考虑信息泄露的双渠道供应链零售商订单决策及其复杂性研究

非对称信息下考虑由一个供应商和两个市场地位不同的零售商组成的双渠道供应链,大型零售商拥有线下渠道和线上渠道,小型零售商只有线下渠道。本文基于完全理性假设,构建信号传递博弈模型,研究供应商总是将大型零售商线下渠道订单量泄露给小型零售商时零售商的最优订购量策略;基于有限理性假设,进一步构建动态博弈模型,分析零售商订购量动态演化特征。研究发现,信息泄露对双渠道供应链信息泄露策略的影响与单渠道供应链不同,线上渠道的存在避免了大型零售商在高需求与低需求市场相互模仿订购量的情形;有限理性假设下供应链系统的稳定性受订购量调整速度和线上渠道订购量对线下渠道价格敏感系数的影响,订购量调整速度较大时,供应链系统将通过倍周期分岔进入混沌状态。     

新零售背景下贸易信贷对资金约束零售商渠道选择的影响

新零售背景下,越来越多的网上零售商通过增设线下实体店渠道来实现线上和线下的全渠道无缝融合。但线下实体店的开设也给零售商带来库存成本、店面租金等方面巨大资金压力。为了解决资金短缺问题,零售商试图向供应商寻求贸易信贷融资,因此供应商的贸易信贷融资极大程度上影响着零售商的渠道选择。本文通过构建和比较网上零售商单一网上渠道、资金充足情况下增设线下实体店渠道和资金约束但供应商提供贸易信贷情形下增设线下实体店渠道三种情形下零售商和供应商的利润模型,探究了贸易信贷对资金约束零售商渠道选择的影响。研究发现,网上零售商存在资金约束时,如果开设线下实体店渠道后其与线上渠道间渠道替代性较低,则在供应商提供贸易信贷时,零售商的最优策略是接受贸易信贷融资并开设线下实体店,这个决策同样适用于零售商间存在竞争的情形。同时,为了保证供应商有提供贸易信贷的动机,当且仅当满足一定的条件,零售商可从供应商处获得贸易信贷融资,从而开设线下实体店渠道。     

基于直销/直租的制造商渠道入侵策略选择

本文针对由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的二级供应链,研究制造商是否应该建立直销渠道(S策略)、直租渠道(L策略)或者二者混合渠道(H策略)从而与零售商展开直接竞争,构建基于制造商渠道入侵策略选择的两周期动态博弈模型,分析不同入侵策略的可行域、占优性条件和最优性条件。研究表明,在可行区域内制造商采取任一入侵策略均优于不入侵策略。若产品耐用系数较低,当入侵渠道单位成本(c)较高或较低时制造商均应选择S策略,当c中等时应选择L策略,只有当c极低时才应选择H策略,以上情形均有可能实现供应链整体优化;若产品耐用系数较高,当c较高时制造商应不入侵,当c中等时应选择S策略,当c较低时应选择H策略,后一情形有可能实现供应链整体优化。当c较高时制造商采用S或L策略可以实现与零售商双赢,而制造商采用H策略总是会损害零售商的利益。     

网络外部性下双零售商竞争的演化博弈分析

运用演化博弈理论,分析了在网络外部性环境下,有限理性的零售商在长期的市场竞争演化中,会偏好选择利润最大化行为还是收入最大化行为的问题.首先,在考虑网络外部性因素下,构建了不对称双零售商竞争的演化博弈动态系统.其次,分析了该动态系统中零售商竞争的演化稳定策略,并研究了产品替代性、网络外部性强度和市场保留价格等因素对零售商演化稳定策略的影响.再次,将模型扩展到混合策略情形,研究了零售商行为偏好的演化稳定性,并分析了市场保留价格对零售商行为偏好演化稳定性的影响.最后,通过数值算例,进一步分析和验证了所取得的理论成果.     

