中国西南边疆少数民族教育问题与发展对策

一、中国西南边疆民族教育存在的问题改革开放以来,中国西南边疆少数民族地区民族教育事业发展的数量、规模虽然都已取得了巨大的成就,但由于主观和客观等多方面原因,这些地区教育改革与发展的步伐仍还很缓慢,教育质量整体水平仍还比较低;“两基”成果不稳定,有些地方的“两基”数据存在不少水分;教育资源配制和布局结构不科学,办学效益还比较差。尤其是在边远偏僻的民族地区和农牧区,民族教育发展状况暴露出的落后面貌十分明显。(一)民族教育的历史特点遗存民族教育作为社会上层建筑的一个组成部分,它是受民族赖以存在的社会经济形态这个物…     

理想与现实:民族教育发展中的问题及其解决新思路

本文据实论述了民族地区严酷的教育状况，从思维方式、办学模式及财、政。教育管理等方面提出了解决民族地区教育落后状况的思路。     

民族寄宿制学校建设浅议——以云南省楚雄彝族自治州为例

胡锦涛同志在十七大报告中提出,“坚持教育公益性质,加大财政对教育投入,规范教育收费,扶持贫困地区、民族地区教育”。要发展民族教育,必须在民族地区大力建设农村寄宿制学校,寄宿制学校是符合民族地区实际的行之有效的办学形式,它极大地改善了民族地区的教育状况,整合了教育资源,促进了教育均衡发展,缩小了城乡差距,让农村孩子享受到优质的教育教学和生活服务。     

民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移问题研究

我国少数民族大多居住在经济较落后地区,农牧业人口所占比重大,农村剩余劳动力数量多,需要向二、三产业转移。民族地区农村剩余劳动力的转移除受国家宏观经济的影响外,还有其特有的制约因素：受教育程度及双语水平低;从事行业层次低,市场竞争力弱;城市融入性差;劳动力转移模式单一;第二、三产业发展不足;技能培训难以满足市场需要等。因此,实现民族地区农村劳动力的转移要加强几方面的建设：大力发展民族地区特色经济,建立合理的产业结构;规范劳动力市场;提升民族地区教育层次。     

积石山县民族教育现状的分析及对策

由于地广人稀、自然条件差及信息闭塞等因素的影响，西北地区的整体教育水平不高。可以这样说，西北少数民族整体素质的培养与提高影响到西北地区综合素质的提高。为此，我们对甘肃临夏回族自治州积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县(以下简称积石山县)的民族受教育状况与社会化程度进行了调查，试图从深层次上对这些人口较少的民族的教育及社会化发展进行探讨。     

民族文化资本对民族地区经济增长的非线性影响

文化是经济增长的重要源泉。借助1997-2016年我国少数民族地区相关数据,本文实证分析了民族文化资本对民族地区经济增长的非线性影响。结果显示,民族地区文化资本对经济增长不仅具有显著的促进作用,而且呈现非线性影响;文化资本对民族地区经济增长的影响受到经济发展水平、人均文化事业费以及人均受教育年限的影响;人均地区生产总值、人均文化事业经费越高,人均受教育年限越高,则文化资本对经济增长的贡献度越大;此外,物质资本依然是推动民族地区经济发展的关键所在,提高第二产业比重和增加公路运营里程均能显著促进民族地区经济增长。基于此,本文提出应加强对民族文化的保护、传承和开发,加大教育投入,提高民族地区人均受教育年限等的投资。     

以和融理念育国之栋梁 福建泉州晋江市陈埭民族中学民族团结进步教育记略

<正>晋江市陈埭民族中学是泉州市唯一一所民族完全中学,拥有包括汉、回、畲等18个民族的学生,2023年晋升为“福建省一级达标高中”。这些年来,学校秉承“和融教育”办学思想,坚持“平等和谐融合发展”的办学理念,不断推动铸牢中华民族共同体意识融入学校教育教学全过程各环节,构建课堂教学、社会实践、主题教育多位一体的教育平台,形成了“传承民族传统文化,培育民族优秀人才,促进民族团结融合”的民族和融教育办学特色。     

