Reliability,Validity, and Variability of the Subjective Well-Being Questions in the 2010 American Time Use Survey

Part of a wider range of investigations to produce generally acceptable standards for measuring affective well-being, time diary surveys have tested several approaches to measuring subjective well-being during diary days. As an alternative to the standard approach of asking a single question about each activity reported in time diary surveys, the 2010 module of the American Time Use Survey asked six emotion questions about three activities. The perception questions captured how happy, meaningful, sad, tired, stressed, or in pain respondents felt on a 7-point scale. To evaluate this approach, our research examined the reliability and validity of the six emotion questions, and assessed their variability across activities. Using principal component analysis, we assessed the associations among items and obtained two activity-level components with Cronbach’s alphas of 0.68 and 0.59 and two respondent-level components with Cronbach’s alphas of 0.74 and 0.65. To test validity, we regressed self-rated health on the underlying components and socio-demographic controls. Both of the respondent level components were significantly associated with better health (odds ratio 1.81, 1.27). Using each of the perceptions individually, we found that happiness, meaningfulness, and lack of fatigue, stress, and pain were related to better health, but none as strongly as the first component. Finally, we examined the coefficients of variation to assess the variability in the well-being measures across activities. Measurement implications and limitations of this study are discussed.     

Human capital,technological progress and the demographic transition*

We emphasize the importance to consider components of population growth — fertility and mortality ‐ separately, when modeling the mutual interaction between population and economic growth. Our model implies that two countries with the same population growth will not converge towards the same level of per capita income. The country with the lower level of birth and death rates will be better off in the long run. Introducing a spill over effect of average human capital on total productivity our model implies multiple equilibria as illustrated in Becker el al. (1990) and Strulik (1999). Besides the existence of a low and high level equilibrium ‐ as characterized by low and high levels of per capita output respectively ‐ we show the existence of multiple low level (Malthusian) equilibria. Initial conditions and parameters of technological progress and human capital investment determine whether an economy is capable to escape the low level equilibrium trap and to enjoy sustained economic growth.     

高等教育结构与产业结构、就业结构的关系

基于经济增长的内生化视角,围绕高等教育结构、就业结构、产业结构三者的辩证关系,基于MRW模型验证"三结构"之间逻辑关系,并运用面板数据回归和门限值回归的方法,检验"三结构"之间实际相互关系.研究发现,在经济增长的不同阶段三者表现出不同的传导关系,即在经济增长的低级阶段,以产业结构调整的"拉动"为主,到经济增长的高级阶段以高等教育结构调整的"推动"为主.高等教育结构对产业结构和就业结构影响的实证结果表明,高等教育结构对于第一产业结构和就业结构比例的下降有促进作用,与第二产业和第三产业结构的调整呈弱负相关.如果高等教育结构充分发挥对以第三产业为主导的产业结构的作用,则高等教育需要从大众化向普及化阶段过渡.对传导机制的测算结果显示,2001-2013年产业结构到高等教育结构的传导时滞为8年,从高等教育结构到产业结构的时滞为6年.     

人口规模、交易成本与中西封建社会的产生

本文使用主流经济学的模型化方法,从特定的人口规模及其分布状态演绎封建社会产生和消亡的过程,并以真实的历史事实和灾变检验了模型。结果表明,人口规模小、居住分散以及穿越荒野的巨大成本导致封建社会政权分裂和市场缺失;当人口增长覆盖了农业区之间的荒野后,交易成本会大幅下降,封建制度因低效而终结;而人口毁灭重现地旷人稀的状况时,封建制度会再次复活。     

老年人口死亡概率时代变迁与老年定义的 重新思考

通过对1982-2010年间我国老年人口年龄别死亡概率的考察显示,近30年来我国老年人口的死亡概率随时间推移而不断降低,表明我国老年群体的健康状况和年龄内涵正在发生改变.与此同时,经济社会环境的变化和科学技术的发展极大地改变了老年人口的生活生产方式,也提供了更多的参与经济社会活动的能力与机会,从而使得后世代的老年人往往比前世代的老年人"更健康"、"更年轻",因此,有必要重新思考对老年人的传统定义.此外,中国老年人口死亡概率的变化也表现出明显的性别差异、地区差异以及与发达国家的差距,说明对中国来讲,要完成死亡模式的根本转化仍有很长的路要走.在充分认识这些差异性的基础上重新定义老年,将使得我们对老龄社会有一个全新的认识,也将有助于我们重构未来常态化老龄社会的公共政策体系.     

