中国风电固定上网电价政策的实物期权理论与实证分析

本文使用实物期权方法研究中国目前实施的风电固定上网电价政策。首先说明风电项目投资的实物期权原理,并建立风电固定上网电价政策实物期权模型。然后,从理论上证明了风电最优投资电价与上网电价波动率成正比(固定上网电价理论依据,即政府为了最大限度激励投资者,使得上网电价波动率等于0);最优投资电价与上网电价期望增长率成正比(固定上网电价调整理论依据)。最后,选取河北张北油篓沟元山子风电场工程项目进行实证分析,通过上网电价期望增长率调整的数值分析得到中国风电上网电价平均每年降低幅度应该为1%左右。本文为我国可再生能源电价调整提供参考。     

基于多阶段随机规划模型的国债动态积极投资策略

本文提出国债组合投资的多阶段随机规划模型,导出基于未来利率市场不确定信息的具备动态调整特点的国债组合主动投资策略。该模型采用基于利率水平、斜率和曲率"三位一体"的离散情景树刻画未来利率期限结构动态演化过程,其中特别考虑了广义货币供给变动的影响;通过最小化国债组合收益的条件风险价值,对国债组合进行主动动态调整;同时兼顾国债投资安全性、流动性和收益性等要求,实现了国债组合投资管理中利率风险规避和收益能力的有效匹配。实证研究表明,与传统久期配比免疫模型相比,该模型确定的最优策略不仅能够为国债组合提供更强的抵御利率风险能力,而且能够稳步提升其收益空间,为金融机构实现国债投资的主动管理提供决策支持。     

Reliability Analysis Based on the Losses from Failures

The conventional reliability analysis is based on the premise that increasing the reliability of a system will decrease the losses from failures. On the basis of counterexamples, it is demonstrated that this is valid only if all failures are associated with the same losses. In case of failures associated with different losses, a system with larger reliability is not necessarily characterized by smaller losses from failures. Consequently, a theoretical framework and models are proposed for a reliability analysis, linking reliability and the losses from failures. Equations related to the distributions of the potential losses from failure have been derived. It is argued that the classical risk equation only estimates the average value of the potential losses from failure and does not provide insight into the variability associated with the potential losses. Equations have also been derived for determining the potential and the expected losses from failures for nonrepairable and repairable systems with components arranged in series, with arbitrary life distributions. The equations are also valid for systems/components with multiple mutually exclusive failure modes. The expected losses given failure is a linear combination of the expected losses from failure associated with the separate failure modes scaled by the conditional probabilities with which the failure modes initiate failure. On this basis, an efficient method for simplifying complex reliability block diagrams has been developed. Branches of components arranged in series whose failures are mutually exclusive can be reduced to single components with equivalent hazard rate, downtime, and expected costs associated with intervention and repair. A model for estimating the expected losses from early-life failures has also been developed. For a specified time interval, the expected losses from early-life failures are a sum of the products of the expected number of failures in the specified time intervals covering the early-life failures region and the expected losses given failure characterizing the corresponding time intervals. For complex systems whose components are not logically arranged in series, discrete simulation algorithms and software have been created for determining the losses from failures in terms of expected lost production time, cost of intervention, and cost of replacement. Different system topologies are assessed to determine the effect of modifications of the system topology on the expected losses from failures. It is argued that the reliability allocation in a production system should be done to maximize the profit/value associated with the system. Consequently, a method for setting reliability requirements and reliability allocation maximizing the profit by minimizing the total cost has been developed. Reliability allocation that maximizes the profit in case of a system consisting of blocks arranged in series is achieved by determining for each block individually the reliabilities of the components in the block that minimize the sum of the capital, operation costs, and the expected losses from failures. A Monte Carlo simulation based net present value (NPV) cash-flow model has also been proposed, which has significant advantages to cash-flow models based on the expected value of the losses from failures per time interval. Unlike these models, the proposed model has the capability to reveal the variation of the NPV due to different number of failures occurring during a specified time interval (e.g., during one year). The model also permits tracking the impact of the distribution pattern of failure occurrences and the time dependence of the losses from failures.     

