城市化过程中城市郊区的社会变迁调查——以兰州市为例

城市郊区在传统的农业经济向现代的工业经济转变中,作为传统的农村社会和现代的城市社会冲突最为直接和最为激烈的地区,其经济、文化和社会组织具有明显的过渡性和不稳定性,与之相对应的是社会变迁呈现出多样性和复杂性。本文利用城市化社会变迁的一般理论,在对兰州市城市化过程中城市郊区进行调查的基础上,对城市郊区出现的途径,土地资源的转化模式,城市化社会制度变迁与工业化的关系,城市郊区人口的构成、流动等问题进行了分析。     

加快上海郊区城镇化发展之我见

上海,是我国最大的城市,上海郊区的城镇化,为我国学术界所瞩目。特别是近几年来,不少学者,各自从本身学科角度出发,对上海郊区城镇化问题认真开展研究,并就如何加快上海郊区城镇化的发展提出了很多好的建议。但纵观以往研究,从上海城乡人口的扩散集聚变动方面来探讨上海郊区     

上海郊区城乡一体化进程中的人口再分布和社会重构

上海郊区城乡一体化进程中的人口再分布 ,主要呈现城市人口郊区化扩散与农村人口城市化集聚同时加快推进、城乡人口扩散 -集聚流高强度辐合于近郊地带等特点 ;这是一个深刻的社会重构过程。本文利用 2 0 0 0年人口普查数据 ,对浦东新区街镇社区人口的社会重构现象作了多侧面的分析 ,并对有关问题进行了探讨。     

从人口动态看中国中心城市的发展

文章根据1982、1990、2000年3次人口普查资料讨论了中国中心城市(直辖市和省会城市)的发展。数据分析表明,1982~2000年,中国中心城市的人口都有不同程度的增长。这种增长,主要不是由区域变化引起的,而是城市地域自身人口的增加;并且主要不是人口的自然增加,而是由于人口迁入引起的。人口增长的结果,导致巨型城市和大城市数目的增加。中心城市不同区域人口增加的类型表明,中心城市的人口流动大都表现为郊区→边缘区→中心区和中心区→边缘区←郊区两种类型,说明大部分中心城市尚处于形成、成长和扩张时期,出现中心区→边缘区→郊区类型的城市20世纪90年代只有上海市。这表明,中国城市极大部分还处于城市化阶段,只有上海市开始出现人口郊区化。     

东部发达地区应加速农村人口城市化——上海市郊区农村加速城市化问题研究

在生产力迅速发展 ,经济结构发生显著变化的新形势下 ,东部发达地区应高度重视加速推进农村人口城市化的问题。论文以农村生产力处于全国领先水平的上海市郊区为例 ,对与加速农村人口城市化相关的若干问题进行了探讨 ,指出近年来上海郊区农村社会经济包括城市化虽已取得很大发展 ,但城市化仍明显滞后于工业化和非农化 ,城镇的人口规模偏小、“分散式集聚”等矛盾也比较突出。论文提出了加速上海郊区农村人口城市化的目标 ,并对其可行性作了论证。在此基础上 ,还对近期迅速推进农村城市化应采取的主要政策措施进行了研讨。     

发展中国家中心城市人口问题

世界城市化进程正以空前的速度向前发展,就增长规模而言,发展中国家城市人口,特别是首都区人口的上升要比发达国家快得多。据有关统计,1950—1975年间,世界百万人口以上的大城市增加了1.8倍,净增106座,其中,发展中国家就占63座。据联合国预测,1985年世界上百万人口的大城市将增加到273个,其中发展中国家拥有147个。本文拟以39个发展中国家为例,对其中心城市的发展作一简单的介绍和分析。 一、中心城市的迅速发展 中心城市是一个国家人力、财力和经济活动的集中地,也是交通运输、科学文化和行政管理的核心。本文所讲的39个中心城市绝大多数是指发展中国家的首都及其所在地区(详见     

