中国对外劳务输出分析

人口众多对中国社会生活产生巨大的压力:经济发展因此背上沉重的负担,自然环境受到不小的破坏,城镇居民的就业也面临着严峻的考验。如果把人力资源搞活,鼓励他们短期对外流动,人口压力将变成动力。改革开放后,中国对外劳务输出已驶入快车道,并拥有进一步拓展的空间和潜力。只要发挥比较优势,增强竞争优势,理顺管理环节,深化体制改革,就能通过对外劳务输出,使人口众多这一矛盾朝着有利于中国社会良性循环的方向发展。     

改革开放以来我国对外劳务输出发展研究

中国正在努力完成从人口大国到人力资源大国的转变,并实施"走出去"战略。在这一背景之下,积极参与国际劳务市场,促进我国的人力资源开发,将具有重要的现实意义。积极开展对外劳务合作,将会促使我国劳动力资源更加有效地参与国际劳务市场。为了更好地开展对外劳务输出,需要认真研究相关各国劳动力资源的未来变化趋势,及时掌握各国劳动力市场供需情况、有关劳务政策新动向以及市场变化情况等。这样才能更好地制定劳务输出计划,扩大劳务输出规模。在增加劳务输出数量的同时,还需要不断提高劳务人员的综合素质。     

东北亚地区国际劳务合作与我国的境外就业

东北亚地区各国人口数量和结构的差异,经济结构和发展水平的差异,使得区域内劳动力供需存在很强的互补性。东北亚区域合作的开展形成了区域内国际劳务合作的多种形式。我国作为区域内的主要劳务输出国,扩大与区域内各国的劳务合作,对缓解我国就业压力具有积极作用。     

俄罗斯远东地区国际劳务合作的发展分析

俄罗斯远东地区资源丰富 ,但人口密度很低。多年来 ,移民一直是远东地区人口增长的一个重要源泉。同时 ,前苏联也与古巴、朝鲜、越南等国开展劳务合作 ,以弥补劳动力不足。苏联解体以后 ,由于经济体制的变化以及俄罗斯经济的恶化 ,导致远东地区劳动力结构性不足。随着东北亚区域经济合作的发展 ,中俄在劳务合作方面具有巨大的潜力     

俄罗斯远东地区人口危机与中俄劳务合作

21世纪,俄罗斯政府把经济发展重心转向了远东地区,并制定一系列的发展纲要和战略措施。远东地区是俄罗斯经济发展的支撑点,近几年来,俄罗斯远东地区出现了人口危机,导致劳动力资源短缺,这给中俄两国的劳务合作带来了难得的机会。加强两国的劳务合作,对俄罗斯远东地区的经济发展、俄罗斯国家安全和促进中国劳动力的就业以及中俄的边贸发展、提升中俄两国的战略协作伙伴关系都具有十分重要的现实意义。     

农村劳动力跨境就业的影响因素分析——基于河南省濮阳市T村个案研究

随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,农村劳动力向非农产业转移成为必然趋势,在工业化和城市化初期,就地转移和向城市转移是主要转移方式。但是,随着全球化的发展和城市吸纳就业能力的下降,对外劳务输出逐渐成为我国农村劳动力向外转移的＂第三条道路＂。本文以河南省濮阳市的T村为个案,利用劳动力迁移理论,探讨了农业大省农村劳动力跨境就业的影响因素,并以此为基础提出了相关政策建议。     

论吉林省劳动就业与对苏劳务输出

<正> 改革开放以来,吉林省的对外经济联系逐步开展起来。除在规模上逐步扩大以外,在地区结构上和方位布局上也不断趋于合理。近年来偏重于东南亚、欧美、港澳的状况有所改变。同东北亚国家和地区的经济联系已逐渐增多,而且有成为重点方向之趋势。在同东北亚国家和地区的经济联系中,同苏联远东地区的联系进展相对较快,尤其是劳务输出增长势头迅猛,成效显著,令人鼓舞。目前世界各国在远东的劳动人员有10多万人,而据苏联有关部门资料,开发西伯利亚和远东地区缺少8000多万劳动力,供求缺口很大。我国劳动力资源雄厚,专业和技术结构符合苏方要求,发展对苏劳务出口前景广阔,而吉林省与苏联远东毗邻,占有一定地利,应是对苏     