Wage Cuts as Investment in Future Wage Growth

Abstract. Wage cuts are often presumed to reflect an adverse change in economic constraints. However, several theoretical models have shown they can be a form of investment in future wage growth. This paper provides empirical evidence of the latter by explicitly modeling the worker's job choice when the job offer consists of both a starting wage and expected future wage growth. We use our analytical model to estimate the distribution of job offers faced by workers who are searching across jobs differing in both initial wage and expected wage growth. For females, roughly one‐third of job changes that result in immediate wage cuts are transitions to jobs that have a higher value function than the existing job. For males, the corresponding value is one‐fifth.     

基金管理人行为对股票市场的作用机制研究

基金管理人作为股票市场上的主要投资者,其投资心理和行为将会对股票市场产生深刻的影响.本文建立数学模型研究基金管理人过去的成败经历对其现在的投资心理和行为的影响以及这种投资心理和行为对股票市场交易量、价格波动性和基金管理人自身投资业绩的影响机制.研究结果表明,基金管理人过去经常失败的经历将使其变得过度悲观,过去经常成功的经历将使其变得过度自信;股票市场的均衡预期股票交易量和均衡价格波动性总是与基金管理人过去的成功经历正相关;过去过分成功或过分失败的基金管理人都不会在未来取得最好的实际预期业绩.     

Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of Fire Protection Resource Allocation in the United States: Models and a 1980–2014 Case Study

The estimated cost of fire in the United States is about $329 billion a year, yet there are gaps in the literature to measure the effectiveness of investment and to allocate resources optimally in fire protection. This article fills these gaps by creating data‐driven empirical and theoretical models to study the effectiveness of nationwide fire protection investment in reducing economic and human losses. The regression between investment and loss vulnerability shows high R² values (≈0.93). This article also contributes to the literature by modeling strategic (national‐level or state‐level) resource allocation (RA) for fire protection with equity‐efficiency trade‐off considerations, while existing literature focuses on operational‐level RA. This model and its numerical analyses provide techniques and insights to aid the strategic decision‐making process. The results from this model are used to calculate fire risk scores for various geographic regions, which can be used as an indicator of fire risk. A case study of federal fire grant allocation is used to validate and show the utility of the optimal RA model. The results also identify potential underinvestment and overinvestment in fire protection in certain regions. This article presents scenarios in which the model presented outperforms the existing RA scheme, when compared in terms of the correlation of resources allocated with actual number of fire incidents. This article provides some novel insights to policymakers and analysts in fire protection and safety that would help in mitigating economic costs and saving lives.     

Applying Decision Analysis to Determine the Effect of Smoke Detector Laws on Fire Loss in the United States

Decision analysis is used to examine whether residential smoke detectors should be required by law. Statistics pertaining to fire incidence, fire death, smoke detector efficacy, and the consequences of fire are examined for accuracy and availability and combined in a decision model. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the model inputs. Included in the analysis is the idea that homes with detectors may have lower death rates due to the characteristics of those who purchase detectors rather than the detectors themselves. Results from the base case estimate show an expected cost of $65,000 per life saved when a law is enacted. This value lies well below the value implied by spending on other public safety programs.     

Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Passive Fire Protections in Road LPG Transportation

The cost‐benefit evaluation of passive fire protection adoption in the road transport of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was investigated. In a previous study, mathematical simulations of real scale fire scenarios proved the effectiveness of passive fire protections in preventing the “fired” boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), thus providing a significant risk reduction. In the present study the economical aspects of the adoption of fire protections are analyzed and an approach to cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) is proposed. The CBA model is based on the comparison of the risk reduction due to fire protections (expressed in monetary terms by the value of a statistical life) and the cost of the application of fire protections to a fleet of tankers. Different types of fire protections were considered, as well as the possibility to apply protections to the entire fleet or only to a part of it. The application of the proposed model to a real‐life case study is presented and discussed. Results demonstrate that the adoption of passive fire protections on road tankers, though not compulsory in Europe, can be economically feasible, thus representing a concrete measure to achieve control of the “major hazard accidents” cited by the European legislation.     