城市人口“回归”原因及作用初探—兼论我国工业扩散和人口城市化

自六十年代以来,经济发达的资本主义国家相继出现了城市人口“回归”的特殊人口现象,即大城市中心区域的人口纷纷迁往郊区和中小城镇,甚至回到原来祖居的乡村。本文试对其原因以及我国的城市化,作点初步讨论。城市人口“回归”及其原因在城市化的发展过程中,随着城市经济的日益发展,人口大量向大、中城市聚集,造成城市人口过度膨胀。这不仅影响到粮食、副食品等的供应和经济、社会的进步,而且使一部分城市人口渗透到郊区、中小城镇和农村中来,成为“回归”人口。本来,城市的兴起,一开始是以工业和农业分离为特征的,即以农业人口和非农业人口分离为特征的。但是,当城市经济发展到一定阶段时,城市化人口又出现了“逆过程”。在世界经济的发展过程中,随着生产力的进步,大批破产的农民拥入城市,大量     

对北京市郊区化问题的进一步探讨

通过对北京市各类区域自1958年以来的人口增长速度以及四普和五普时北京市各类区域按现住地和五年前常住地分的人口数据的分析,本文对北京市是否进入了郊区化阶段的问题进行了探讨。认为,把北京市的城市功能拓展区全部看作是近郊区或全部看作是城区都是不恰当的。在对北京市的郊区化问题进行研究的时候,需要分乡、镇、街道的人口数据,这样才能对拓展区内部的城区和近郊区分别进行研究。由于自20世纪80年代以来首都功能核心区人口增长率下降、包含近郊区的城市功能拓展区和属于远郊区的城市发展新区人口增长率上升以及近年来发展新区人口增长率超过拓展区,本文认为:北京市的城市化进程已经进入了郊区化阶段。     

论我国城市化的发展道路

人类社会的城市化发展是一条客观规律。城市化之所以不断向前推进,关键在于生产力的不断提高以及随之而来的商品经济的发展。而城市人口的增加则首先来自于农业人口的转移。当前对城市化的进程出现了种种不同的看法。现在仅就我国的国情,探讨一下我国城市化的发展道路。     

浅议人口城市化及加快黑龙江省城市化的设想

<正> 城市是人类改造环境建设的产物,是人类生产、生活及各种活动的中心。工业革命后,农村人口改变了单纯依靠土地为生的农业生产,大量涌入城市,开始了新的生产活动和生活方式;尤其是第二次世界大战以后,许多发展中国家的城市迅猛增加、城镇化进程加快,人们对城市化的认识也在逐步深化。一、黑龙江省城市化过程及现状1.黑龙江省市镇人口增长由以市人口增长为主的缓慢增长阶段过渡到以镇人口增长为主的快速增长阶段。黑龙江省城镇化水平一直居     

Why the rise in adolescent fertility rates in the Dominican Republic in the 1990s?

Despite concern over high pregnancy rates and levels of risk for sexually transmittedinfections, adolescent fertility rates in the Dominican Republic have not changed substantially since the early 1980's, and actually increased during the early to mid 1990s. The present study was undertaken to assess the factors contributing to the recent rise in fertility among Dominican adolescents. The findings suggest that although contraceptive use among adolescents and young adults has increased, this has been more than offset by ominous trends on other determinants of fertility. Among these are declines in mean age at first sex and first marriage/union without a commensurate decline in mean age at first contraceptive use, and stubbornly high discontinuation rates for oral contraceptives andcondoms. There is also some evidence that rates of induced abortion among adolescents may have increased, without which adolescent fertility rates would have been even higher. Demand for children among Dominican adolescents remains strong, suggesting that efforts to reduce the current high prevalence of risky sexual behaviors need to influence social norms in order to be successful.     

乡-城转移人口的生育率水平问题

乡一城人口转移作为城市化过程,总体上有利于生育率下降或低生育水平的稳定。但是,由于乡一城转移人口的生育率水平具有既不同于城也有别于乡的差别特征,因此这种转移对城乡生育率的变化必然产生一定的差别效应。通常认为,乡一城转移人口的生育率水平介于城乡之间,即低于乡而高于城。但是,有关研究认为,我国乡一城迁移流动人口的生育率水平已经转变为低于城市。对此,很值得进一步深入探讨。本文首先分析我国城乡生育率的变化和区域差异,然后对乡一城转移人口的总和生育率进行尝试性的推算,最后聚焦讨论流动人口生育行为的流动性问题。     

Regional differences in marital fertility in the Netherlands in the second half of the nineteenth century

Abstract In the Netherlands, as in other countries, substantial regional differences in the birth rate have always been the rule rather than the exception. Of course, differences in crude birth rates may be attributed to a number of possible reasons, not all of them of primary demographic interest. For instance, according to the census of 31st December 1899, the number of women per 1,000 men in the province of Drenthe was only 924; in the province of Zuidholland the corresponding number was 1,073. It is clear that, ceteris paribus, the crude birth rate in Zuidholland would be about 7% higher than in Drenthe at that time. In such a case, the difference could reflect differences in economic development or job opportunities, factors not devoid of demographic significance, but only indirectly so.     

