高、社会地位较高的群体对高不确定性三重风险的感知程度较高,底层社会群体则对低不确定性单重风险的感知程度较高。从公众在三种感知结构的分布情况来看,中国公众的风险感知包含了对转型社会多重风险并存、交互影响和交互作用的认识,即成为中国社会转型过程的风险投射。