Success of research-based spin-offs. State-of-the-art and guidelines for further research

The topic of this paper is research-based spin-offs from public organisations. The initial point is a discussion about the economic benefit of such companies. The paper investigates factors influencing the generation, development, and growth of research-based spin-offs built on scientific know-how or research results. An analysis of previous empirical studies allows the identification of three main groups of success factors, concerning the founder, the environment, and the later company itself. Based on Gartner’s framework of new venture creation—used as a structure-building tool and substitute of entrepreneurial theory—we give an overview of entrepreneurial success factors. We also identify inconsistencies and gaps in empirical evidence and guidelines for further research. Particular explanation seems to be necessary for incentives, ideas, and incubation environments, all having an impact on formation and performance of spin-offs.      

Family Control and Stock Market Reactions to Innovation Announcements

Although family firms are common around the world, studies on family‐controlled business are limited. Prior studies mainly focused on the influences of family ownership on overall firm performance, and the results were mixed. In this study we attempted to explore the impacts of family ownership on innovation by examining the association of family control and stock market reactions to innovation announcements. We found that firms with greater family control experienced significantly more negative stock market reactions to innovation announcements. The results further indicated that divergence of cash flow and voting rights was strongly and negatively correlated with announcement‐period abnormal returns. In addition, the findings suggested a significantly positive moderating effect of institutional ownership. The conclusions were robust under various measures of family control, and remained valid after controlling other influential factors for stock market reactions to innovation announcements.     

The Information Content of Common Stock Repurchases: An Empirical Study1

Share repurchase announcements are known to be associated with significant positive abnormal stock returns. Past studies have argued that the main explanation of this value creation is that share repurchases signal new (and favourable) information about the repurchasing firms' future cash flows. This paper examines this hypothesis and provides evidence on the nature of the information revealed by share repurchases. Using a sample of 41 repurchase announcements from the USA, we show that the new information signalled to the stock market through share repurchasing is not only about changes in the level of future cash flows but also about changes in the riskiness of these cash flows.     

上市公司传闻的澄清效果研究——来自中国证券市场的证据

发布澄清公告是上市公司应对市场传闻的重要途径.然而,证券市场中澄清公告的实际效果如何,以及哪些因素会影响澄清效果尚未得到实证检验.为此,收集了从2000年到2008年中国A股市场1 960个澄清公告,从中整理出179个针对负面传闻进行"澄清"的样本.研究发现,澄清公告效果一定程度上依赖于公司的澄清方式,模糊澄清非但达不到效果,而且进一步加剧了传闻的影响,产生"澄清公告澄不清"的现象.多元回归模型的结果显示,澄清效果不仅与澄清方式有显著关系,而且还受到公司声誉、停牌等因素的影响.研究结论为传闻心理学实验研究的发现提供了中国证券市场的直接证据,同时也为上市公司有效应对传闻提供了新思路.     

Valuation effects of corporate strategic transactions in the cleantech industry

This paper investigates capital market reactions to announcements of corporate strategic transactions in the clean technology, or cleantech, industry. Using the event study method in a multi-country setting, we exploit a dataset of 328 hand-collected announcements of mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and asset disposals that took place between 2001 and 2011. We provide strong evidence of significant wealth gains from cleantech deals. On average, cleantech companies earn significantly higher abnormal returns than non-cleantech companies, confirming the beneficial idiosyncrasies of the cleantech industry. These high premia are likely driven by government interventions that are believed to be a necessary pre-condition for development of clean technology. Alternatively, the premia are commanded by the acquisition of cutting-edge environmental innovations and the positive credibility spillover inherent in cleantech deals.     