两级供应链产品质量控制契约模型分析

基于博弈论和委托代理理论,研究在两级供应链中如何进行质量控制契约设计的问题。建立生产商和购买商的期望收益函数模型,生产商对其生产过程投资水平进行决策并确定其产品质量预防水平;购买商进行质量评价决策并确定其产品质量检验水平。生产商存在降低其生产过程投资水平的道德风险问题,在生产过程中将"削减投资",购买商为激励生产商提高其生产过程投资水平将支付"信息租金"的成本。购买商在进行产品质量检验决策时,存在夸大产品质量缺陷率的道德风险问题,在产品质量检验过程中将"过度检验"。运用最优化原理,求解生产商的最优生产过程投资水平、产品质量预防水平和价格折扣额与购买商的最优质量检验水平和外部损失分摊比例,并进行了算例分析,结果表明:当生产商提高其生产过程投资水平时,其质量预防水平将显著增加,购买商的质量检验水平将显著下降;随着购买商质量检验水平的提高,生产商所提供的价格折扣额先增大后减少,生产商所承担的外部损失分摊比例将会下降,其期望收益增加,购买商的期望收益将会减少,供应链联合期望收益将呈现"倒U"型,求解了期望收益的最大值及各契约参数的值,结果证明所提出的质量控制契约模型是可行的。     

基于心理承受能力假说的供应链信息共享模型

针对期望效用理论和前景理论对禀赋穹顶效用的忽视,提出了禀赋相关的心理承受能力假说,并以企业共享信息价值指数作为决策变量,构建了供应链信息共享的短板优化模型。根据该模型,可以通过不断提升短板企业的信息共享价值指数,达到最终实现整个供应链的信息共享。研究显示,供应链上企业信息共享价值指数与信息共享成功率之间存在正向关系,而与心理脆弱度成本弹性、社会风险水平、信息共享成本之间存在负向关系。本文的主要理论贡献一是将收入成本比引入到投资价值的制约因素集之中,强调投资收益率或者利润率的决定性作用;二是引入心理承受临界点概念,指出投资行为在该临界点的两侧表现出截然不同的特征。这一结果可以用于设计推进供应链信息共享的政策途径。     

零售商运营视角下投贷联动最优投资结构模型

投贷联动是供给侧结构性改革背景下驱动"金融服务实体经济"与推动"产融结合"的重要手段，而合理投资结构成为探索投贷联动机制以提升"金融资源配置效率"的关键。本文刻画了供应链鲁棒风险模型支持下投融资博弈的新特征，构建了零售企业投贷联动融资模型，探讨合理投资结构存在性。研究表明：投资方参与零售企业投贷联动融资博弈时，存在协调投资方利益最大化的"投贷联动区间"与最优投资结构，且最优投资结构受市场成长性主导。此外，企业所得税降低导致负债税盾效应减弱时，存在"反啄食顺序"的投资偏好。     

物流服务供应链中基于期权契约的能力协调

不同于产品供应链,物流服务供应链作为能力链,其协调手段只能通过服务能力的调整与优化来实现。在Stackelberg主从博弈下提出一种基于期权契约的协调机制来研究集成商与分包商物流能力的订购与投资决策问题,并对协调机制效果及供应链期望额外利润的分配进行数值检验和结论分析。研究结果表明,所设计的期权契约可实现物流服务供应链完美协调,并提高双方的期望利润。而且,物流服务供应链实现协调时,期权契约参数--期权价格与期权执行价格之间存在负相关关系,而作为契约核心决策要素的期权价格必须在一个合理的范围内。     

