试论大陆法系国家刑法中针对国家存立的犯罪

针对国家存立的犯罪,是大陆法系国家学者依据法益理论对危害国家之存在安全的犯罪所作的归纳,它与中国现行刑法分则中危害国家安全罪在外延上有很大的重合性。因此,对大陆法系国家对这类犯罪的刑法立法进行深入研究,对于完善我国刑法的相关内容具有积极的借鉴意义。     

见危不助犯罪化立法比较研究

见危不助罪多见于国外立法,但不同国家与地区关于此罪的规定各有不同,涉及救助的危险前提、危险的紧急程度、救助者的适格问题、救助条件限定及保护法益等方面.欧陆国家与英美法系国家在见危不助行为犯罪化问题上的态度较为不同.学界从行为自由、法律强制与道德义务、刑法因果关系、立法的司法实践可能性等方面对见危不助行为是否应当犯罪化进行的探讨,体现出不同立法背景与理论基础对犯罪化的价值选择差异.     

现代环境犯罪及立法的现代化

现代化是一个不以人意志为转移的客观发展过程。环境犯罪的现代化对现有的环境犯罪立法提出了严峻的挑战。环境犯罪立法的现代化已迫在眉睫。如何有效实现环境犯罪立法的现代化?本文从四个方面进行了思考:环境犯罪概念的现代化与非现代化;环境违法行为的犯罪化与非犯罪化;环境犯罪的重刑化与轻刑化;环境犯罪的集中立法与分散立法。     

故意杀人罪构成要件类型化之尝试——以主观方面的实证分析为切入点

我国《刑法》第232条对于本罪的描述属于典型的简单罪状模式,对于这样一个重要的罪名的处刑,不但简略而且跨度奇大,从3年有期徒刑一直到死刑。运用SPSS软件对故意杀人罪的主观方面进行实证分析,作为对故意杀人罪构成要件类型化之尝试,希望以此来证明犯罪构成要件类型化以及刑罚幅度相应的细致化的合理性,并希望在此基础上部分地实现对犯罪本质和传统刑法理论的重新思考和审视,而这种思考和审视是建立在犯罪打击精确化和社会控制理性化的理念之上的。     

中国惩治贪污贿赂犯罪立法运行宏观效果考察

贪污贿赂犯罪立法宏观运行效果的考察建立在对特定时间段内犯罪发案进行量化分析的基础上,具体考察改革开放以来贪污贿赂犯罪频度和烈度数据,建立刑法立法宏观运行效果与贪污贿赂犯罪之间的关联关系,考察贪污贿赂犯罪刑法立法运行状态,客观评价刑法立法的运行效果,分析导致立法效益不足的实际原因,提出贪污贿赂犯罪治理策略及相关立法的调整与完善建议.     

网络犯罪刑事立法探析

防范网络犯罪的立法是近年来立法讨论的热点问题之一 ,但对网络犯罪如何进行系统、完整立法的研究 ,专论并不多见。本文从网络犯罪概念的分析入手 ,重点探讨了网络犯罪刑事立法的调整范围和立法形式 ,并在此基础上对网络犯罪主体、罪过形式、刑事诉讼等重点问题也进行了比较深入地探讨 ,以期对该问题的最终专门立法起推动作用     

刑事诉讼中的近亲属拒证权问题研究

在刑事诉讼中赋予犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的近亲属在一定条件下的拒证权,是现代法治国家的一项重要的证据制度,也是立法对人权保障等法律多元价值的追求.现代法律的制定离不开社会的历史文化背景,鉴于我国存在"亲亲相隐"的立法传统和亲情伦理观,应在立法中明确规定近亲属拒证权.但对于危害国家安全和社会重大利益的犯罪如恐怖犯罪、毒品犯罪以及黑社会性质的犯罪,可以不适用近亲属拒证权制度.     

对故意杀人罪立法的再检视——以一起生母杀婴案为切入点

故意杀人罪是一个古的犯罪,不同的时代所展现的特点和方式有所不。在今天,杀婴并不是一个新的现象,却给刑法提出了新的挑战。刑法应该注意到社会的某些变迁,对某些犯罪现象做出及时的反映,以适应社会发展。     