我国股票市场长期异常回报率的计算和检测方法研究

本文分析了中国学者在经验研究中采用的传统长期异常回报率计算和检测方法,即利用市场平均计算长期异常回报率,利用t检验检测的方法,指出了缺陷,介绍了新的长期异常回报率计算方法和检测方法,说明了改进的机理.改进的长期异常回报率计算方法是基于市值的参考组合法,改进的检测方法是偏度矫正的t检验法和秩和法.采用反复抽样的方法,对新老方法结合中国资本市场数据进行了比较,结果显示了传统方法的局限性以及新方法的优越性.     

股价历史新高会导致股票收益异常吗?——来自中国A股市场的证据

股价历史新高作为股票市场中的一种异常极端事件,往往会带来投资者的高度关注。本文利用简单超额收益模型,对中国A股市场1995年至2011年间的股价历史新高事件进行研究,分析注意力因素对股价历史新高后股票收益的影响。研究发现,股价历史新高后存在股票收益异常现象,具体表现为短期内显著的正超额收益与后续期间股票收益的显著反转,本文称这种现象为"新高效应";通过对不同注意力条件与市场态势下的样本进行比较,发现实际历史新高比名义历史新高拥有更强的"新高效应",并且牛市中的"新高效应"也比熊市中表现得更为强烈。进一步地,用超额新闻量作为注意力的衡量指标,实证发现注意力是"新高效应"产生的重要影响因素。     

Knowledge Management Using Information Technology: Determinants of Short‐Term Impact on Firm Value*

The importance of knowledge management (KM) processes for organizational performance is now well recognized. Seeking to better understand the short‐term impact of KM on firm value, this article focuses on public announcements of information technology (IT)‐based KM efforts, and uses cumulative abnormal return (CAR) associated with an announcement as the dependent variable. This article employs a contingency approach, arguing that the KM announcement would have a positive short‐term impact on firm value in some conditions but not in others. Thus, it pursues the following research question: What are the effects of contextual factors on the CAR associated with the announcement of an IT‐based KM effort? Specific hypotheses are proposed based on information‐processing theory, organizational learning theory, the knowledge‐based theory of the firm, and the theory of knowledge creation. These hypotheses link CARs to alignment between industry innovativeness and the KM process, alignment between firm efficiency and the KM process, firm‐specific instability, and firm diversification. The empirical study utilizes secondary data on 89 KM announcements from 1995 to 2002. The results largely support the hypotheses. Overall, this article provides empirical support for the theory‐based arguments, and helps develop a contingency framework of the effectiveness of KM efforts.     

经理声誉考虑、任务关联性和长期报酬激励的效果研究

为研究如何激励经理努力提高企业未来业绩,假设经理承担着两项任务:声誉激励其提高企业当前业绩,报酬激励其提高未来业绩;在多任务委托代理模型框架下,本文研究了声誉和长期报酬对经理提高未来业绩的激励效果.本文把企业业绩分为当期业绩和长期(即未来)业绩,并假设委托人目标是长期企业业绩最大化,而不是当期业绩最大化.同时本文对经理努力成本函数的假设有重大改进:给出了经理长期和短期努力的具体的成本函数形式,考虑了两种任务即努力间的关联性情况,假设长期努力和当期努力有不同的成本系数.目前相关模型的成本函数最多只能满足以上三个条件中的前两个.因此,运用本文多任务委托代理模型分析得出的结论更明确、直观,并且更符合实际.本文发现,经理不同努力的成本、两项任务之间的关联性对经理的努力行为选择有重要的影响,要激励经理提高企业长期业绩,应该减少经理长期努力的成本或者弱化当期激励.     

Kapitalmarktreaktionen auf Personalabbauprogramme: Welchen Einfluss haben Motiv,Umfang und Freiwilligkeit?