Quality of Work Life: Theoretical and Methodological Problems, and Presentation of a New Model and Measuring Instrument

Purpose: Ever since the concept of Quality of Work Life (QWL) was first used over 30 years ago, a range of definitions and theoretical constructs have succeeded each other with the aim of mitigating the many problems facing the concept. A historical overview of the concept of QWL is presented here. Given the lack of consensus concerning the solutions that have been developed to date, a new definition of QWL is suggested, inspired by the research on a related concept, general Quality of Life (QOL) which, as the literature shows, has faced the same conceptualization and definition problems as QWL. Based on the suggested definition of QOL, a definition of QWL is provided and the measuring instrument that results therefrom (the Quality of Working Life Systemic Inventory – QWLSI) is presented. Finally, the solutions that this model and measuring instrument provide for the above-mentioned problems are discussed.     

我国人口与经济增长稳定关系的实证分析（1953-2000）

改革开放前,我国人口数量和人口密度的增加推动了经济增长,人口与经济增长具有长期稳定关系;改革开放后,大部分地区的人口逐渐趋向于成为经济增长中的一个外生变量。在1953-2000年间,我国经济发展相对落后地区(以西藏为代表)的人口与经济增长存在长期稳定关系,人口数量和人口密度的增加对经济增长有正的效应。总体来看,在我国经济发展的较低阶段,人口与经济增长一般存在长期稳定关系,但当经济发展到较高阶段时,人口与经济增长可能不存在稳定关系。     

浅谈“官本位”与知识分子“过劳死”

近年来,知识分子“过劳死”现象屡见媒体,造成了巨大的社会效应。知识分子“过劳死”现象的产生有其生理、心理、社会性根源,但笔者认为,“过劳死”现象更深层次的是社会文化价值方面的原因。本文试从中国文化的“官本位”思想入手,探索知识分子“过劳死”之根源。     

Midwife-led continuity of care improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes in north Shoa zone,Amhara regional state,Ethiopia: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundIn a low-resource setting, information on the effect of midwife-led continuity of care (MLCC) is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of MLCC on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in the Ethiopian context.MethodA study with a quasi-experimental design was conducted from August 2019 to September 2020 in four primary hospitals of the north Shoa zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. A total of 1178 low risk women were allocated to one of two groups; the midwife-led continuity of care (MLCC or intervention group) (received all antenatal, labour, birth, and immediate postnatal care from a single midwife or backup midwife) (n = 589) and the Shared model of care (SMC or comparison group) (received care from different staff members at different times) (n = 589). The two outcomes studied were Spontaneous vaginal birth and preterm birth. Outcome variables were compared using multivariate generalized linear models (GLMs) and reported using adjusted risk ratios (aRR) with 95% confidence intervals.FindingsWomen in MLCC were, in comparison with women in the SMC group more likely to have spontaneous vaginal birth (aRR of 1.198 (95% CI 1.101–1.303)). Neonates of women in MLCC were in comparison with those in SMC less likely to be preterm (aRR of 0.394; 95% CI (0.227–0.683)).ConclusionIn this study, use of the MLCC model improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes. To scale up and further investigate the effect and feasibility of this model in a low resource setting could be of considerable importance in Ethiopia and other Sub-Saharan Africa countries.     

地方公共品供给、人口迁移与户籍制度--Tiebout 理论体系的地方性经验解释

Tiebout 模型是地方财政学的经典理论,后世从自利动机、财政外部性和公共品资本化等角度对其进行的拓展和修正,极大丰富了该理论的内涵,形成了一个对现实具有强解释力的理论体系。中国经济的发展,使国内地方公共品供给、人口迁移等问题越来越接近这一理论体系所勾勒的情形。本文利用其对江西的地方性经验进行解释,揭示了国内居民跨城市落户的投资移民性质,以及城市户籍管理和人口极差化流动的制度诱因。     

关于人口增长、环境退化、贫困与政策取向的深层次思考

通过对人口增长与环境退化和贫困之间的关系分析,得出人口增长是环境恶化和资源过快耗竭的关键原因.而恶化的环境和资源的稀缺又导致贫困.在此基础上,提出了解决这个问题的政策取向--除了关键依靠科技进步和控制人口增长外,还应加强城镇化建设和停止误导性的开发.     

新时期我国养老保险基金投资渠道与应对策略

社会养老保险基金如何得以保值增值是目前我国理论界和实际工作部门研究的热点问题之一。它对我国养老保险制度的稳定与发展 ,社会的安定都会产生重大影响。本文对我国目前社会保险基金的运作模式进行了剖析 ,认为单一的投资手段使保险基金根本不具备规避利率风险和抵御通货膨胀的能力。提出我国应借鉴国外成功的保险基金投资的经验 ,稳步发展并逐步扩大投资渠道 ,实现多元化的投资组合是基金保值增值的必然选择     