中国对外移民的区位选择及其影响因素--基于修正零值国际移民引力模型的分析

利用联合国经济和社会事务部国际移民统计数据库中1990－2013年中国对143个国家和地区的移民存量数据,在修正移民零值基础上,采用国际移民引力模型考察了中国对外移民的区位分布及其影响因素。研究结果表明：中国对外移民主要分布在距离较近和收入较高的国家或地区;影响中国对外移民的因素有移民输入国经济发展水平、经济规模、人口规模、制度质量以及距离;移民输入国资源丰富程度和老龄化程度对中国移民没有显著影响。本文的研究结论意味着保持中国经济持续健康发展、提高国民收入水平、继续深化改革提高制度质量对减少人才流失具有重要意义。     

海外华人的界定和美籍华人数量统计

一、问题的提出我国大陆的改革开放,促进了中国与世界各国人民在科技、经济、社会、文化教育等多个领域的交流和合作,也促进了中国的经济发展和科学进步,其中海外华人及华人社团、华人媒体起了很大的促进、催化作用,海外华人是改革开放后我国经济建设的一支重要的生力军（He,1984）。对于海外华人的研究已成了改革开放后中国人口研究的重要组成部分之一。按照Wen（1985）的观点,华侨是指在国外取得长期居住权利仍持有中国国籍（护照）的人,华人是指取得外国国籍的中国人,华裔是指华侨、华人在国外生育的子女。在很多文章里将其通称…     

劳务输出是解决剩余劳力问题的途径之一

许齐燊,刘志华在《汕头人口》第八期上著文介绍,当前国内外劳务输出状况:一些国家长期大量向国外输出劳力,1984年全世界劳务输出达二千万。输出劳力占劳力总数的比例,意大利达15%,南斯拉夫10%,巴基斯坦劳力输出占总人口的5%。经济收入,全世界境外劳务贸易额已     

International migration: a global challenge

Trends in international migration are presented in this multiregional analysis. Seven of the world's wealthiest countries have about 33% of the world's migrant population, but under 16% of the total world population. Population growth in these countries is substantially affected by the migrant population. The migration challenge is external and internal. The external challenge is to balance the need for foreign labor and the commitment to human rights for those migrants seeking economic opportunity and political freedom. The internal challenge is to assure the social adjustment of immigrants and their children and to integrate them into society as citizens and future leaders. Why people cross national borders and how migration flows are likely to evolve over the next decades are explained. This report also presents some ways that countries can manage migration or reduce the pressures which force people to migrate. It is recommended that receiving nations control immigration by accelerating global economic growth and reducing wars and human rights violations. This report examines the impact of immigration on international trade, aid, and direct intervention policies. Although migration is one of the most important international economic issues, it is not coordinated by an international group. The European experience indicates that it is not easy to secure international cooperation on issues that affect national sovereignty. It is suggested that countries desiring control of their borders should remember that most people never cross national borders to live or work in another country, that 50% of the world's migrants move among developing countries, and that countries can shift from being emigration to immigration countries. The author suggests that sustained reductions in migration pressure are a better alternative than the "quick fixes" that may invite the very much feared mass and unpredictable movements.     

吉林省劳动就业的现状分析与展望

改革开放以来 ,吉林省的就业速度明显慢于经济发展速度。劳动力数量多 ,就业岗位有限。在未来 1 0年 ,就业状况仍不容乐观。解决这一问题应当从三个方面着手。一是加大吉林省内的产业结构调整力度 ,二是加强与西部各省份的交流 ,三是加强与周边国家的合作。     

Changing trends in the Tanzania–China relationship

This paper discusses the mixed perceptions toward the Tanzania–China relationship since the dawn of globalization. The focus among other things is on the increase of foreign direct investment (FDI) flow to Tanzania in general and from China in particular. It aims to show how the political and economic cooperation between two countries has been fairing and how globalization forces are influencing cooperation between Tanzania and China. Among other aspects, it discusses major areas of cooperation and how these areas have been changing over time. Additionally, opportunities and challenges of this cooperation not only in the context of economy, but also socially and culturally are explored and discussed. Information presented in this paper is based on a pilot qualitative study conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’s major commercial center. The article concludes that involvement of China in Africa in general causes mixed feelings within and outside Africa. However, observers from outside Africa seem to be more skeptical and concerned than those from within Africa are.     

Demographic dynamics and long-run development: insights for the secular stagnation debate

This paper takes a global, long-run perspective on the recent debate about secular stagnation, which has so far mainly focused on the short term. The analysis is motivated by observing the interplay between the economic and demographic transition that has occurred in the developed world over the past 150 years. To the extent that high growth rates in the past have partly been the consequence of singular changes during the economic and demographic transition, growth is likely to become more moderate once the transition is completed. At the same time, a similar transition is on its way in most developing countries, with profound consequences for the development prospects in these countries, but also for global comparative development. The evidence presented here suggests that long-run demographic dynamics have potentially important implications for the prospects of human and physical capital accumulation, the evolution of productivity, and the question of secular stagnation.     

