西方人类学生态与文化关系研究述评

西方人类学家从不同视角对人类与生态之间的关系进行了深入研究,形成了诸多研究理论,甚至派别。从环境决定论到环境可能论,再到文化生态学,进而衍生新功能主义和民族植物学。美国人类学家朱利安·斯图尔德认为特定文化因适应特定的生态环境而表现出文化的地域性特征,从而构建了文化生态学。这对生态人类学这一学科的确立产生了深刻影响。今天,我们在接受、消化与吸收西方学术资源时,需要摆脱西方生态人类学的文化与自然二元对立的思维方式,更需要克服民族中心主义、人类中心主义等思维习惯,真正从人类文化与自然生态为有机整体的角度去重新审视和分析问题,让生态人类学更好地服务于人类的生存、发展与延续。     

西部生态治理及其本土性制度资源——立足甘青特有民族生态文化的初步探索

文章对当下环境法治建设中颇为流行的“唯理论建构主义”倾向进行了反思 ,认为在目前西部环境法治建设中的“进化论理性主义”的维度是不可忽视的。在此理路下 ,通过阐释和梳理甘青特有民族的生态文化后得出结论 :甘青特有民族的生态文化是西部生态法治建设中可资借鉴的本土性制度资源。充分发掘和利用类似的本土性制度资源 ,将有利于西部开发中环境治理目标的顺利实现。     

文化生存与生态保护:以长江源头唐乡为例

通过长江源头第一乡--唐乡小型牧业社区的人类学考察,阐述当地生态环境恶化不仅是全球变暖等自然因素导致,也不局限于经济发展等因素酿成,本土人群主体性被忽略、人与高原生态环境之间游牧文化链被冲击甚至被打破亦是不可忽视的重要原因.在人与自然之间,不仅是依存和攫取等功用性关系,还存在着文化联系.生活在特定环境中的人群以自身千百年绵延的文化理念及行为与当地环境达成协调一致,当这种文化关联被外来文化冲击至岌岌可危甚至断裂时,生态环境的恶化和本土文化的存在危机都将是难以避免的.     

原生态文化的保护与开发模式

基于不同的研究范式,学界对原生态文化给出了多种定义。在原生态文化的保护与开发实践活动中,生态博物馆、民族文化生态村、民族文化生态保护区等形式都坚持了文化及文化生态的整体性保护原则。     

少数民族生态习惯法的经济理性

立足于“生态经济人”理论假设,基于制度经济学的法理分析,从法经济学视角剖析论证少数民族生态习惯法的经济理性,以探索少数民族生态习惯法制度整体,在经济理性作用下的发展运行规律。国家司法传播的困境和产权关系的推动为少数民族生态习惯法夯实经济理性的基石,以及在成本与收益的理性抉择和生态损害惩罚性赔偿的激励机制下,使民族群体经济理性意识得以维持并不断增强,最终使得生态习惯法制度体系的经济理性成为少数民族地区生态环境资源保护共同追求的目标。     

中国生态文化理念发展现状及其生成路径

通过对中国古代与现阶段生态文化的理念与制度的分析,认为中国古代生态文化作为一种特殊的文化越来越受到人们的重视,但是中国的生态文化理念与制度有很多的缺陷.由此提出在全球化背景下中国应建立本国特色的生态文化理念与制度.     

“三江源”地区生态道德教育调查分析

三江源地区是我国重要的生态保护区,有效开展生态道德教育,是实现该地区生态可持续发展的客观要求。为了全面掌握三江源地区生态道德教育的基本现状,我们对该地区生态道德教育情况进行了问卷调查,发现该地区生态道德教育具有民族性、持续性及薄弱性等基本特征。为了有效推进该地区生态道德教育,提出了开展生态理念教育,培养生态理性人;将民族文化与生态道德教育有机结合,丰富生态道德教育内容;将生态道德教育融入学校教育中,增强生态道德教育的系统性;倡导绿色生活方式,促进生态道德深入人心等具体对策,从而为引导该地区群众形成良好的生态道德品质、养成良好的生态道德行为习惯提供了一定理论依据。     

