领导者与追随者

一般讲,世界上有两种类型的人,一种是领导者,另一种是追随者。当追随者并没有什么可耻,然而,永远停留为追随者却不是很荣誉的事。大多数伟大的领导者,都是从干练的追随者起来的,他们之所     

具有后发优势的不完全信息专利竞赛

先发优势和后发优势会同时存在于专利竞赛中,它们的相对大小将决定两对称企业在专利研发投资时机选择博弈中所产生的均衡类型并影响企业的研发投资决策。考虑不完全信息和技术不确定性,引入信息披露及其滞后效应使得追随者和领导者分别具有后发优势和先发优势,建立实物期权投资决策模型。通过对各最优投资临界信念的计算和分析,结论表明,一定参数条件下,占先博弈和消耗战均有可能发生。信息披露滞后时间越长、技术不确定性程度越低、随机信号到达速度越快、信号质量越高,领导者先发优势就越明显,越易产生占先博弈;反之,追随者后发优势就越明显,越有可能发生消耗战。     

论追随者

作为领导生态系统的重要组成部分,近年来,追随者问题受到人们的广泛关注。本文将追随者作为研究对象,探讨了追随者的概念、类型划分以及权利价值分配等问题,提出领导者——追随者互动模式存在的可能性,并提出未来追随者应当着重关注三方面内容:积极参与组织变革;加强政治参与;提升自我的综合素质。     

优秀追随者理论探讨

追随力能够决定企业成败。随着领导模式自下而上的转型,追随者比以往拥有了更多的权力和影响力,追随力的研究已有比较丰硕的成果。本文阐述了追随者的定义、动机、类型以及如何成为优秀的追随者。     

基于copula的追随者银行的企业项目总体风险评价模型

基于追随者银行的企业项目总体风险评价问题是指当有银行作为先行者介入一个项目时,后续的其它另一个银行作为追随者银行需要将先行者银行的信用风险和所要参与投资的企业项目风险综合加以考虑、从而独立判断项目投资的总体风险大小并进行投资决策。由于任何一家银行都只能熟悉某一些领域、某一些地区、某一些国家的项目,这就导致追随者银行在无法充分掌握项目信息时,需要以先行者银行的信用风险大小为参照物之一来推断企业项目的总体风险,这不仅仅对投资和贷款业务开展较晚的例如中国邮政储蓄银行这样的商业银行有着重要现实意义,而且对所有商业银行的投资活动都有重要的指导意义。通过先行者银行信用风险与项目风险反映企业项目总体风险,本研究建立了基于Copula函数的追随者银行的企业项目总体风险评价模型。本文主要的创新与特色是通过确定先行者银行的信用风险R_F与项目风险R_p的函数关系,进而确定企业项目总体风险R_T,解决了追随者银行所要测算企业项目风险的问题。总体风险模型的稳定性检验表明,在95%的置信水平下,对追随者银行来说,不论多大样本,其所要投资项目的总体风险中的先行者银行信用风险R_F与所要投资的项目风险R_p的重要程度分别为W₁=0.428、W₂=0.572。     

有效追随者如何提出建议

正一、领导者与追随者一个优秀的组织内只存在两种人:领导者和追随者。要么领导别人,要么追随别人,处于中间状态的人,是在把自己边缘化以至于郁郁不得志,甚至出局。领导者是掌握权力的人,其权力有两种来源:岗位权力和个人权力。岗位权力包括合法权、奖赏权、强迫权、生态权、信息权,个人权力包括专家权、参照权。追随者是指在领导活动中与领导者有共同利益、信仰、目标的人,即     

竞争环境下基于期权博弈的R&D投资决策研究

论述了企业在竞争环境下的研发投资决策优化问题,利用实物期权的方法,采用二人博弈的模型分析了两家实力均衡的企业在进行研发投资决策时可能采取的策略,有同时投资策略、追随者策略和领先者策略等,并给出各种情况下的最优投资时机.最后结合实证进行了结论验证.     