动态均值-方差资产组合的有效性:时变风险容忍度视角

尽管均值-方差模型在静态资产组合优化过程中得到广泛运用并证明是有效的,但在动态情景下,均值-方差模型运用于动态资产组合优化过程中的有效性问题引起人们的质疑：一是常风险规避系数的设定不符合事实;二是投资者偏好设定不符合动态情景下的主流效用函数族。鉴于此,本文假设投资者风险容忍度是资产组合投资期与投资者期望收益率的函数,研究动态均值-方差资产组合的有效性问题。基于均值-方差分析框架构建时变风险容忍度下的动态资产组合模型;运用伊藤定理和拉格朗日乘子法获得最优资产组合封闭解;基于二次效用偏好下的动态资产组合,从资产组合策略、夏普率、确定性等价收益率和有效前沿等视角验证动态均值-方差资产组合策略和业绩,并予以实证。结果表明：动态均值-方差资产组合不但具有同等业绩而且体现了其灵活性和风险对冲价值;尽管动态均值-方差资产组合表现出高杠杆性,但其确定性等价收益率较高,且随投资期的增加呈现倒U型趋势;动态均值-方差资产组合的投资期效应显著,强于投资者期望收益率。研究指出,时变风险容忍度下的动态均值-方差资产组合管理和优化策略有效,但在短投资期（低于12个月）和（或）低期望收益率下并不适用。研究不但拓展了均值-方差模型在动态情境下的应用,而且体现了投资者源于心理和（或）其财富变化的投资行为调整。     

基于CAPM的BOT项目“有限追索权”融资决策模型

为研究BOT项目有限追索权融资中贷款资金与股本资金在贷方和项目公司之间合理分配问题(即BOT最优融资结构),本文考虑项目公司和贷方根据CAPM方法进行投资决策,通过分析它们投资策略在利益上的冲突关系而建立一个BOT融资模型,并且用博弈论方法研究模型最优解的存在性及其性质。研究结果不仅为项目公司和贷方提供了对BOT项目融资决策的理论方法,而且为政府对BOT项目的管理提供了重要的理论工具。     

银行投资组合多元化与系统性风险的关系研究

在现代金融系统中,人们逐渐开始关注整个银行业的系统性风险而不仅仅是个体风险,而传统经济学中个体银行投资组合多元化理论对于系统性风险来说并不一定是有效的,因此对于银行投资组合多元化与系统性风险之间的关系仍需要深入研究。本文基于简化的金融市场,通过资产负债表刻画银行和资产之间的联系,构建了描述银行破产边界的数学模型,并以此为基础分别研究了银行个体风险、系统性风险、考虑拆借关系的系统性风险以及同时考虑减价出售和拆借关系的系统性风险之间的区别与联系,进而分析了银行投资组合多元化对不同风险的影响。最后,参考实际金融市场中的参数取值,对本文构建的模型进行了数值实验,研究结果表明：多元化会使银行的投资组合变得相似从而更容易引发系统性风险,资产减价出售和银行间拆借关系的存在同样会增加银行系统性风险,因而通过减少投资组合多元化和控制银行拆借比例等措施可以在一定程度上降低系统性风险的发生,这对于系统性风险的监管具有较高的参考价值。     

具有不同类型信息的风险投资商与投资企业多指标双边匹配决策方法

根据现实风险投资商与投资企业双边匹配问题的特点,构建了具有不同类型信息的风险投资商与投资企业双向选择的多指标评价匹配模型,给出了一种多指标双边匹配决策方法。由于市场环境的不确定性和客观事物的复杂性,评价信息采用实数、区间数、三角模糊数、语言变量和直觉模糊数5种类型表示。选取期望水平为参照点,利用前景理论计算各指标的益损值,考虑决策者损失规避的心理行为特征,基于TODIM（葡萄牙语,Interactive and Multicriteria Decision Making首字母缩写）方法得到投资企业和风险投资商的总体感知价值,据此建立了风险投资商、投资企业总体感知价值和投资中介收益最大化的多目标优化模型,并提出了极大极小求解方法。实例分析表明决策方法的有效性和合理性。     