民族民间传统文化的传承与法律保护研究

民间传统文化是民族精神的重要支柱,它的消亡也就意味着特定民族的消亡。在市场经济和外来文化的冲击下,我国民族民间传统文化日渐衰微。要实现经济、社会、文化的协调发展,必须依法开展对传统文化的保护。要抓紧建立民族民间传统文化的普查机制,重点保护与传承机制,文化生态保护机制;尽快完善知识产权法律制度,以为民族民间传统文化提供全方位的法律保护。     

试论民族民间传统文化的传承与法律保护

民族民间传统文化是民族精神的重要支柱,它的消亡也就意味着特定民族的消亡.在市场经济和外来文化的冲击下,我国民族民间传统文化日渐衰微;要实现经济、社会、文化的协调发展,必须依法开展对传统文化的保护;要建立民族民间传统文化的普查机制、重点保护与传承机制、文化生态保护机制;尽快完善知识产权法律制度,以便为民族民间传统文化提供全方位的法律服务.     

生态博物馆的特点、意义和角色——基于"中国模式"下的生态博物馆建设

在特殊的国情和特定的历史条件下,中国民族生态博物馆的发展肩负着双重责任,它不仅包括着对民族文化的保护,而且对原住民地区的经济发展起到一定的促进作用;以国际上对传统历史文化资源的开发与保护比较新颖的"前台、帷幕、后台"理论及swot分析模型,对生态博物馆的发展进行初步分析.     

全球化背景下的人类生态维护理念

人类已有的生态维护都是从具体文化出发所做出的。生态安全是一个文化概念,不同文化规约下的不同民族对生态理念内涵的界定也因文化而异。以至于我们今天从事生态人类学研究,也需从具体民族入手,对其传统生态知识进行发掘与整理,激发各族人民对自己拥有的传统知识的自信,不断地提升该区域生态知识技能,充分地发挥该区域各民族生态知识价值,实现对区域生态环境的高效利用与精心维护。     

生态知识的地方性

地方性知识的提出是对全球化与现代化的抵抗,它兼具批判意义和实践价值。作为地方性知识的生态知识在时间和空间上紧密附着于地方。地方性生态知识的应用不在于其能够在多大程度上跨越时间与空间的限制传播,而在于承认多元地方性知识的合理性,立足于地方发挥其有效性。在记录、挖掘、维护与利用、重构地方性生态知识时应采取较为审慎的态度。     

生态教育与西北地区的生态环境

文章论述了西北地区生态环境的现状及其根源,揭示了生态教育与地区环境之间的内在作用机制,提出了加强生态教育、深化生态意识,实现西北地区生态环境可持续发展的具体措施。     

生计资源配置与生态环境保护——以贵州黎平黄岗侗族社区为例

长期以来,贵州黎平黄岗侗族社区一直保持着持续稳定发展,呈现出文化与生态环境的有机耦合。其生计资源配置中的特殊举措及文化策略,对当地生态环境的保护有着重要意义。真正的生态保护在于,选用最适用的文化对特定生态系统施加影响,为人类的可持续发展服务。     

甘肃南部林区族群生存文化的生态人类学研究——以舟曲县3个藏汉村寨为例

甘肃省南部林区属于国家长江上游水土保持重点防治区域,具有非常重要的战略地位。世代居住在这块地方上的藏、汉族群积累了大量与所处环境相适应的生存技能和经验。构筑起与这种生态环境相适应的生存文化,形成了以森林为核心的生态系统与以苯教为核心的生存文化之间的共生关系。在保护当地生态环境、改善类似地区的生态环境、改变同一地区不同族群的生态观念等方面都能发挥作用,具有很强的实用价值,应该进行深入发掘和总结。     

地方性生态知识与区域经济可持续发展——以东北地区为例

人类及其所创造的知识不能与其文化或地理环境隔离开来,离开其产生的背景,任何知识都难以理解。本研究认为,地方性生态知识是各民族在特定社会背景下认识其所在环境的结晶。对地方性生态知识的正确理解与认识,无疑对国家政府决策部门制定民族政策、实施民族区域经济发展计划、促进各民族相互了解和共同发展等具有重要的现实意义。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

对依法加强三江源区生态移民工程实施的思考

三江源区生态移民工程,既是该源区生态环境保护和建设重大工程的核心内容,也是该源区生态环境保护和建设工程能否最终取得成功的关键所在。所以,在已有基础上,通过法制手段,依法建立生态补偿机制;加大扶贫开发力度;继续推进退牧退耕还林草工程;实施素质教育和职业教育工程以及吸收和推广该地区有利于生态环境保护的本土法资源等,对该源区生态环境的保护和建设尤为重要。     

