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1.
Bernard S. Phillips 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(2):138-151
Gouldner’s call for a “reflexive sociology” in 1970 remains a largely unexamined idea, yet with the breakdown of functionalism’s
begemony and the present ferment in theory its time may finally have come. In attempting to clarify and reconstruct Gouldner’s
idea, I begin with his concepts “background assumptions” and “domain assumptions,” linking them with Kubn’s ideas. Employing
levels of abstraction to approach Gouldner’s material systematically, I proceed to develop and illustrate two contrasting
background assumptions or world hypotheses: “stratification” and “interaction.” Finally, I examine some methodological implications
of these world views, centering on defining problems, ratio scales and images of measurement, sampling and multivariate-analysis
procedures.
Introduced to sociology by C. Wright Mills, Bernard Phillips studied with Robin N. Williams, Jr. and taught at the University
of North Carolina and the University of Illinois (where he overlapped with Alvin W. Gouldner for a year) before coming to
Boston University. A cofounder of the ASA section, Sociological Practice, Phillips’ interests are in Societal Change, Theory
and Methods. 相似文献
2.
3.
Margaret Sherrard Sherraden Lissa Johnson Baorong Guo William ElliottIII 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2011,32(3):385-399
A groundswell of interest in young people’s ability to understand and handle financial decisions has generated keen interest
in financial knowledge and effectiveness of financial education. This study examines an innovative four-year school-based
financial education and savings program, called “I Can Save” (ICS). Using a quasi-experimental design, the study examines
quantitative and qualitative data to analyze program effects on financial knowledge. Elementary school children who participated
in ICS scored significantly higher on a financial literacy test taken in fourth grade than comparison group students in the
same school, regardless of parent education and income. Results suggest that young children increase financial capability
when they have access to financial education and it is accompanied by participation in meaningful financial services. 相似文献
4.
Linda J. Rynbrandt 《The American Sociologist》1998,29(1):71-82
This article investigates the relationship between Progressive era (1890–1920) social reform and the origins of American sociology
with a view of the vital contributions of women in these endeavors. I observe the efforts of the first generation of sociologists
to legitimate and delineate the field in the “social construction” of the discipline of sociology, as they attempted to combine
Christianity, the social gospel, and socialism into a new and unique ideology. In this article I examine the archival material
of Progressive era reformer, Caroline Bartlett Crane (1858–1935), a Unitarian minister and student in the sociology department
of the University of Chicago in 1896, to address the relationship between theology, sociology, and social reform from a woman’s
perspective. 相似文献
5.
Nichole Georgeou 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2010,21(4):467-480
This study explores the relationship between state–citizen relations and changing notions of volunteering in Japan. I map
Japan’s state–citizen relations through an analysis of the transformations of volunteering in Japan from “hōshi” (mutual obligation) to “borantia” (borrowed from the English “volunteer”). The article broadly considers these paradigm shifts in terms of the context of
the role International Non Profit Organisations (INPOs) play in Japanese foreign policy. 相似文献
6.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
7.
Two main problems in the sociology of morality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gabriel Abend 《Theory and Society》2008,37(2):87-125
Sociologists often ask why particular groups of people have the moral views that they do. I argue that sociology’s empirical
research on morality relies, implicitly or explicitly, on unsophisticated and even obsolete ethical theories, and thus is
based on inadequate conceptions of the ontology, epistemology, and semantics of morality. In this article I address the two
main problems in the sociology of morality: (1) the problem of moral truth, and (2) the problem of value freedom. I identify
two ideal–typical approaches. While the Weberian paradigm rejects the concept of moral truth, the Durkheimian paradigm accepts
it. By contrast, I argue that sociology should be metaphysically agnostic, yet in practice it should proceed as though there
were no moral truths. The Weberians claim that the sociology of morality can and should be value free; the Durkheimians claim
that it cannot and it should not. My argument is that, while it is true that factual statements presuppose value judgments,
it does not follow that sociologists are moral philosophers in disguise. Finally, I contend that in order for sociology to
improve its understanding of morality, better conceptual, epistemological, and methodological foundations are needed.
Gabriel Abend is a PhD candidate in sociology at Northwestern University. He works in the fields of economic sociology, culture and morality, theory, comparative and historical sociology, and the sociology of science and knowledge. In his dissertation, he investigates the social, cultural, and institutional history of business ethics since the late eighteenth century. In particular, he examines historical variations in conceptions of business ethics, and, more generally, in the boundary between “the economic” and “the moral.” His publications include: “Styles of Sociological Thought: Sociologies, Epistemologies, and the Mexican and US Quests for Truth” (Sociological Theory 24(1):1–41 March 2006); and “The Meaning of ‘Theory’” (Sociological Theory, forthcoming). 相似文献
Gabriel AbendEmail: |
Gabriel Abend is a PhD candidate in sociology at Northwestern University. He works in the fields of economic sociology, culture and morality, theory, comparative and historical sociology, and the sociology of science and knowledge. In his dissertation, he investigates the social, cultural, and institutional history of business ethics since the late eighteenth century. In particular, he examines historical variations in conceptions of business ethics, and, more generally, in the boundary between “the economic” and “the moral.” His publications include: “Styles of Sociological Thought: Sociologies, Epistemologies, and the Mexican and US Quests for Truth” (Sociological Theory 24(1):1–41 March 2006); and “The Meaning of ‘Theory’” (Sociological Theory, forthcoming). 相似文献
8.