消除上下级关系疏离状态的策略选择

上下级关系疏离现象主要表现为上下级之间心理距离过大,造成领导者与追随者情感分化、互不信任甚至严重对立.从解决问题的角度看,应当从上级与下级、领导者与追随者的内在素质入手,并考虑影响上下级行为的一系列权变因素. 一、追求领导者素质的全面提升 领导者素质的不足与追随者素质的提升是一个硬币的两面,而"此消彼长"之后,领导者素质的不足更加难以适应追随者素质的不断提升,这对于消除组织中的上下级关系疏离现象非常不利.在新的形势下,领导者应当全面提升自身素质,以适应和满足不同类型特质的追随者的要求.     

追随力的历史诠释：《资治通鉴》的启示

追随力是当代领导学前沿的研究课题,但中西方学者对追随力的诠释仍未摆脱领导力理论的窠臼。分析《资治通鉴》可以发现,优秀追随者有两个显著区别于领导者的特质:低权力动机和高横向影响力。追随者的建言行为重在言简意赅、迂回求进。此外,需要关注两种负面的追随行为:功利型追随行为和不倒翁型追随行为。追随风格重在表里一致,同时需要重视追随者向领导者的转化过程。     

模糊环境下不对称企业的技术创新投资期权博弈分析

本文在不对称双头垄断期权博弈模型基础上讨论了利润流现值和沉没投资成本为梯形模糊数的情形并进行了扩展,对企业技术创新投资策略进行了分析。构建了模糊环境下追随者、领导者的投资价值和投资临界值的模糊表达式并进行数值分析。分析表明模糊环境下仍存在最优投资策略,随着梯形模糊数的沉没投资成本期望值的增加,企业的投资价值下降而投资临界值上升。为模糊环境下投资决策提供了一种解释。     

线性二层决策问题的期望收益模型及算法

下层反应不唯一时 ,如何确定二层线性决策问题最优策略为一非确定型决策问题 .对此类问题 ,本文通过引入领导者对追随者合作程度的期望系数 ,提出期望收益模型 .利用双罚函数把该问题转换为一单层次优化问题 ,并提出一种求解问题的全局优化算法 .应用此模型分析二层线性问题可知 :对存在不确定性反应的二层决策问题 ,下层追随者与上层领导者的合作态度是领导者确定其最优策略的关键 ;对下层追随者而言 ,某些情况下 ,采取与领导者部分合作的态度对其自身收益的提高是合理的     

A follower-centric approach to the vision integration process

Leaders increasingly understand the importance of involving followers in the vision implementation process. Viewing vision as a guiding framework that may or may not be adopted by followers throughout the organization, we test a model of the leader–follower communication processes involved in linking vision with follower work behaviors and decisions. Using a cross-sectional research design, we examine the basic relationships in a hypothesized model of the vision integration process. Employees from a health maintenance organization (HMO) (N = 340) completed surveys concerning leader–follower communication, perceptions of the company's vision, and its integration into their work behaviors. Not surprisingly, leader–follower communication regarding vision is crucial. More importantly, how the vision is understood and integrated by followers into work behaviors and decisions significantly predicts commitment, job satisfaction, and supervisory ratings of performance. Based on these findings, a more follower-centered conceptualization of vision is offered.     

Balance in leader and follower perceptions of leader–member exchange: Relationships with performance and work attitudes

Using a sample of 285 matched pairs of employees and supervisors, we explore the extent to which congruence in leader and follower ratings of LMX quality is related to follower job performance and work attitudes. An original conceptual model is introduced that identifies four combinations of leader and follower LMX ratings: balanced/low LMX (low leader and follower LMX), balanced/high LMX (high leader and follower LMX), follower overestimation (low leader LMX/high follower LMX), and follower underestimation (high leader LMX/low follower LMX). As expected, balanced/low (high) LMX relationships were associated with relatively low (high) levels of follower job performance, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, while the incongruent combinations generally yielded intermediate levels of follower outcomes. However, follower underestimation was also related to high levels of follower job performance, whereas follower overestimation was associated with high levels of follower satisfaction and organizational commitment. Implications of these findings for future LMX research are considered.     