灾后重建过程中受灾群众的社区融入与适应——以“一村两地”居住模式下的羌村为个案

在灾后重建过程中,受灾群众的社区融入与适应问题是一个急需解决的问题。我们抽取了因地震而成为灾民社区的北川张坪村和黄坪坝村进行走访和调查．分析了他们的生存现状、社区融入与适应方面存在的问题及其影响．并就此提出了相应的对策与措施。     

从大连来看中国大城市人口老龄化的特点和趋势

以大连市为个案,通过对近十几年来大连人口老龄化特点及其未来十几年人口老龄化发展趋势的分析,讨论了中国大城市在人口老龄化过程中所面临的问题及表现出来的特征。像大连一样,随着工业化的进一步推进、人口控制政策持续发挥作用以及大城市人口平均预期寿命的继续延长,中国大城市将会更加普遍地面临大连市目前已经遇到及今后将要遇到的问题,对此,中央及各大城市政府有关部门须引起高度重视,尽早研究相应的应对措施。     

Shoot growth dynamics and size-dependent shoot fate of a clonal plant,Festuca rubra, in a mountain grassland

The relation of the within-season and between-season patterns of shoot growth were compared in a clonal grass with long-lived shoots,Festuca rubra, in a mown mountain grassland. The growth rate of shoot length from spring to summer in a year was almost constant for each shoot irrespective of spring shoot length each year. The annual shoot growth rate from spring to spring was negatively correlated with the shoot length in the first spring. Shoots of different length and age therefore tended to converge over time to a population of identical shoot size, suggesting an equalizing effect of growth pattern on size structure. Shoot size (shoot length and number of leaves) influenced the fates of shoots. Larger shoots showed an increased incidence of both flowering and formation of intravaginal daughter shoots and a decreased incidence of death in the subsequent time period. The fates of shoots were independent of their age. Although the negatively size-dependent springto-spring annual shoot growth rate acted to decrease shoot size variation, the remaining variation within the shoot population was still sufficient to generate different fates of shoots. These fates were not related to the previous life history of individual shoots. There was a significantly positive effect of the shoot size at initiation on its life expectancy. This was mainly attributable to the positively size-dependent survival rate of shoots in the early stage (<1 year old) of shoot life history. Later on (> 1 year old), shoot size had little effect on the survival rate of shoots. Once small young shoots have survived this early stage (< 1 year old) in life history, they can grow vigorously, little affected by competition regardless of shoot size, and converge to a stable size structure of shoots of similar size. Only shoot size in the early stage ( < 1 year old) of life history is important for the persistence of a shoot population.     

人口变动对长期经济发展的作用——基于台湾地区的经验数据

通过运用台湾地区1952～1999年的经验数据和向量误差修正计量模型检验了人口、技术进步与经济发展三者间的关系,研究发现总人口、技术进步和经济发展之间存在长期的稳定关系,经济发展是总人口和技术进步的函数;同时总人口对经济发展具有直接的负效果和间接的正效果,但是总体来看人口对于经济发展的作用是积极的。因此从长期经济发展的角度看,我国庞大的人口基数将是实现经济持续增长的有利条件。     

漂泊·成长·抗争·迷茫--新生代农民工的打工叙事分析

文章以田野调查资料为基础,运用叙事分析的质性研究方法剖析新生代农民工漂泊与迷茫的生存特点。新生代力图通过自己的努力融入城市或实现自我发展,但制度性障碍和歧视性政策依然将他们挡在了城市边缘,他们的漂泊已经从时空的频繁转换延伸为一种内心深处的漂泊感受,个人生命周期的发展阶段又加剧了他们的抗争和迷茫。新生代从农民工转变成工人,转变为城市居民,需要国家相应的制度安排和政策支持。     

基于PSR模型的生态移民安置区可持续发展指标体系构建及评估方法研究

本文根据生态移民安置区这一特殊区域的可持续发展内在的制约因素、特殊内涵及目标,应用PSR模型对生态移民安置区进行分析。并在此基础上构建移民安置区可持续发展指标体系以及探讨其可持续发展综合评估方法,以期对移民安置区发展现状的正确认识．并为其可持续发展在实践中进一步的评估和建设奠定一定的理论基础。     

中日韩人力资源开发与失业压力转化趋势研究——我国就业非农化时期的开发模式选择

人力资源开发是有效促进就业扩大和失业压力转化的治本之策。但在就业结构非农化转换的关键时期 ,由于各国人力资源开发模式与水平不同 ,失业压力的转化趋势也很不同 ,有的失业压力转低或高失业压力转缓 ,有的失业压力转强。其中韩国准超前型开发模式的成效较高、社会成本较低、高失业压力转低最快 ,是我国较为可行的开发模式选择。为此 ,我国首先要积极创造必要条件 ,特别要采取非常措施加大人力资源开发力度、优化开发结构并创造相应经济社会条件 ,加快向准超前型开发模式转换 ,以从根本上促进我国新时期严重失业压力的缓解。