票据犯罪的立法模式

对于票据犯罪的刑事立法,在世界各个国家的立法例中存在着不同的立法模式,归结起来,主要有四种:刑法典规定型、特别刑法规定型、附属刑法规定型和刑法典与附属刑法规定结合型。在这四种模式当中,使用最多的是刑法典规定型和刑法典与附属刑法结合型。不同的立法模式具有不同的特点,采用不同的立法模式主要是受本国和本地区的立法传统、金融票据市场的实际需要,以及刑事法律对金融票据市场的规范程度等因素影响。我国1997年刑法对票据犯罪作了比较完整的规定,之前颁布的票据法也就票据犯罪作了具体规定,在立法模式上是刑法典与附属刑法规定结合型。应该说现有的这种立法模式适合我国实际情况。但是,修订后的刑法在有关金融票据犯罪的规定内容上并没有完全和票据法有关规定保持一致。在票据犯罪的法定刑中,无论是自由刑的设置还是罚金刑的设置都有不尽合理之处,有必要加以完善。     

论网络犯罪治理现代化的立法实践

国家治理现代化聚焦于网络犯罪领域可概称为“网络犯罪治理现代化”。网络犯罪治理现代化囊括了网络刑法规范体系的现代化和网络刑事司法体系的现代化,网络刑法规范体系的现代化是网络刑事司法体系的现代化的前提。网络犯罪治理现代化的立法实践经历了迷失、兴起以及完善的演变历程,这实则是计算机犯罪、网络犯罪和网络空间犯罪因应变化治理过程的体现。网络犯罪治理现代化的立法实践在逐步发展和完善的历程中蕴含了维护秩序、保护法益以及保障人权三大功能。网络犯罪治理现代化在立法过程中存在着立法理念滞后、罪质存在缺陷以及罪量存在失衡等诸多现实问题。新时代网络犯罪治理现代化的治理方案应从两个维度展开：既包括转变网络犯罪立法理念,适度扩张网络犯罪圈层;又包括修改现行网络犯罪条款,使罪质与罪量的规定得以规范。     

故意杀人罪的死刑限制——以刑罚价值论为视角的考察

故意杀人罪的死刑限制是死刑问题最艰巨的环节,解决了故意杀人罪的死刑限制问题,也就解决了死刑限制的大部分问题。我国各种死刑限制学说只是针对死刑限制的表层问题提出具体建议,没有就如何限制具体犯罪的死刑问题挖掘深层次的理论根据。以刑罚的价值论为视角,厘清故意杀人罪死刑适用的价值取向,确保死刑的适用符合死刑存在的价值才是死刑限制的深层理论根据和统一理性前提。     

民间矛盾激化引发的故意杀人罪死刑控制研究

民间矛盾引发的故意杀人罪已经成为司法实务领域一种控制故意杀人罪死刑适用的主要案件类型。最高人民法院印发了《全国法院维护农村稳定刑事审判工作座谈会纪要》,该纪要对审理这类案件的规定较为概括,审判实践中产生了很多争议和问题。在审理这类案件时,应从犯罪的性质入手对民间矛盾的范围进行界定,以客观标准认定被害人的行为是否应当作为对被告人从轻处罚的量刑情节,运用宽严相济刑事政策解决间接故意杀人和故意伤害致人死亡的定罪问题,量刑时除了考虑罪刑相适应原则以外,还应考虑有利于刑罚目的的实现。     

强迫职工劳动罪的竞合问题

由于我国刑法对于强迫职工劳动罪的规定并不完善,所以在这一犯罪过程中产生了许多关于法律竞合的问题。强迫职工劳动过程中实施故意杀人、故意伤害行为的应当数罪并罚;强迫职工劳动引发被害人自杀、自残或者重大人身伤亡事故的,应当按照想象竞合犯的原则进行处理;强迫职工劳动罪和重大责任事故罪发生竞合时应当按照牵连犯的原则处理。     

American crime drops: Investigating the breaks,dips and drops in temporal homicide

ObjectivesWhile a great deal of attention has been given to the 1990s crime drop, less is known about the more recent decline in homicide rates that occurred in several large U.S. cities. This paper aims to explore whether these represent two distinct drops via statistical evidence of structural breaks in longitudinal homicide trends and explore potentially differing explanations for the two declines. Methods: Using homicide data on a large sample of U.S. cities from 1990 to 2011, we test for structural breaks in temporal homicide rates. Combining census data and a time series approach, we also examine the role structural features, demographic shifts, and crime control strategies played in the changes in homicide rates over time. Results: Statistical evidence demonstrates two structural breaks in homicide trends, with one trend reflecting the 1990s crime drop (1994–2002) and another trend capturing a second decline (2007–2011). Time series analysis confirms previous research findings about the contributions of structural conditions (e.g., disadvantage) and crime control strategies (e.g., police force size) to the crime drop of the 1990s, but these factors cannot account for the more recent drop with the exception of police presence. Conclusions: Although both structural conditions and crime control strategies are critical to the longitudinal trends in homicide rates over the entire span from 1990 to 2011, different factors account for these two distinct temporal trends.     