民族地区政治稳定理论探析:内涵、特征与影响因素

民族地区政治稳定问题是民族政治学研究的重要课题,而理解和把握民族地区政治稳定的内涵、特征以及主要的影响变量就是展开此项研究的基础。民族地区政治稳定是指通过国家政治体系和民族地方政治体系的共同作用,与民族地区社会系统实现良性互动,避免和消除该地区潜在的改变现行政治体系的社会力量和政治运动,实现该地区发展的有序性和连续性。在现代社会,民族地区的政治稳定必然是发展中的动态稳定,具有相对性、互动性和可控性的特征,其稳定状况和程度受一系列交叠因素的影响。     

发挥内地办学模式效应 推动边疆民族教育快速发展

在我国民族教育的发展历程中,党和国家从民族地区的实际出发,根据当地经济社会发展的需要,先后创立了不少具有特色的民族教育办学模式,这些模式包括民族地区集中建校办学模式、农牧区寄宿制和半寄宿制办学模式、专门开设民族学校的模式、在普通学校设立民族班或预科班的模式等等。特别要指出的是,20世纪80年代中期,国家创立了边疆民族教育内地办学模式。这一模式开始于全国内地西藏班(校)的开办。内地西藏班、新疆高中班及其依托的边疆民族教育内地办学模式是我国民族教育领域内的新事物、新范型,边疆民族教育内地办学模式在国内外引起了巨…     

论民族地区职业教育的属性、目标和模式

文章通过分析民族地区职业教育的一般属性,认为民族地区职业教育还具有落后性、民族性和政策性等特殊属性;文章分析了影响民族地区职业教育培养目标的因素,进而提出新时期我国民族地区职业教育应以培养学生的基本能力与核心素养、职业技能、传承民族文化、开展共同价值观教育等方面为基本定位。文章对民族地区职业教育的办学模式也进行了分析。     

试论民族地区普通中学多媒体课件制作及管理

运用现代教育技术提高教学效率是民族地区普通中学发展的必由之路。只有正确认识民族地区普通中学教育技术应用的背景,加强对此类教学资源的管理,才能使之更好服务于教学,提高民族地区教学实践活动的效率。     

少数民族预科教育培养模式研究与实践

少数民族预科教育是我国高等教育的重要组成部分,是进一步落实党的民族政策,加速民族高等教育的改革与发展,增强民族团结,使之适应民族地区经济社会发展的重要举措。经过50多年的办学实践,民族预科教育已经形成了自己独具特色的人才培养模式,在我国高等教育中建立了具有中国特色少数民族预科教育体系。     

"夷夏变迁"与明清"改土归流"

明清两朝都实施了改土归流政策,但其结果却大相径庭,主要原因在于两代君主民族观的差异。明朝皇帝坚持儒家传统夷夏观,对"以夷治夷"的羁縻政策有着天然的依赖性,不可能对土司制度作出彻底的改革;而本身为少数民族的清朝皇帝,因不满儒家传统夷夏观中的民族歧视而对其进行了批判继承,把从唐代就开始萌芽的"华夷一体"的新民族观应用到实际的民族政策中,其结果就是土司制度在清代的基本结束。     

伦理传承与法治推进：共同体理念下民族地区和谐劳动关系的双重保障

民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展是中华民族共同体建设的重要内容,二者在经济、文化和社会等方面密切相关。民族地区的市场性、区域性与传承性,使得其劳动关系的和谐发展需要经济伦理和法治机制双重保障。经济伦理是经济活动传承性的写照,从内部支持和保障民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展,法治则是其外部保障。在中华民族共同体理念下,唯有重视伦理传承与法治推进双重保障的互补与统一,才能有效构建民族地区和谐劳动关系。     

民族中学教育发展现状与对策——基于武汉市民族中学的调查

本文以武汉市民族中学办学的基本情况为出发点,在分析了其存在的优势和面临的困境之后,对全国各地比较典型的四所民族学校进行了考察、分析与比较研究,并为各级政府、教育行政部门和学校自身提出了少数民族散居地民族中学第二次发展和提高的对策与建议。     