甘南藏族自治州生态旅游开发探讨

在科学发展观的指导下, 如何实现经济发展和环境保护相协调,成为甘南藏族自治州本届政府急需解决的历史性课题。生态旅游自身的特点决定了生态旅游具备承担这一历史性责任的条件。本文采用SWOT分析法, 分别从甘南州发展生态旅游的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战等四方面进行分析, 进而提出,甘南藏族自治州发展生态旅游的对策为政府主导、突出四大功能、突出地方特色和转变生态旅游资源开发思路。     

西部民族地区旅游生态补偿政策实施的实践探索

The ethnic regions of Western Chi￣na are rich in ecological and cultural tourism re￣sources. At the same time, the regions are also ec￣ologically vulnerable areas with large populations of ethnic groups who have lived for a long time in poverty. Based on years’ investigation, it is obvi￣ous that tourism development, even though it can promote local economic development, has had a significant negative impact on the ecology, envi￣ronment and local communities. During the 18 th and 17 th National Congresses of the Communist Pary of China, a policy was announced to improve ecological compensation and accelerate the estab￣lishment of an ecological compensation mecha￣nism. So far, both government and academia have mainly focused on the effects and necessities of building a mechanism for ecological compensation. Of special concern, even if governments at all lev￣els sequentially enacted a series of policie with cer￣tain characteristics of ecological compensation, the public is still questioning the impartiality and legit￣imacy of the charges of such policy of ecological compensation. Thus, the task of implementing the ecological compensation policy faces many obsta￣cles. At present, the core research issue on eco￣logical compensation is no longer just the question of why it should be charged. This question was al￣ready clearly stated in official documents from cen￣tral government. Up to now, the core issues that need clarification are:in practice, how the charge be made; what amount of money should be charged;how will the revenue from the charge be used;how will the revenue derived from the charge be audited; and whether or not this charge can help to achieve government objectives in such a way.
Based on the unique background of the ethnic regions of Western China, this paper deeply analy￣ses issues of implementing policies such as ecologi￣cal compensation for tourism, including the illegi￣bility and legitimacy of who should pay, how much should be paid, and how to manage the funds im￣partially; and providing scientific and reasonable countermeasures to solve these practical problems. Compared with other industries, the tourism indus￣try became the pioneer for the practice of ecologi￣cal compensation as well as the research objective of ecological compensation studies. Some research￣ers defined ecological compensation for tourism as a system of regulating related ecological interests to protect the ecosystems of tourism destinations and promote sustainable development of the tourism in￣dustry ( Zhang Yiqun, Yang Guihua, 2012 ) . Al￣though such a definition is still fuzzy, at least it in￣dicates that the research of ecological compensation for tourism involves interdisciplinary fields inclu￣ding Economics, Sociology, Ecology and Tourism, etc. Currently, the research of ecological compen￣sation for tourism has insufficient first hand empiri￣cal research data. At the same time it has not yet had nationwide impact, either domestically or over￣seas. The research on implementing policies for the ecological compensation of tourism is at an early stage in China.
Obviously, it is hard to find sufficient re￣search results or research methods for reference, which brings certain limitations to this paper. To demonstrate the scope of this study, this paper de￣fined tourism ecological compensation as exploring the feasibility of spending fiscal revenue ( paid by tourism enterprises, tourists or other stakeholders) on protecting natural ecological environment. Based on this definition, this paper generated three actual issues with regard to implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism, including the vagueness of the charge, the lack of unified, standard levies, and the non-tranparency of fund management. Combined with analyzing the current special background of implementing policies of ec￣ological compensation for tourism in the ethnic re￣gions of Western China, and by especially empha￣sizing the local communities of the ethnic groups who should be compensated, this paper tries to provide scientific and reasonable countermeasures consisting of implementing corresponding national policy, formulating correlated policy in accordance with local conditions and standardizing and institu￣tionalizing fund management. This paper not only attempts to support strongly implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism at the insti￣tutional level, but also to coordinate the contradic￣tions between tourism development and ecological protection, and local community self - develop￣ment, hoping to achieve the win-win objectives of promoting an ecological compensation policy for tourism, tourism poverty alleviation and ecological civilization.