Censoring,conditionally, and likelihood

The censoring principle is shown to imply a principle similar to the likelihood principle. Further, it is demonstrated that the censoring principle and a weak form of the conditionality principle jointly imply the likelihood principle.     

贝叶斯学派统计学家，频率学派统计学家和科学家

泛泛而论,19世纪统计学的主流是贝叶斯学派,20世纪统计学的主流是频率学派,至少大多数科学研究人员是这样认为的。21世纪,科学研究人员提出了更大规模的问题要统计专家解决,这些问题常包含数以百万计的数据以及数以千计的参数。而哪一种统计思想将在这些数据的统计分析中占有支配地位?根据一些最近的例子,笔者猜想,需要贝叶斯思想与频率思想的结合来适应日益浓厚的科学研究氛围。对于统计专家来说,不管是应用统计学专家还是理论统计学专家,这将是一个充满挑战的时期,它也将开辟统计应用研究的一个新纪元,并与Fisher,Neyman以及20世纪初的其他统计学巨人所处的历史时期相媲美。     

Mixtures,embedding, and ancillarity

Ancillary statistics, proposed by Fisher (1925), can be constructed by forming a mixture model (Birnbaum 1962) or can be extracted or derived from a transformation-parameter model (Peisakoff 1951, Fraser 1961) or from the corresponding error-based structural model (Fraser 1968, 1979); these latter models involve an implicit mixture structure. Compound models with ancillaries can also be formed by a cross embedding, discussed from a technical viewpoint in this paper. Of the 25 examples in Buehler (1982), 22 are mixtures or implicit mixtures and 3 correspond to cross embedding. The cross embedding examples exemplify the nonuniqueness difficulties with ancillaries. This paper discusses a simple and two generalized versions of cross embedding but makes no general valuations of these for statistical inference; their role within inference is discussed in Evans, Fraser, and Monette (1984, 1985).     

Memorial Statements by Anderson,Judge, Press,Aigner, Allenby,and Palm

This collection presents memorial statements by Theodore W. Anderson, George G. Judge, S. James Press, Dennis J. Aigner, Greg M. Allenby, and Franz C. Palm.     

Characterizations,length-biasing,and infinite divisibility

SupposeL(X) is the law of a positive random variableX, andZ is positive and independent ofX. Admissible solution pairs (L(X),L(Z)) are sought for the in-law equation $\hat X \cong X o Z$ °Z, where $L\left( {\hat X} \right)$ is a weighted law constructed fromL(X), and ° is a binary operation which in some sense is increasing. The class of weights includes length biasing of arbitrary order. When ° is addition and the weighting is ordinary length biasing, the class of admissibleL(X) comprises the positive infinitely divisible laws. Examples are given subsuming all known specific cases. Some extensions for general order of length-biasing are discussed.     

Marginal homogeneity,symmetry, and independence

A contingency table of the mc form provides a convenient summary of data when c individuals in a matched set9 each belonging to a different one of c classifications, are identified as belonging to one of m categories, A study in which matched sets (c=3) of 1 case, 1 hospital control, and 1 neighborhood control are classified into one of m=4 occupational categories would be an example, Independence in the cxm tables for each of the matched sets implies symmetry in the summary mc table with consequent marginal homogeneity. Adaptation of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure for testing independence to the case of many cxm tables so as to yield a chi square with (cl)(ml) degrees of freedom (DF) provides a test of marginal homogeneity in the summary mc table. This can be viewed as a test of symmetry directed against alternatives which would make for marginal inhomogeneity and can differ     

Subsampling,symmetrization, and robust interpolation

The recently developed subsampling methodology has been shown to be valid for the construction of large-sample confidence regions for a general unknown parameter 9 under very minimal conditions. Nevertheless, in some specific cases—e.g. in the case of the sample mean of i.i.d. data—it has been noted that the subsampling distribution estimator underperforms as compared to alternative estimators such as the bootstrap or the asymptotic normal distribution (with estimated variance). In the present report we introduce a (partially) symmetrized.     

跨方言区流动、自选择与劳动力收入

本文基于2012和2014年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据,采用内生转换回归模型考察劳动力跨方言区流动对收入的影响。实证结果表明,与在同一方言区流动的个体相比,跨方言区流动收入要高31.9%;对于跨方言区流动的劳动力而言,跨方言区流动对收入的平均处理效应为30.5%,如果在同一方言区流动的劳动力选择跨方言区流动,其收入反而会减少3.9%,说明不同个体在流入地的选择上是基于其比较优势做出的决策。进一步,本文还发现跨方言区流动的劳动力无论选择在同一方言区流动还是跨方言区流动,均能获得较高的收入,在流动决策上具有绝对优势。在考虑了测量误差和极端值以及排除其他干扰因素后,上述结论依然稳健。     

Zero Correlation,Independence, and Normality

Two easy classroom examples are given of marginally normal random variables that are dependent but have zero correlation. One example is similar in nature to Anderson's well-known illustration that marginal normality does not imply joint normality.     

p-Values,Bayes Factors,and Sufficiency

ABSTRACT

Various approaches can be used to construct a model from a null distribution and a test statistic. I prove that one such approach, originating with D. R. Cox, has the property that the p-value is never greater than the Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR). When combined with the general result that the GLR is never greater than any Bayes factor, we conclude that, under Cox’s model, the p-value is never greater than any Bayes factor. I also provide a generalization, illustrations for the canonical Normal model, and an alternative approach based on sufficiency. This result is relevant for the ongoing discussion about the evidential value of small p-values, and the movement among statisticians to “redefine statistical significance.”     

Statistics,images, and pattern recognition

Data are increasingly being collected in the form of images, especially in fields using remote sensing and microscopy. Statisticians are becoming interested in developing techniques to handle the highly structured data of images. Statistical work in this area is surveyed, and two problems discussed in more detail. The first is a form of image segmentation, classifying the pixels of a satellite picture by land use. The second is the summarization of electron micrographs.