非对称信息下制造商策略选择：渠道入侵与信息泄露

考虑由制造商、大小型零售商和消费者组成的三级供应链,制造商通过大型零售商订单推断出市场需求状态并决策是否进行渠道入侵及信息泄露,由此构建制造商与零售商的四种博弈模型,研究制造商最优策略选择及对供应链成员利润的影响。研究发现,制造商是否直销渠道入侵与销售成本大小和产品市场需求状态有关,制造商是否泄露信息与其是否直销渠道入侵和高市场先验概率有关;大型零售商订单量均值会影响制造商信息泄露决策;制造商信息泄露对小型零售商并不总是有利的。     

基于返回策略的供应链网络竞争绩效研究

针对由多个供应商和多个零售商组成的结构可变的供应链网络,分别在零售商之间基于订货量以及价格两种竞争方式下,分析了供应商均不采用返回策略、部分采用返回策略以及均采用返回策略六种情景下供应链网络的竞争绩效。研究发现当零售商基于订货量竞争时,供应商采用协调策略对于其零售商客户及供应链均为占优策略,零售商更换供应商的成本将会影响供应商的收益以及采用协调策略的积极性;当零售商之间基于价格竞争时,返回策略在一定程度上仍能够激励零售商增加订货量,且对供应链渠道的利润绩效及其稳定性均具有一定的改善作用。     

零售商自有品牌与制造商直销渠道的互动博弈问题研究

零售商引入自有品牌与制造商引入直销渠道是普遍存在的商业现象。研究了零售商引入自有品牌产品和制造商引入直销渠道之间的博弈竞争关系,得出了制造商与零售商的博弈均衡策略。在此基础上,进一步分析了制造商和零售商在不同的博弈均衡下相对于初始状态的利润变化情况,得出了双方可能陷入囚徒困境或双赢的前提条件。研究表明,只有在SB产品质量水平较低且直销渠道销售成本较低的情况下,制造商才有可能由于引入直销渠道而利润改善。而当SB产品的质量达到较高水平时,即使制造商引入直销渠道进行竞争胁迫,零售商引入SB产品利润仍然会得到改善,且不受直销渠道竞争情况的影响。制造商与零售商均进入双赢状态的一个必要条件是自有品牌产品的质量不能超过制造商产品质量的四分之三。当SB产品质量水平较低且直销渠道的销售成本适中的时候,双方陷入囚徒困境。     

公益性和自我药疗影响下的药品供应链定价与双渠道策略北大核心CSSCI

针对患者网上购药、自我药疗的现象,考虑患者自我药疗能力和医疗机构公益性影响,构建药品供应链理论模型,分析公益性和自我药疗能力等因素对均衡结果的影响,并通过渠道策略对比,提出药品供应商的最优渠道策略。研究发现:当药品供应商选择开辟网上渠道时,两种渠道策略下的药品供应商均会获利,而医疗机构的利润会遭受损失;网上低价策略下,供应链成员间的矛盾可以通过合理利润转移机制消除,从而获得更高的社会整体福利;同一参数环境下,面临网上高价和低价策略选择时,药品供应商会选择网上低价策略;相比于单渠道策略,无论是双渠道网上高价策略还是低价策略,均可提高卫生服务的可及性。     

混合渠道下2-2 可替代品供应链中交叉选择及均衡分析

在不同批发价格策略下探讨产品间可替代程度对供应链交叉选择的影响。选择由两个制造商和两个零售商构成的供应链为研究对象,分别探讨了制造商向零售商提供统一批发价格和实施批发价格歧视时混合渠道中的交叉选择及均衡结果。研究结果表明,当制造商向零售商提供统一批发价格,产品间可替代性低时,交叉选择将会发生。产品间可替代性高时,制造商倾向于采用单一的销售渠道,交叉选择将不会发生;当实施批发价格歧视时,产品间的替代性低时,双向交叉选择将成为均衡的结果;采用分散销售渠道的制造商不会仅选择集成销售渠道中的零售商。最后,用实例分析验证了研究结论。     

基于第三方物流服务定价的零售商BOPS策略研究

本文通过构建双渠道零售商和合作履行线上订单的第三方物流企业的博弈模型,研究零售商应何时采取BOPS策略以及该策略对第三方物流服务定价和利润的影响。研究表明,第三方物流服务水平、消费者门店提货的不便利程度以及BOPS渠道的运营成本是影响零售商是否采取BOPS策略的关键因素。具体而言,当零售商运营BOPS渠道的成本较低时,消费者向BOPS渠道转移的行为对零售商有利。当第三方物流服务水平越高和消费者去门店提货越便利时,就会有越多的消费者向BOPS渠道转移,零售商实施BOPS策略越有利。然而,当零售商运营BOPS渠道的成本较高时,消费者的渠道转移行为反而会增加零售商的运营压力,因此,零售商只有在第三方物流服务水平和消费者门店取货不便利程度都较高,即向BOPS渠道转移的消费者较少时,才可以从实施BOPS策略中获利。只有在BOPS渠道运营成本和消费者门店自提的不便利程度都较高时,服务水平较高的物流企业才会降低服务价格;此外,BOPS策略总会损害第三方物流企业的利益。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.