学校教育中传承民族文化存在的问题及对策——以北川羌族自治县的学校教育为例

The Qiang are one of the most ancient ethnic groups in China, and their rich cul-ture is an important part of Chinese culture. Bei-chuan Qiang Autonomous County, in Sichuan province, is a unique Qiang Autonomous County in China, which has an exceptional foundation for transmitting Qiang ethnic culture through school education. However, the county’s transmission of Qiang ethnic culture through school education still faces some problems, such as lack of educational investment, poor teacher resources, lack of ethnic cultural inheritors, and students’ lack of ethnic self-confidence. In view of series dilemmas faced by Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County in trans-mitting Qiang ethnic culture through school educa-tion, this article proposes the following suggestions based on our investigations:1 . Increase the investment in school educa-tion In view of the lack of educational investment, we suggest the following measure be adopted: 1 ) increase educational investment from various levels of the government, especially increasing special in-vestment in transmitting Qiang ethnic culture through school education;2 ) raise funds from the public;3 ) have the schools engage in their own fundraising, and 5 ) make efforts to get foreign aid. 2 . Strengthen the investment in improving teacher resources In view of the problem of poor teacher re-sources, we suggest the following measures: 1 ) strengthen policy support from the national level, and solve the problem of poor teacher resources through training teachers in universities for nation-alities. 2 ) invite Qiang cultural inheritors to be teachers; 3 ) strengthen the technical training of the school teachers, and improve the teachers’ skills;4) add more teacher positions, and improve the treatment of teachers;5 ) encourage teachers to devote their life to the education and inheritance of Qiang culture. 3 . To promote the motivation for studying eth-nic culture In view of the students’ lack of motivation for studying ethnic culture, and the lack of people who go on to inherit the ethnic cultural heritage, we suggest the following: 1 ) Beichuan Autonomous County should help the young Qiang people to be locally employed through developing ethnic econo-mies, and to inherit ethnic culture via developing tourism with ethnic characteristics. 2) Family edu-cation should be closely connected with school edu-cation;3 ) to include an exam on Qiang ethic cul-ture in school entrance examinations in order to re-flect the importance of ethnic culture study;4 ) to add some ethnic culture courses in schools for na-tionalities. 4 . To strengthen the ethnic pride and confi-dence of Qiang students In view of the issue of Qiang students’ lack of ethnic confidence and pride, we suggest the follow-ing:1 ) open Qiang language courses in schools in Qiang areas; 2 ) enlarge the usage range of the Qiang language; 3 ) help students to understand the charm of Qiang culture, and let them feel eth-nic pride. 5 . To standardize and promote a common Qiang language In view of the issue that Qiang have no written language, their spoken language is too complicat-ed, and there are too many dialects, we suggest that the National Languages and Scripts Work Committee should work with Qiang scholars and ex-perts to create a basic dialect of the Qiang-a com-mon Qiang language, which should be promoted in school education, just like mandarin Chinese in school education.     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

四川民族自治地方非物质文化遗产保护现状与保护策略

一直以来四川民族自治地方开展了具有一定广度和深度的非物质文化遗产保护工作,逐渐形成了国家、省、市（州）、县四级非物质文化遗产代表性名录保护体系。非物质文化遗产保护的＂后申报时期＂,四川民族自治地方应力争实现民族自治地方文化资源与优势资源结合、民族文化资源带动经济发展方式的深刻转变,探索非物质文化遗产保护常态化、产业化、多元化、专业化、制度化的发展策略和制度支撑。     

羌族女童辍学调查与思考——以阿坝州茂县赤不苏中学为例

从文化的视野诠释民族地区女童辍学问题是女童教育研究领域的新尝试。笔者运用叙事研究方法,深入羌族地区一个村寨进行了田野考察,尝试从研究对象的生活经历中理解辍学问题,并从经济贫困、文化变迁、文化心理等层面解释民族地区女童辍学的原因。在民族地区社会转型期,我们有必要对包括女童辍学在内的多种教育问题做文化分析,这也是从根本上认识乃至解决当前诸多教育问题的新路。     

高质量发展背景下的西藏全要素生产率研究

伴随着“提高全要素生产率”先后被正式写入国务院政府工作报告和党的十九大报告,近年来全要素生产率理论开始得到国内外学者的广泛关注。在此背景下,运用非参数DEA-Malmquist指数分析法对2000-2018年西藏全要素生产率进行了测算分解,并与同时期全国平均水平和主要民族地区水平进行了横向比较。研究结论表明,西藏当前正处于工业化前期向工业化中期的转型发展阶段,21世纪以来全要素生产率虽然呈现出“√”型的缓慢回升态势,但总体上仍然处于低位区间波动徘徊,相对滞后于全国和主要民族地区平均水平。因此,未来西藏经济要实现高质量发展的目标,迫切需要通过一系列有效改革措施,加快实现经济增长方式由要素投入拉动向全要素生产率驱动转变。