论经济犯罪的刑事诉讼治理

经济犯罪是犯罪领域中的一种特殊现象,在经济全球化的影响下,经济犯罪已成为我国刑事立法的重心。在法治发达国家,把经济犯罪作为一种轻罪,并在刑事诉讼中设置了特别程序和措施。我国治理经济犯罪起步较晚,尚未建立系统、有效的刑事诉讼治理模式。借鉴域外治理经济犯罪的经验,结合我国国情,在刑事诉讼中,尤其是在侦查程序、审判程序中,设置特殊的刑事诉讼程序是治理经济犯罪的有效措施。     

网络直播主体涉罪性质分析

随着网络的迅猛发展,部分网络直播呈现出泛娱乐化、内容杂乱无序、无门槛和消费女性文化等消极特点,极易触犯刑法而构成犯罪。网络直播主体包括主播、平台提供者和观看者。主播可能涉嫌的罪名有诈骗罪,赌博罪,开设赌场罪,聚众淫乱罪,制作、传播淫秽物品牟利罪,传播淫秽物品罪,传授犯罪方法罪和利用迷信破坏法律实施罪;平台提供者可能涉嫌的罪名有帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪及其他相关犯罪的帮助犯;观看者可能涉嫌的罪名包括传播淫秽物品牟利罪、故意杀人罪等。另外,在认定网络直播主体违法性认识时,应当将违法性认识必要说作为分析的前提,坚持责任说并将违法性限定为刑事违法性。在分析行为人是否具有违法性认识时,应当根据自然犯与行政犯相区别的原则和推定与例外相结合的原则作出判断。     

Re-examining the relationship between Latino immigration and racial/ethnic violence

Whether immigration increases crime has long been a source of political debate and scholarly interest. Despite widespread public opinion to the contrary, the weight of evidence suggests the most recent wave of U.S. immigration has not increased crime, and may have actually helped reduce criminal violence. However, with recent shifts in immigrant settlement patterns away from traditional receiving destinations, a series of contemporary studies suggests a more complicated immigration-crime relationship, whereby Latino immigration is said to increase violence in newer immigrant destinations (but not in established destinations) and has varied effects for different racial/ethnic groups. With few exceptions, these more recent studies rely on cross-sectional analyses, thus limiting their ability to examine the longitudinal nexus between Latino immigration and violent crime. This study brings to bear the first longitudinal data set to test the relationship between immigration and racial/ethnic homicide in U.S. metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2010. Results from bivariate longitudinal associations and multivariate fixed effects models are contrary to recent findings – Latino immigration is generally associated with decreases in homicide victimization for whites, blacks, and Hispanics in both established and non-established immigrant destinations, though these associations are not significant in all cases.     

Predicting bias homicide across victim groups: A county-level analysis

Outside several notable exceptions, few studies have examined variations in bias crime occurrences across American communities, and how community-level factors may differentially shape violent and non-violent bias crimes across victim groups. Drawing from ecological theories of crime, this study asks, (1) what are the structural predictors of the likelihood of bias homicide occurrences? and (2) how do structural predictors differ across bias victim groups? To answer these questions, data on bias homicide are derived from the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) for the years 1990 through 2014 and paired with socio- structural variables from the United States Census Bureau. Results are discussed relative to the goals of understanding where fatal bias crimes are more likely to occur as a means of informing law enforcement and policymakers interested in preventing and responding to this specific form of crime.     

受贿罪中应取消为他人谋利益的犯罪构成条件

关于如何修改受贿罪构成条件的规定以更好地与《联合国反腐败公约》衔接,更有力地打击贿赂犯罪的讨论由来已久。从我国受贿罪的立法规定与司法实践打击受贿罪的实际需要来看,我国现行受贿罪的立法把＂为他人谋取利益＂作为构成条件的规定扭曲了受贿罪的本质,导致该罪构成要件理论的纷争和司法实践的困惑,结合《联合国反腐败公约》有关受贿罪的构成条件和其他国家有关受贿罪的立法规定,建议取消＂为他人谋利益＂的犯罪构成要件。     

Business structure,ethnic shifts in labor markets,and violence: The link between company size,local labor markets,and non-Latino homicide

Combining several schools of thought, including the civic engagement thesis, we extend current research by linking three things at the county level; firm size, the ethnic composition of labor markets, and violent crime. Our results suggest that larger businesses (based on the average number of persons employed) are more likely to have an external orientation and long recruitment reach, and this is linked to ethnic shifts in labor markets toward Latino workers. Such shifts are in turn associated with high rates of homicide among non-Latinos. Through indirect effects modeling, we find that increases in Black homicide are linked to rises in concentrated poverty, while increases in White homicide are linked to changes in unemployment. We discuss the implications of our findings.