Keeping the Ball in the Air: Contact in Long-Distance Friendships

ABSTRACT

As people continue to be more mobile, maintenance behaviors for long-distance friendships will continue to be a part of the relocation experience. In this qualitative study, 25 women age 45 and over, who had relocated a number of times, were asked to talk about how their friendships had transitioned to being long-distance relationships and what current maintenance behaviors entailed. Communication was a major theme involving electronic mail (e-mail), Christmas cards, telephone calls, and visits. Results from the current study suggest that maintaining the perception of the existence of a well-connected social support system could be accomplished with a single, annual contact. Further, the long-distance friendship biographies explored in this study provided characteristics of friendship maintenance behavior that could be grouped into three main categories forming a proposed typology of long-distance friendship maintenance.     

关于京津沪超低生育率中外来人口分母效应的检验

本文质疑梁秋生论文中控制外来流入人口以后京津沪大城市总和生育率均高于 1 0的推算结果 ,并根据全国第五次人口普查 1‰抽样样本的京津沪育龄妇女案例进行了检验汇总。按两种不同口径的汇总结果都表明 ,京津沪户籍育龄妇女的总和生育率远远低于 1 0。     

经济较发达地区农村空巢老人的养老问题——以浙江农村为例

本文通过对现阶段浙江农村空巢家庭类型及成因的分析,比较了农村空巢家庭与传统同已婚子女一起生活老年人生活质量的差异,认为空巢老人家庭生活质量不仅低于农村人口的平均生活水平,也低于传统同子女一起生活的老人,并对如何解决农村养老问题提出了对策建议。     

Household size and composition in the developing world in the 1990s

This study uses data from recent household surveys in 43 developing countries to describe the main dimensions of household size and composition in the developing world. Average household size varies only modestly among regions, ranging from 5.6 in the Near East/North Africa to 4.8 in Latin America. These averages are similar to levels observed in the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe and North America. About four out of five members of the household are part of the nuclear family of the head of the household. Household size is found to be positively associated with the level of fertility and the mean age at marriage, and inversely associated with the level of marital disruption. An analysis of trends and differentials in household size suggests that convergence to smaller and predominantly nuclear households is proceeding slowly in contemporary developing countries.     

Queerest Little City in the World: Gay Reno in the Sixties

This article is a history of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community in Reno, Nevada, during the 1960s. Despite prevalent beliefs that there was not a coherent LGBT community in Reno before Stonewall, my article shows the opposite. Linked by several LGBT-owned businesses and public places, Reno had a well-defined community that people knew about. The article also shows how Reno was looked at as a failing marginalized city throughout the 1960s and that this, in turn, allowed it to become a prime place for LGBT peoples to move and start gentrifying the area. The article also shows how the unusual nature of Nevada and its relation to vice during the middle decades made it fertile ground for businesses to spring up that catered to the LGBT community. Overall, the article shows a dense series of networks between LGBT Northern Nevada natives, tourists, and the spaces they inhabited during the 1960s.     

走进新世纪的中国农村养老

农村养老是中国21世纪战略难题。中国人口80%以上在农村,农村60岁以上人口已超1亿,人口老龄化来势迅速,在农村两代人分居现象严重,农民对人口老龄化认识和准备不足。所以,必须大力开展农村养老保障体系构建。     

Social Reporting in the 1970s and in the 1990s

In this paper I give an account of the major welfare conceptsand social reporting concepts of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Inconclusion I discuss possibilities and limits of social reporting today.Quality of life and qualitative growth were the welfare programs of the1970s. The next decade saw a trend to individualization, subjectivewell-being and plurality of life styles. In the last decade the qualityof society once more came into the forefront in concepts likesustainable development, human development and social capital. From thefar-reaching program of the social indicators movement socialreports are the most visible results in many countries whereas ambitiousplans like national goals accounting failed. In the 1980s we watched akind of dissolution by diffusion and in the 1990s a revival inseveral fields. Overall, the monitoring and enlightenment function stillis the most important contribution of social reporting but today on ahigher level of data, methods and international comparisons.