This study examines the effects of layoff announcements on the market value of German listed companies. Analyzing 136 announcements being published between 2000 and 2009, the results show marginal abnormal returns but high variance indicating that the market reaction might depend on specific characteristics. As potential determinants we particularly discuss the reasons for layoff, the size of layoff and the voluntariness of layoff. We find that reactive reasons like plant closures have a negative impact on shareholder value whilst active reasons like cost improvements enhance shareholder value. The size of layoff tends to induce negative effects. A voluntary layoff announcement however increases the value of a firm. Furthermore, we find a positive relationship between abnormal returns and human capital intensity and a negative one with both the manufacturing industry membership and financial leverage. In addition, the regression model extends prior literature since its coefficient of determination exceeds those in Anglo-American studies.     

Shareholder Value Effects of Voluntary Emissions Reduction

The relationship between emissions reduction and firm financial performance has been studied with mixed results. We consider potential sources of this ambiguity by examining announcements of voluntary emissions reduction (VER) from 1990 to 2009. We measure the stock market reaction associated with VER announcements to estimate the effects of time, emissions type, and whether the reduction was announced ex ante or ex post. We find that the market reaction to VER significantly decreased over time. The changing nature of the market reaction to VER over time highlights the importance of evaluating the financial impact of any VER in the current context rather than relying on past findings. We also find that the market reaction is more positive if the reduction is for greenhouse gas (GHG) rather than other emissions types. In light of the increasing concern with GHGs, this finding should be welcome news for managers. Last, we find a more positive market reaction for VER announcements that are pledges or statements of intent rather than realized achievements of VER. Managers contemplating VER might find benefit (and at least no harm) in announcing their intent to reduce emissions rather than waiting until they have achieved the reduction.     

股市投资者对盈余公告的反应——基于博彩偏好的视角

本文以中国股市2003年第一季度至2018年第一季度的数据为样本,通过构造三种股票博彩指数和使用事件研究法探究了股市投资者对盈余公告的反应。研究发现,博彩偏好会同时从方向相反的两个方向影响股市投资者对盈余公告的反应,即投资者对博彩型股票的青睐虽然提高了投资者对正未预期盈余信息的敏感性,但却减缓了负未预期盈余信息反映到股价中的速度。这种影响对处于亏损状态的投资者、情绪高涨的投资者或散户投资者更为显著。     

The relation between board size and firm performance in firms with a history of poor operating performance

Focusing on a sample of smaller firms with a history of poor operating performance, this paper posits that increases in board size will be associated with better share price performance. Notably, board sizes studied here are, on average, much smaller than those typically studied by prior research. Mostly consistent with predictions, board size is found to be positively correlated with firm value in between-firms tests, and changes in board size are found to be positively associated with annual stock returns. Last, event study results suggest that the market responds favorably to board size increases and unfavorably to large board size decreases. Together, these results identify a setting in which larger board sizes appear to be positively related to shareholder value.     

Stock Market Reaction to Green Vehicle Innovation

We study the stock market reaction to announcements of global green vehicle innovation over a 14‐year time span (1996–2009) using the event study methodology. We document that the stock market generally reacts positively to automakers' announcements of environmental innovations, consistent with prior research on the wealth effects of innovation announcements. Our results indicate that crucial green product development decisions such as innovation type and market segment choices exert direct influence on a firm's market value. These results hold after controlling for firm size, leverage, profitability, R&D intensity, and oil price changes.     

中国证券市场内幕交易的信息含量及与操纵市场的比较

基于1993-2000年中国证券市场内幕交易和操纵行为事件,采用事件研究、修正的Meulbroek(1992)模型和横截面检验,同时比较内幕交易、操纵市场的信息含量,发现事件研究中,内幕交易的信息含量总合计量结果与字样本结果并不一致,Meulbroek(1992)存在对内幕交易信息含量高估的现象,而操纵市场信息含量是明显显著的。更进一步,论文采用事件期中与前述不同的数据和具体的交易细节研究基于内幕信息的操纵行为。发现,中国证券市场内幕交易买进不能取得异常收益,而卖出向市场发出错误的信号。纯粹操纵、基于内幕信息操纵买进的市场反应异常显著,信息含量相比于纯粹内幕交易要大很多。最后,给出国内证券市场内幕交易与操纵行为的建议。     