A multicriteria model for supporting setup reduction investment decisions

One critical manufacturing challenge of the 1990s is for firms to effectively apply new operations management techniques while embracing wider philosophies such as total quality management (TQM) and computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), etc. Setup cost and/or time reduction is one such technique capable of producing many benefits for manufacturing firms, including reduced inventory, better equipment utilization, and improved quality. It is thereby viewed as an important component of just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing practice. Existing problems with the setup reduction decision include the many factors that must be considered, as well of an absence of validated and usable models for estimating potential benefits from setup reduction investment made in different contexts. This paper discusses the attainment of gains from setup reduction mainly by improving existing equipment and work practices rather than purchasing new equipment or technology. The model proposed in this paper is based on the application of the analytic hierarchical process (AHP) on seven weighted factors to obtain a preliminary indication as to whether investment in setup reduction is desirable in a given manufacturing context, and the expected benefits of such investment. A flexible scaling system, thus obtained, allows the model to handle a wide range of managerial predispositions to setup reduction.     

A real option theoretic fuzzy evaluation model for enterprise resource planning investment

The high failure rate of ERP implementation is due to a common pitfall that ERP projects are often enacted as merely investment into installation of IT infrastructure, rather than systematic planning of operation changes, business process re-engineering and a paradigm shift for the operation and management. To manage ERP investment in a changing environment for high payoff, this paper adopts a real option theoretic method. Fuzzy payoff valuation is introduced to deal with uncertainties in order to minimize the risk of failure. The proposed ERP evaluation model is geared towards small and medium enterprises. A case study is presented to validate the proposed fuzzy real options. The results indicate the potential of modeling ERP investment as “Expand”, “Contain” and “Abandon” options in different scenarios. The fuzzy real option model bestows a novel ex-ante cost analysis for justifying ERP investment in the implementation cycle.     

Multiple criteria decision making for maritime investment policy in the developing countries

This model for multiple criteria decision making enables one to select an optimal investment policy for developing the marine industry in developing countries. The model is composed of: the mathematical model of national economy (LP model) for optimizing an investment scheme under economic and technological constraints; the model of I-O analysis for estimating the change of industrial structures induced by the investment; and the decision making model to which the results of the preceding models are fed back so as to enable the policy planner to select a feasible policy based on his own multiple criteria such as the value of GDP growth rate, international payments, unemployment rate, etc. Due consideration is paid in this study to the role of the marine industries, e.g. shipping and ports, which can be said to be the pivot of economic development in a developing country in connection with its foreign trade policy. A case study is carried out to verify this hypothesis.     

基于产品生命周期的多阶段剩余收益项目决策模型

剩余收益模型（Residual Income Model,RIM）是评估公司权益价值的经典模型,特别地,奥尔森系列剩余收益模型由于可以利用历史财务与会计数据而得到广泛运用。本文在一般剩余收益模型的基础上,运用规范研究、逻辑推理等方法,基于产品生命周期理论,即项目处于产品生命周期的不同阶段时,其净资产收益率不同,在增长期的净资产收益率持续上升,衰退期的净资产收益率持续下降,而成熟期的净资产收益率则围绕行业平均水平波动,从理论上就项目投资价值的评估构建了多阶段剩余收益项目决策模型,并就所构建的多阶段剩余收益项目决策模型进行参数赋值分析。研究结果表明该新构建的决策模型具有较好的理论和运用价值,可以作为一种有效的项目投资决策模型。本文的研究一是拓展了剩余收益模型的应用,从主要用于对公司权益价值的估值拓展至对项目投资决策的评估;二是有利于寻求项目投资决策的价值最大化。