Married-Couple Families With Step,Adopted, and Biological Children

National estimates of the numbers of families with step, adopted, and biological children have not previously been developed. In this work, parent types for children in married-couple families were indirectly identified by using marriage and birth dates. Families were then classified by the types of children present. A large majority (79 percent) had only biological children; however, a significant minority (16 percent) had at least one stepchild and 4 percent had at least one adopted child. This analysis provides national estimates of the numbers and characteristics of married-couple families with step, adopted, and biological children.     

Neighborhood Characteristics,Parenting, and Children’s Safety

Recent studies highlight the importance of neighborhood context for child and family well-being. Yet challenges to research on neighborhood effects remain; research on young children is sparse, as is research on neighborhood effects on parenting. Measurement also continues to challenge researchers, particularly in devising non-invasive means of gauging neighborhood characteristics. The present study seeks to address these issues by using data from a newly developed observational measure of neighborhood characteristics to examine parent reports of the safety of neighborhood children in the home and self-reports of parenting. The results showed that neighborhood characteristics accounted for 23% of the variance in parent perceptions of children's safety in the home, with neighborhood physical appearance strongly predicting children's safety. Neighborhood effects on self-reported parenting were more modest, accounting for just 6% of the variance in parents' reports of nurturing interactions with their children; vigilance for the safety of the neighborhood was a significant predictor. The study has implications for observational measurement of neighborhood effects and for policy and program practices to improve child and family well-being through neighborhood change.     

Incidence, Depth and Severity of Children in Poverty

Recently, the first ever estimate of the number of children living poverty in developing countries was undertaken. The incidence of child poverty was estimated by establishing how many children suffer severe deprivation in at least one out of seven indicators which are internationally recognized as their rights as well as constitutive of poverty. This is a major step forward in the analysis of poverty. In this paper, we generalize these findings on the incidence of children living in poverty by exploring how to estimate the depth and severity of child poverty. Two countries can have the same proportion of children living in poverty, however, the actual plight of children could be very different depending on how many deprivations, on average, children suffer. In addition, even if they suffer from the same average number of deprivations, these deprivation could be the same for all children or be very unevenly distributed. We show how these considerations can be used to estimate the depth and severity of poverty. We use regional data to provide applied examples of this methodology. The method proposed in this paper is similar to the one used to estimate the incidence, depth and severity of income poverty. The paper also offers some possible generalizations and ways forward for future research.     

Children’s Rights,School Psychology,and Well-Being Assessments

This paper addresses interrelationships among the notions of children’s rights, school psychological services, and child well-being assessments. Increasing attention has been paid in recent years to the notions of children’s rights, as best expressed in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). In the current paper, we discuss the relevance of the emerging conceptions of children’s rights to the school context. We argue that given the centrality of schooling to children’s lives, school psychologists, who are serving in the role of child advocates, are in a unique position to contribute to integrating the children’s rights movement and educational progress. Situated within the context of the CRC and the practice of school psychology, we further discuss how advances in child well-being assessment can inform the implementation and evaluation of CRC principles and related policies. We propose that the use of evidence-based, developmentally appropriate objective and subjective measures of well-being should contribute a key component to meaningful assessments of the status of children’s rights and well-being.     

多子一定多福吗：子女数量与母亲健康

本文基于CHARLS 2013年全国追踪调查数据分析了已婚子女对母亲健康的影响。为了克服子女数量所带来的内生性,本文基于计划生育政策在民族和城乡之间的差别进行因果识别。研究结果表明,对于子女都已成家的母亲来说,子女数量的增加会显著降低偏瘦和低血压的概率,提高高血压的概率,总体上不会显著提高身体健康的概率。但是对于60岁以上的老龄女性而言,子女数量的增加会显著降低偏瘦、低血压和肥胖的概率,提高高血压的概率,并且在总体上会显著提高身体健康的概率。     

Care for Children to Improve Their Health-Interview with Mr. Ni Xin,Director of Beijing Children＇ s Hospital