Internal Migration and Development: Comparing Migration Intensities Around the World

Migration is the principal demographic process shaping patterns of human settlement, and it serves an essential role in human development. While progress has been made in measuring international migration, internal migration statistics are as yet poorly developed in many countries. This article draws on a repository of data established under the IMAGE (Internal Migration Around the GlobE) project to address this deficit by constructing the first comprehensive league table of internal migration intensities for countries around the world. We review previous work, outline the major impediments to making reliable comparisons, and set out a methodology that combines a novel estimation procedure with a flexible spatial aggregation facility. We present the results in the form of league tables of aggregate crude migration intensities that capture all changes of address over one‐year or five‐year intervals for 96 countries, representing four‐fifths of the global population. Explanation for the observed differences has been sought, inter alia, in historical, structural, cultural, and economic forces. We examine the links between development and migration intensity through simple correlations using a range of demographic, economic, and social variables. Results reveal clear associations between internal migration intensities and selected indicators of national development.     

论人口控制政策对突破低水平均衡陷阱的促进作用

当今世界主题是和平与发展,因此经济发展成为多数国家政府政策的中心。目前多数发展中国家实施了人口控制政策,这有利于减缓世界人口剧增的趋势。但是这是否有利于发展中国家的经济发展呢?文章结合一定前提,通过定性探讨纳尔逊低水平均衡理论在人口非自然增长情况下的具体体现,得出了结论:发展中国家实施人口控制政策能够降低突破低水平均衡陷阱的机会成本,有助于加快走出低水平均衡陷阱困境的状态;长期实施过紧的人口控制政策不利于国家经济的可持续发展;人口控制政策的松绑是一个渐进式过程。     

Pairwise Comparisons of Social Development of Selected Countries: 1960–1994: An application of D2-statistics

The paradigm of development has shifted from gross national product to human well-being: from economic growth to social development. It has been broadly accepted that economic growth doesnot automatically translate into a better quality of life. Consequently, the main objective of the most of the countries is to achieve better standard of living for their people. In this context it is of interest to have a look at the pairwise convergence or divergence of countries in social development over a period of time. This study uses D²-statistics to obtain a pairwise distance matrix for the sample countries for each point of time 1960 and 1994. The paper presents a gap matrix portraying the change in the distances between each pair of country over the period. This also finds distance of a country from all other countries. All the analysis has been offered for the entire sample as well as three income groups low, middle and high.     

East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries: Economic Growth and Quality of Life

The world is much impressed by the rapid economic development of four Asian Tigers – Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. However, it has often been taken for granted by many people that their social development is equally satisfactory. In order to investigate whether this belief is true or not, this paper looks at the levels of social development these countries have attained. Various measures of their quality of life will be assessed. Specifically, poverty, income distribution and environmental degradation are discussed. Despite their economic success, this study has found that most tigers are plagued by problems of poverty, increasing income disparities and environmental degradation. Further, social expenditures of these countries have been too limited to eliminate or impact on these problems.     

Increasing Foreign Aid for Inclusive Human Development in Africa

In the light of evidence that poverty has been decreasing in all regions of the world with the exception of Africa, where about 45% of countries in sub-Saharan Africa did not achieve the Millennium development goal extreme poverty target, this study assesses whether increasing foreign aid improves inclusive human development. The investigation is on 53 African countries for the period 2005–2012. The empirical analysis is based on (1) the generalised method of moments (GMM) to control for persistence in inclusive human development, simultaneity and time-invariant omitted variables and (2) Instrumental Variable Tobit Regressions to control for simultaneity and the limited range in the dependent variable. The adopted foreign aid variables are: ‘humanitarian assistance’, ‘action on debt’ ‘aid for social infrastructure’, ‘aid to the productive sector’, ‘aid to the multi sector’, ‘aid for economic infrastructure’ and ‘programme assistance’. The following findings are established. From the GMM specifications, there are (1) synergy effects from ‘aid to the productive sector’ and a positive net effect from ‘programme assistance’ and (2) negative net impacts from ‘aid to social infrastructure’ and human assistance, albeit with positive marginal effects. From Instrumental Variable Tobit regressions (1) there is a synergy effect from ‘aid for economic infrastructure’ and (2) there are negative net impacts from ‘aid for social infrastructure’, ‘aid to the productive sector’ and human assistance, albeit with positive marginal effects. Policy implications are discussed.