投资者法律保护与公司上市后长期业绩表现--基于法和金融理论的实证分析

公司上市后长期业绩不佳是世界范围内的一个"异象",主流的理论解释集中在信息不对称和利益冲突两个问题上,可见投资者保护的增强有利于缓解这种"异象".为此,本文基于法和金融理论,以1991-200O年在上海证券交易所上市的公司为样本,实证检验了我国中小投资者法律保护发展对公司上市后长期业绩的影响.研究结果表明,随着我国中小投资者法律保护的发展,公司上市后长期业绩表现不佳的"异象"有所缓解.     

Codes of ethics and firm size: A stakeholder approach to strategic planning

A firm's capital budgeting and strategic planning decisions have the potential to affect many groups of people called stakeholders. A stakeholder is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the firm's objectives. This study examines whether the presence of a code of ethics that specifically addresses capital budgeting/strategic planning decisions will significantly raise the awareness of social responsibility during the long-run planning process. This study also examines whether firm size is associated with the awareness of social responsibility during the long-run planning process. Support was found that a code of ethics that addresses long-range planning is associated with higher awareness during the planning process. Firm size was not found to be statistically different.     

Technologiebasierte Spin-offs ?C Ein Forschungs??berblick zu Einflussgr??en ihrer Entwicklung

Technology-based spin-offs from academic institutions and private corporations represent an important proportion of young innovation-oriented ventures. They encounter specific starting conditions in terms of their core technology, the composition of the founding team, and the critical junctures during their establishment. This study analyses the state-of-the-art in quantitative empirical research on factors impacting the development of these types of firms. We present findings of both research fields and discuss them critically. Methodological and measurement issues receive particular attention in our analysis. Based on the literature review we identify factors impacting the development of both types of firms. Additionally we expose gaps in past and current research on academic and corporate spin-offs and suggest interesting opportunities for future research. Methodological shortcomings of existing studies are discussed. We derive implications for research on academic and corporate spin-offs and for the management of these types of firms.     

衍生企业组织演化:驱动与约束的权衡——来自企业纵向事件抽取与趋势分析

主辅分离是深化国有企业改革的需要,但大部分企业还处在分而不离的状态。如何让这些衍生企业独立发展、自主创新并获得良好绩效成为该政策的关键。衍生企业组织演化过程被划分为两个维度,即价值创造驱动和独立性约束。本文深入考察了一个国有企业的衍生企业发展历程,深度跟踪和提取了其七年的事件数据,通过纵向研究和扎根理论试图来填补理论缺口。通过实地调查、访谈与档案的抽取和印证数据,分类绘出事件的时间线索趋势图;通过纵向动态的相互趋势的不断比较,得到价值创造驱动和独立性约束分别与外部关系探索、亲缘关联关系和自主性投入一致性关系。研究主要的理论贡献在于把创业衍生企业的理论延伸到主辅分离这一具体政策导向措施的作用机理中,并得到其理论模型与核心权衡过程。     

The Effect of Product Development Restructuring on Shareholder Value

This article examines the effect of product development restructuring (PDR) on shareholder value. The results are based on a sample of 165 announcements made during 2002–2011. PDR announcements are associated with an economically and statistically significant positive stock market reaction. Over a two‐day period (the day of the announcement and the day preceding the announcement), the mean (median) market reaction is 1.63% (0.87%). The market reaction is generally positive regardless of the PDR purpose or action. Although the market reaction is more positive for higher R&D intensity firms, it is not directly affected by the firm's prior financial performance or whether the firm's primary PDR objective is to increase revenues or cut costs. However, the interaction between the firm's prior financial performance and its primary PDR objective is significant. For firms that are financial outperformers, the market reaction is more positive if the firm's primary PDR objective is to increase revenues. For financial underperformers, the market reaction is more positive if the firm's primary PDR objective is to cut costs.