Ni Xin is chief physician, professor and doctoral supervisor. He is Director of Beijing Children＇s Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University; Director of Beijing Research Institute of Pediatrics; Deputy Dean of E.N.T. Department in Capital Medical University; Vice Chairman of Society of Head and Neck Surgery of Chinese Anti- Cancer Association; Member of the Standing Committee of the Sixth Committee of Society of Pediatric Tumor of Chinese Anti- Cancer Association; Committee Member of Pediatric Surgery Society of Chinese Medical Association： Member of     

Production,Reproduction, and Education: Women,Children, and Work in a British Perspective

This article reviews findings of studies by the author and colleagues on relationships between women's work and the reproduction of the British population based on data for female birth cohorts 1922–70. The studies address three questions: (1) How do children affect women's paid work and lifetime earnings? (2) How does women's employment affect the quantity of children born? (3) How does women's employment affect the “quality” of children? The answers are affected by the woman's educational attainment. On question 1, childrearing may often halve lifetime earnings, but seldom for the well educated. By contrast, any effects from employment to childbearing are most apparent in the late motherhood of the well educated. Child quality, as assessed by indicators of child development, benefits from maternal education and suffers little from maternal employment. The economic advantages for children in dual‐career families are thus unabated. A widening gulf between mothers will tend to polarize the life chances of their children, unless there are more options to combine employment and childrearing, especially including good‐quality child care for those who cannot afford the market price. Education is a powerful influence, but does not alone solve all issues of equity, whether between families or between sexes.     

Compensation for Households with Children in Croatia,Slovenia and Austria

We assess the level and distribution of compensation for households with children provided by child support policies in Croatia, Slovenia and Austria. The child support policies in which we are interested include child and large family benefits, subsistence and housing benefits, and tax relief for dependent children. Using a microsimulation technique of “policy importing”, we show that the adequacy and evenness of the Croatian child support could be substantially improved if Croatia’s current policies were replaced by their Slovenian and Austrian equivalents. We propose improved versions of Verbist and Van Lancker’s (Soc Indic Res 128(3):1299–1318, 2016) indicator of horizontal equity in the sense of construction, aggregation to the population level and interpretation.

     

International Migration and the Education of Children: Evidence from Lima,Peru

The issue of whether emigration has consequences for the education of children who remain behind in the country of origin occupies an increasingly prominent place in the agendas of both scholars and policy makers. The conventional wisdom is that the emigration of family members may benefit children by relaxing budget constraints through remittances that can be used to cover educational expenses. However, the empirical evidence on the overall effect of migration is inconclusive. This is due in part to a substantive emphasis on remittances in the literature, as well as the inability of some studies to deal satisfactorily with the endogeneity of household migration decisions in comparing outcomes across migrant and non-migrant households. Using Peruvian data from the Latin American Migration Project (LAMP), we apply an innovative instrumental variable technique to evaluate the overall effect of migration on educational attainment and schooling disruption among the children of immigrants. In contrast to conventional wisdom, our results suggest that a higher household risk of immigration has deleterious consequences for the education of children who remain behind.     

Older Women,Their Children,and Grandchildren: A Feminist Perspective on Family Relationships

SUMMARY

Using gerontological and feminist frameworks, we explored the relationships older women have with their children and grandchildren. In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with 34 women, ranging in age from 55 to 88. From our analyses of the women's perceptions of their family relationships, two themes were prevalent: the centrality of children and the peripherality of grandchildren in their everyday lives. The women had varying degrees of involvement with their children and grandchildren, and these relationships contributed to their sense of self and family. Their relationships were not stagnant, but were continually reshaped as both the women and their family members proceeded through the life course.     

Children and pensions

Recent economic explanations of changes in fertility behaviour have focussed on the effects of labour-market-related incentives. The present paper draws attention to another set of incentives, those connected with the transfer of resources over time. The theoretical implications of intergenerational altruism as a possible motive for having children and making transfers to them are considered, and contrasted with those arising from the competing hypothesis that such actions are motivated by old-age-security considerations. From a comparison of these theoretical predictions with the findings of a number of empirical studies, it would appear that self-interested concern for one's old age, rather than any great love for future members of one's dynasty, is or has been so far the dominant force driving fertility and intergenerational transfers worldwide.Presidential Address to the European Society for Population Economics, Fifith Annual Conference, 6–8 June 1991, Pisa, Italy. the author is grateful to two anonymous referees for helpful comments, and to conference participants whoe intervened in the discussion, but retains full responsibility for any remaining errors or shortcomings.     

