农村人口外出流动与家庭多维贫困动态演进

采用中国营养与健康调查数据库2004—2011年4次调查中的农村家庭样本数据,基于收入、健康、医保、教育及生活质量五个维度,引用A-F多维贫困测度方法测度农村家庭多维贫困发生率,并通过多维贫困分解得到各维度的贫困贡献率。结果显示,农村家庭多维贫困发生率总体呈下降趋势,其中教育与收入维度贫困贡献率占比较高。通过引入农村人口外出务工特征及有无老人变量对家庭多维贫困发生率进行回归分析,实证结果显示外出务工及有无老人对于家庭多维贫困发生率的变化有显著影响。进一步的分析中引入家庭工作特征变量,以在家务农为参照进行多元logit回归分析,发现当家庭多维贫困发生率高时,选择外出务工或者本地非农就业的可能性更大;当教育、收入维度贫困发生率高时,选择外出务工或本地非农就业倾向的更高;而健康维度BMI指标贫困发生率与外出务工或本地非农就业显著负相关。     

外出打工的回馈效应与县域经济的发展——以中部若干县为例

以往的研究文献大多从剩余劳动力转移和为城市提供廉价劳动力的角度来阐释外出打工的经济效应.实际上,外出打工对打工者原籍地的县域经济的发展也有着强大的推动作用.外出打工的这种回馈效应主要是通过打工者的知识积累及向原籍地的知识传播、返乡消费及返乡投资创业、收入返乡、对原籍地城镇化的推动等方式和途径传导的.本文基于对外出打工者的访谈等就此问题进行了实证分析,最后提出了相关的政策建议.     

城市化进程中的非农就业

建国以来我国的城市化进程大体经历了计划经济时代的城乡分割、上山下乡;1980年代的“小城镇、大世界”和1990年代中期以来的城市化浪潮。整个城市化进程呈现典型的政府主导型特征。这种城市化模式既对非农就业有推动作用,也存在一些负面影响。探寻城市化和非农就业的良性互动的思路为:确立以人为本的城市发展观,把吸纳农民就业并转化为市民作为第一目标,顺应城市发展规律,减少或淡化行政色彩;切实保护农民工的权益,建立农民工就业的支持系统。     

农户非农就业的粮食生产效应研究

用2010年河南农村住户调查和农民工监测调查数据,构建粮食生产结构方程,从耕地资源视角实证分析非农就业对农户粮食生产的影响,结果发现:耕地规模较小农户的本地非农就业使粮食种植面积下降,外出务工则有利于粮食种植面积的扩大,二者对粮食亩均产出的影响均为负,但本地非农就业的影响不仅程度深而且很显著,外出务工的影响很小也不显著;耕地规模较大农户的本地非农就业使小麦和玉米种植比重和粮食亩均产出均显著提高,外出务工使粮食种植面积显著下降。从中我们得到的启示是,为提高粮食产量,政府应加大粮食生产补贴力度,特别是对种粮大户的粮食补贴;大力发展本地非农产业,为农村劳动力提供就近非农就业机会;规范农户土地流转行为,促进农户土地流转市场的健康发展。     

基于非农就业视角的农民工农地退出意愿研究

基于对福州市339位农民工的调查,运用二元Loglstlc方法分析非农就业因素对农民工农地退出意愿的影响。研究结果表明,农民工的婚姻、年龄、受教育水平、非农就业工资水平、近一年内工作变换次数、非农就业过程有无受到歧视、有无参加社会保险及有无被拖欠过工资等因素对其退出农地意愿影响显著。而性别、非农就业年限、非农就业地点、有无务工技能、有无签订劳动合同等因素对农民工退出农地意愿没有影响。对此,提出改革户籍制度,加强劳动法律法规的执法力度,重视教育、提升农民工自身素质等相关政策措施。     

