The Changing Occupational Structure of Amish Males1

Abstract As a subculture, the Amish sustain a distinctive way of life while maintaining linkages with the larger society. Historically, this has been accomplished within the economic sphere through restriction of livelihood to farming and at-home occupations. This article documents the growing differentiation of the occupational structure of the Amish and their movement to nonfarm occupations. Occupational changes are discussed in terms of their impacts on Amish society.     

The Occupational Prestige Structure: a Multidimensional Scaling Approach

Occupational prestige scores are one of the more frequently used variables in sociological research. However, the methods which have been employed in the past to obtain such scores are based on the implicit assumption that the occupational prestige structure is unidimensional. The technique of smallest space analysis, which makes no assumption about dimensionality, suggests that this previous assumption has produced a somewhat inaccurate picture of the occupational prestige structure.     

Ecological Race Differences in the Occupational Structure

Motivated by existing work that explores the impact of urbanization and spatial segregation on occupational outcomes, we utilize General Social Survey data from 1990 to 2006 to investigate the interrelationships among race, urbanization, and occupation. Our results indicate that white professionals are associated with several levels of urbanization, while black professionals are weakly associated with any level of urbanization. We also explore other dimensions of stratification by including education and gender into our analyses. Our findings suggest that the relationship between occupation and urbanization is highly complex with some distinctive patterns, and that education—the great equalizer—only partially ameliorates racial and gender differences.     

Mode of Socio-Economic Development and Occupational Structure: The Case of Contemporary Russia

The given paper assumes the existence of a correlation between the occupational structure and the mode of social and economic development of a country. It is shown that the modern stage of development in advanced economies could be described by the post-industrial phase with (a) the specific proportions in the occupational structure (predominance of professional managers and technical experts); (b) particular nature of work and the corresponding extent of labor division according to specialization and qualification (highly skilled labor with broad specialization and a new criterion of creativity included within qualifications). Within the certain historical framework these indicators, combined onto the entire scheme, produce the criteria to distinct different types of socio-economic development and arrange them in consistent order. The analysis of occupational structure of Russian population shows that the reforms of 1990s have facilitated the process of deindustrialization alongside with the growth of semi- and low-skilled jobs. According to the scheme, Russia seems to have reached the stage of the development that is similar to one of the 1950–1960s in the USA and the Europe.     

The Occupational Structure of Science: a Log-Linear Analysis of the Inter-sectoral Mobility of American Sociologists

The occupational structure of science is conceptualized as consisting of four sectors within which the career patterns of two cohorts of sociologists are examined. Using an origin criterion, receipt of the Ph.D. from an American university, to define the cohorts, we analyze the effects of various factors on sectoral immobility—which has been the norm for three decades—and mobility. In general, structural factors supersede individual differences in explaining observed movement. Moreover, the evidence underscores the "university bias" that has dominated studies of stratification in science. This suggests that the prestige of sociological work and the sectoral contexts in which it is performed be reevaluated, particularly in view of the current glut of the academic sectors.     

Occupational Structure and the Employment of American Mothers of Young Children

Explanations for the increase of employment for American mothers with young children have focused on womens motivations and skills or on increased wages. Instead, this analysis considers how access to professional and managerial occupations may explain this employment trend. Relying on Current Population Survey data (1968–1995), the study reports that growing availability of these occupations explains less than 1/4 of employment growth. The percentage of full-time employed newer mothers in professional and managerial occupations, while having grown substantially over time, remains relatively small. Part-time employment does not explain the trend. Relatively high rates of full-time work, even for low-prestige occupations, affirm existing research emphasizing family economic need and validate questions about the structure of work for accommodating family obligations.The author thanks Paul Burstein, Charles Hirschman, Sharon Reitman, and the anonymous reviewers of JFEI for their helpful comments. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association in Washington, DC, August 2000.     

Labor Market Structure and Career Occupational Status Mobility: A Theoretical Model*

Sociological explanations of career or intragenerational occupational status mobility generally have not taken into explicit account the effects of labor market structure. Rooted in structural-functionalist sociological theory or neoclassical economic theories of the labor market, models typically misrepresent the process of individual occupational status mobility, primarily by including only individual characteristics. Dual labor market theory is introduced, direct as well as indirect effects of labor market structure on career occupational status mobility are outlined, and a theoretical model is presented. It is hypothesized that labor market structure will have direct effects on opportunities for career occupational status mobility that are independent of the effects of individual characteristics. Additional indirect effects are suggested: through their effects on social network structures, labor markets operate as job opportunity information filters.     

The Presentation of Occupational Self in Science

I examine the ways in which scientists create and present self-identities. Previous work, in particular research on social stratification in science, has underplayed identity and its contextual variations. I draw upon interviews with scientists who work in two distinct types of American universities, which provides a comparative basis on which to study identities in different contexts of scientific practice. I focus on three aspects of careers, which ground my comparative analysis: commitment, mobility concerns, and the uses of work history.     

降低职业经理人代理成本对策分析

知识经济时代，人力资本的重要性日益凸现。“经理人革命”之后，企业的所有权和控制权开始分离，更多的管理工作转移到了职业经理人手里。职业经理人作为企业管理高度专业化、职业化的产物，逐渐成为现代企业中具有决定性作用的特殊群体。但正因为存在着“专业化”的职业经理人，就出现了一种经理人由于相对优势而代表出资人行动的委托代理关系。所以，能否协调处理好货币资本的出资人和人力资本的职业经理人之间的关系，解决委托代理问题，降低代理成本，成为企业面临的一个战略问题。     

The Occupational Attainment of Immigrant Groups in Australia

It is commonly assumed that immigrants are disadvantaged in the Australian labour market because of a variety of interacting factors, some related to their skills, some to cultural differences between them and the host society, and some to the time it takes to adjust to their new circumstances. Using specially-prepared cross tabulations from the 1996 Australian Census, this article evaluates the assumption for the country's 52 largest immigrant groups, as defined by birthplace. Separate analyses for male and female immigrants relate their concentration in ten occupational groups, including unemployment, to their educational qualifications, facility with the English language, and period of arrival. The analyses suggest that the first two variables are particularly relevant to appreciating the occupational distribution of male immigrants, with period of arrival also being important for females, probably reflecting different cultural norms from their host society.