Children as insurance

This paper presents a dynamic model of fertility decisions in which children serve as an incomplete insurance good. The model incorporates uncertainty about future income and the survival of children as well as a discrete representation of the number of children. It contributes to the understanding of the negative relation between fertility and education, shows why parents may demand children even if the return is negative, and explains why fertility might rise with increasing income when income is low and decrease when income is high. Furthermore, the model can account for the decline in fertility when the risk of infant and child mortality decreases. Finally, the implications for empirical tests of the demand for children are also examined. Received: 8 September 1998/Accepted: 9 June 1999     

School Satisfaction of Elementary School Children: The Role of Performance,Peer Relations,Ethnicity and Gender

The present study examines school satisfactionamong 1,090 Dutch and ethnic minority childrenaged between ten and twelve in relation totheir school context. Data were gathered in 51classes from 26 schools. Individual andclassroom variables were examinedsimultaneously, using multilevel analysis.Controlling statistically for general lifesatisfaction and teacher likeability, theresults show that the effects of educationalperformance and peer victimization on schoolsatisfaction were mediated by perceivedscholastic competence and social self-esteem,respectively. In addition, ethnic minoritygroups were more satisfied with school than theDutch pupils, and girls were more satisfiedthan boys. Multilevel analysis showed thatschool satisfaction was dependent on theclassroom context. The academic and socialclimate in the class had positive effects onthe level of satisfaction with school. Thepercentage of Dutch pupils, the percentage ofgirls and the number of pupils had nosignificant independent effects on schoolsatisfaction.     

社会化结果：＂流动＂与＂留守＂儿童的比较分析

本文在较大规模问卷抽样调查的基础上,对流动儿童与留守儿童的社会化结果的比较分析发现。留守儿童在性格特征、基本生活技能、人际交往、规范遵守、奋斗目标、成人角色等六个方面的社会化不及流动儿童。文章最后从社会化主体的角度对这一差异进行了理论分析与解释。     

社会教育：流动儿童与留守儿童的比较分析

本文利用较大规模问卷抽样调查结果,从社会文化机构接触、大众传媒接触、社团活动参与、课外知识来源渠道四个方面对流动儿童与留守儿童的社会教育状况进行了比较分析。比较分析结果一致表明,流动儿童的社会教育要优于留守儿童。文章最后从社会结构制约和家庭教育缺乏两方面分析了导致这一结果的原因。     

我国流动儿童状况

随着改革开放的深入和城市化进程的不断加快 ,我国流动人口规模也在不断增大。自 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,我国的人口流动逐渐由分散的、跑单帮的流动向家庭型转变 ,越来越多的人不再以过去“单身外出”的方式而是以“举家迁徙”的形式进行流动。随着流动人口“家庭化”趋势的明显增强 ,流动人口中 1 4岁及以下儿童的规模也越来越大。流动是艰辛的 ,“居无定所”的流动特征必定会在一定程度上影响流动儿童的成长和生活 ,这是一个需要引起全社会高度关注的问题。本文利用 2 0 0 0年第五次全国人口普查的长表数据来概括和分析全国流动儿童的各项…     

流动儿童与社会的整合

文章主要是着眼于流动儿童成长过程,采用社会学的整合视角,从静态与动态两方面考察了流动儿童与迁入地社会的整合状况,并对影响整合状况的原因做了探索性的分析。结论认为,从总体来说,流动儿童群体内部的整合较好。但流动儿童与其居住的社区之间的整合程度并不十分理想。尽管时间在整合过程中具有重要的作用,但其他方面如生活背景、家庭背景等都对这种状况有着重要的影响作用。     

关于流动人口子女教育问题的调查

文章以全国教育科学“十五”规划项目“中国流动人口子女教育的调查与研究”的基本调查为依据,对中国流动人口子女9年制义务教育进行了专题的分析与研究。文章运用调查数据与资料,从学生、教师、家长等多个层面深入剖析中国目前的流动人口子女学校教育现状,进而对当前解决流动人口子女教育的两种基本途径进行了研究与评价,并着重针对现存问题,围绕中国现行教育制度的改革、新教育制度的创建等,提出了具体的对策建议。