俄国农民外出打工与城市化进程

城市化的实质是农业人口向城市集中的过程。俄国城市化水平取决于农民迁移的方向和规模,农民外出打工和转入城市等级问题是理解俄国城市化的关键所在。俄国农民向城市迁移的进程缓慢的原因很多:以牺牲经济发展为代价的身份证制度严格限制了所有人的迁移,尤其限制了农民的迁移;村社制度通过连环保义务有力地约束了农民的出行,农民必须服从村社的监督;农民在经济上和血缘上与农村保持着天然的联系,一般将外出打工视为权宜之计;外出打工既冲击了村社的宗法制度,又有强化农民经济、延缓农民分化的作用。     

西南边疆民族地区城镇化发展与非农就业关系的实证研究——以广西壮族自治区为例

西南边疆民族地区在地理位置和内外环境上的特殊性决定了其城镇化发展和非农就业担负着维护边疆安全稳定、促进民族地区团结和增加边疆民众收入的多重使命.本文以广西壮族自治区为例,通过Eviews统计分析软件,采用向量自回归WAR)模型,分析了城镇化发展与非农就业的关系.结果表明:从长期来看广西非农就业的增加促进了城镇化的发展,而广西的城镇化发展在短期和长期对非农就业都有非常重要的影响.各级政府应该加大对西南边疆民族地区城镇化发展的支持力度,同时应通过扩大非农就业来加速推进城镇化发展.     

农村劳动力非农就业及其对农村经济社会的影响——以江苏省贫困村李庄为例

农村劳动力向城镇非农产业的转移是实现农业现代化的必要条件.然而,实现非农转移的劳动力就业层次较低、工作时间长且待遇较差,是造成其"移而不迁"的主要原因.大规模农村劳动力的空间和产业转移,在增加农民收入的同时,也造成了农村家庭的"空巢化"和村庄的"空穴化".     

Skin color,sex, and educational attainment in the post-civil rights era

We assess the relationship between skin color and educational attainment for native-born non-Hispanic Black and White men and women, using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. CARDIA is a medical cohort study with twenty years of social background data and a continuous measure of skin color, recorded as the percent of light reflected off skin. For Black men and women, we find a one-standard-deviation increase in skin lightness to be associated with a quarter-year increase in educational attainment. For White women, we find an association approximately equal in magnitude to that found for Black respondents, and the pattern of significance across educational transitions suggests that skin color for White women is not simply a proxy for family background. For White men, any relationship between skin color and attainment is not robust and, analyses suggest, might primarily reflect differences in family background. Findings suggest that discrimination on the basis of skin color may be less specific to race than previously thought.     

Assessing the benefits of a rising tide: Educational attainment and increases in neighborhood socioeconomic advantage

An emerging approach to studying associations between neighborhood contexts and educational outcomes is to estimate the outcomes of adolescents growing up in neighborhoods that are experiencing economic growth in comparison to peers that reside in economically stable or declining communities. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), I examine the association between education attainment and changes in socioeconomic advantage in urban neighborhoods between 1990 and 2000. I find that residing in a neighborhood that experiences economic improvements has a positive association with educational attainment for urban adolescents. Furthermore, race-based analyses suggest consistently positive associations for all race subgroups, lending support to protective models of neighborhood effects that argue high neighborhood SES supports positive outcomes for adolescents residing in these contexts.     

The social and genetic inheritance of educational attainment: Genes,parental education,and educational expansion

Recently, several genome-wide association studies of educational attainment have found education-related genetic variants and enabled the integration of human inheritance into social research. This study incorporates the newest education polygenic score (Lee et al., 2018) into sociological research, and tests three gene-environment interaction hypotheses on status attainment. Using the Health and Retirement Study (N = 7599), I report three findings. First, a standard deviation increase in the education polygenic score is associated with a 58% increase in the likelihood of advancing to the next level of education, while a standard deviation increase in parental education results in a 53% increase. Second, supporting the Saunders hypothesis, the genetic effect becomes 11% smaller when parental education is one standard deviation higher, indicating that highly educated parents are more able to preserve their family's elite status in the next generation. Finally, the genetic effect is slightly greater for the younger cohort (1942–59) than the older cohort (1920–41). The findings strengthen the existing literature on the social influences in helping children achieve their innate talents.     