The effect of authentic transformational leadership on follower and group ethics

We propose a theoretical model to examine how authentic transformational leadership influences follower individual and group ethical decision making. We investigate how follower moral identity and moral emotions mediate the effect of authentic transformational leadership on follower authentic moral action. Furthermore, we explore how authentic transformational leadership develops group ethical climate, which in turn contributes to enhancing group ethics and to developing follower moral identity and moral emotions. Future research and practical implications are discussed.     

Leaders' conceptions of followers: Implications for naturally occurring Pygmalion effects

We investigated the relationships between leaders' implicit followership theories (LIFTs) (conceptions of followers) and naturally occurring Pygmalion effects (leaders' high performance expectations that improve follower performance). Results based on 151 workplace leader–follower dyads supported a model of naturally occurring Pygmalion effects. Positive LIFTs led to higher performance expectations, liking, and relationship quality from leaders, which impacted follower performance. Supervisory experience moderated the relationship between positive LIFTs and leaders' performance expectations for their followers, such that the performance expectations of leaders with less supervisory experience were more strongly influenced by their conceptions of followers. Implications of the findings for improving follower performance are discussed. Suggestions for future research are offered: antecedents of LIFTs, negative LIFTs, Golem effects, and role reversed Pygmalion effects, among others.     

The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated with destructive leadership

While leadership scholars increasingly acknowledge the influence of followers in the leadership process, less attention has been paid to their role in the destructive leadership process. Specifically, the current debate lacks a broad-based understanding of different susceptible follower types that synthesizes related research across academic domains. Expanding on Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser's (2007) toxic triangle model of destructive leadership, we integrate research and theory across various academic literatures to derive a cohesive taxonomy of vulnerable followers that we call the susceptible circle. We describe the core characteristics of each follower type, drawing on Barbuto's (2000) theory of follower compliance to highlight the psychological processes that motivate each follower to comply with destructive leaders. We then conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications, as well as avenues for future research.     

Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The mediating role of follower relational identification and the moderating role of leader creativity expectations

We examined follower relational identification with the leader as a mediator and follower perceptions of leader creativity expectations as a moderator in the relationship between transformational leadership and follower creativity. Using a sample of 420 leader–follower dyads from an energy company in mainland China, we found that follower relational identification with the leader mediates the transformational leadership–follower creativity relationship, and this mediating relationship is conditional on the moderator variable of follower perceptions of leader creativity expectations for the path from follower relational identification to follower creativity. These results contribute to the literature by clarifying why (through relational identification) and when (high creativity expectations set by the leader) transformational leadership is positively related to follower creativity.     

Servant leaders inspire servant followers: Antecedents and outcomes for employees and the organization

Despite widespread adoption of servant leadership, we are only beginning to understand its true utility across multiple organizational levels. Our purpose was to test the relationship between personality, servant leadership, and critical follower and organizational outcomes. Using a social influence framework, we proposed that leader agreeableness and extraversion affect follower perceptions of servant leadership. In turn, servant leaders ignite a cycle of service by role-modeling servant behavior that is then mirrored through coworker helping behavior and high-quality customer service, as well as reciprocated through decreased withdrawal. Using a multilevel, multi-source model, we surveyed 224 stores of a U.S. retail organization, including 425 followers, 110 store managers, and 40 regional managers. Leader agreeableness was positively and extraversion was negatively related to servant leadership, which was associated with decreased follower turnover intentions and disengagement. At the group-level, service climate mediated the effects of servant leadership on follower turnover intentions, helping and sales behavior.     

Leader distance: a review and a proposed theory

The concept of leader distance has been subsumed in a number of leadership theories; however, with few exceptions, leadership scholars have not expressly defined nor discussed leader distance, how distance is implicated in the legitimization of a leader, and how distance affects leader outcomes. We review available literature and demonstrate that integral to untangling the dynamics of the leadership influencing process is an understanding of leader–follower distance. We present distance in terms of three independent dimensions: leader–follower physical distance, perceived social distance, and perceived task interaction frequency. We discuss possible antecedents of leader–follower distance, including organizational and task characteristics, national culture, and leader/follower implicit motives. Finally, we use configural theory to present eight typologies (i.e., coexistence of a cluster or constellation of independent factors serving as a unit of analysis) of leader distance and propose an integrated cross-level model of leader distance, linking the distance typologies to leader outcomes at the individual and group levels of analysis.