城市周边少数民族聚居区教育观念的地域性及改善途径

作者运用教育人类学的研究方法,研究居住生活在昆明郊县区的少数民族居民的教育观念,归纳其主要特征,从改革开放进程这一大背景下探求这些教育观念的发展状况,并结合当地的地域性文化特征和相关理论对城市周边少数民族聚居区居民的教育观念进行合理的阐释,在调查分析的基础上探讨改善当地居民教育观念的有效途径。     

Family structure and the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage

I examine whether the effect of parents’ education on children’s educational achievement and attainment varies by family structure and, if so, whether this can be explained by differential parenting practices. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, I find that as parents’ education increases, children in single mother families experience a lower boost in their achievement test scores, likelihood of attending any post-secondary schooling, likelihood of completing a 4-year college degree, and years of completed schooling relative to children living with both biological parents. Differences in parents’ educational expectations, intergenerational closure, and children’s involvement in structured leisure activities partially explain these status transmission differences by family structure. The findings imply that, among children with highly educated parents, children of single mothers are less likely to be highly educated themselves relative to children who grow up with both biological parents.     

浅谈语文素养的内涵及其养成途径

本文论述"语文素养"具有丰富的内涵,并从优化课堂教学、活用教材、将语文教育与生活联系起 来等三个方面探讨实现语文教育终极目标的途径。     

地方财政约束下的农村基础教育问题--湖北京山县"留守孩子"问题调查引起的思考

作者通过对农村"留守孩子"问题的调查,发现农村"留守孩子"问题往往与农村社会转型、基础教育政策的调整等问题纠缠在一起;而农村基础教育中存在的许多问题,在相当程度上又与我国农村的办学体制,尤其是农村基础教育的投资制度不无关系.农村税费改革后,农村基础教育的投入制度改为"以县为主",并未从根本上解决农村基础教育的投入问题,因为县乡财政原本是一体的,将农村基础教育的投资主体从乡镇(或者农民)改为"以县为主",是一种"换汤不换药"的做法.所以,作者建议改变"以县为主"的农村基础教育投资体制,形成中央、省、县三级分级按比例投入农村基础教育发展的新格局.     

父母殴打子女致死案件的类型化处理

父母殴打子女致死的案件每每出现都引发了极大的社会反响,法院在审理过程中对该类案件如何认定存在争议,从对现有已收集到的案例进行整理发现,个案裁判结果差异极大.由于在该类案件中殴打与伤害难以区分、殴打的主观方面难以确定、殴打多出于一时激愤等特殊性,导致在具体案件认定上存在一定的难度.应当遵循从客观到主观的认识路径,在对行为进行全方位评价的基础上,通过“向前看”和“向后看”,对行为人的主观方面进行辅助分析,从殴打对象和部位选择、殴打行为的具体目的、是否存在长期虐待等方面加以考量.     

国际教育资本参与中国高等教育发展对策研究

中国加入WTO,国际教育资本进入国内高等教育领域已成必然。如何正确认识和对待它们,关乎中国高等教育今后的发展方向、中国的教育主权、中国未来的发展能力。国际教育资本参与中国高等教育发展的现状以及中国高等教育面临的机遇和挑战,推动国际教育资本以规范、合理、于我有利的方式参与中国高等教育发展的具体对策建议。     

《我妻我女》:一个教育与影视人类学的研究展示

家庭教育、学校教育和独生子女教育是目前比较热门的话题,人类学有其独特的考察视角。影片《我妻我女》通过捕捉一对母女生活中的交往过程,展示了独生子女家庭在应对急剧变化的外在世界时所面临的矛盾和困惑。这一作品展示了教育人类学观察世界的独特视角、独特维度。