Junmin Wang 《Theory and Society》2009,38(2):165-194
This article analyzes how China’s increasing engagement in the global market induced significant institution-building in China’s
tobacco industry and enabled a power shift from the local authorities to the central authority in controlling this market.
During this process of “getting onto the international track,” the central government reorganized the industrial tobacco system
and broke up the “monopolies” set up by local governments in order to enhance the competitive capacities of China’s tobacco
industry in the global market. Given such a concrete institutional change in China’s tobacco industry, I propose the theory
of “global-market building as state building” to explain the interactions among the global market, the nation-states, and
the domestic market-building projects. I suggest that nation-states strategically seek to engage themselves in the global
market and that, under certain circumstances by taking advantage of their global market engagement, the nation-states can
enhance their abilities to govern the domestic market.
Junmin Wang received her Ph.D. in Sociology from New York University in 2007. During 2007–2008, she was a post-doctoral fellow in China’s political economy at the Research Center for Chinese Politics & Business of Indiana University at Bloomington. Currently, she is Assistant Professor of Sociology in the University of Memphis. Wang’s main research interests include economic sociology, formal/ complex organizations, political sociology, comparative/ historical sociology, international political economy, and China Studies. She has published articles and book chapters on China’s political economy, state/market transitions, and the institutional changes of Chinese firms. Wang is currently working on a project regarding the institutional and organizational innovations and corporate governance in China’s stock market. 相似文献
Junmin WangEmail: |
Junmin Wang received her Ph.D. in Sociology from New York University in 2007. During 2007–2008, she was a post-doctoral fellow in China’s political economy at the Research Center for Chinese Politics & Business of Indiana University at Bloomington. Currently, she is Assistant Professor of Sociology in the University of Memphis. Wang’s main research interests include economic sociology, formal/ complex organizations, political sociology, comparative/ historical sociology, international political economy, and China Studies. She has published articles and book chapters on China’s political economy, state/market transitions, and the institutional changes of Chinese firms. Wang is currently working on a project regarding the institutional and organizational innovations and corporate governance in China’s stock market. 相似文献
9.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
10.
Leo Troy 《Journal of Labor Research》2001,22(2):246-259
Conclusion The Old Unionism, organized labor in the private economy, is in irreversible decline. Economic and market factors beyond its
control are principally responsible. The absence of effective leadership and its emphasis on political, instead of trade union,
goals do not help. The substitution has diverted much of organized labor’s large financial resources to advancing a political
agenda which has brought no material gains in membership and market share, but stigmatizes the union movement as a “special
interest” group and as the Luddites of the new century: “American labor organizations ... are shaped much more basically by
events of the past century than by forces of the past fifteen years” (Dunlop, 1978, p. 79).
I am indebted to Ka-Neng Au, librarian at the Dana Library of Rutgers University, Newark, for his accurate and timely assistance
with research information and citations of various references. 相似文献
11.
Gary Dean Jaworski 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(3):209-216
Within the context of a discussion of Robert K. Merton’s ideas on leadership in postwar America, the article examines the
nature and impact of Merton’s “sociological parables.” This term refers to short tales from social life from which sociological
lessons with moral implications can be drawn. These parables, such as the bank insolvency story told in “The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy,” illustrate the manner in which Merton merged moral and sociological messages in his writings. Suggestions are made
along the lines that these parables, or at least the moral messages they contain, contributed to Merton’s postwar fame.
His most recent publications are “Simmel’s Contribution to Parsons’ Action Theory and Its Fate,” in Michael Kaern, ed.Georg Simmel and Contempory Sociology (Kluwer, 1990); and “Robert K. Merton’s Extension of Simmel’sUbersehbar” inSociological Theory, Spring 1990. 相似文献
12.
University expansion and the knowledge society 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
For centuries, the processes of social differentiation associated with Modernity have often been thought to intensify the
need for site-specific forms of role training and knowledge production, threatening the university’s survival either through
fragmentation or through failure to adapt. Other lines of argument emphasize the extent to which the Modern system creates
and relies on an integrated knowledge system, but most of the literature stresses functional differentiation and putative
threats to the university. And yet over this period the university has flourished. In our view, this seeming paradox is explained
by the fact that modern society rests as much on universalistic cosmological bases as it does on differentiation. The university
expands over recent centuries because – as it has from its religious origins – it casts cultural and human materials in universalistic
terms. Our view helps explain empirical phenomena that confound standard accounts: the university’s extraordinary expansion
and global diffusion, its curricular and structural isomorphism, and its relatively unified structure. All of this holds increasingly
true after World War II, as national state societies made up of citizens are increasingly embedded in a world society constituted
of empowered individuals. The redefinition of society in global and individual terms reduces nationally bounded models of
nature and culture, extends the pool of university beneficiaries and investigators, and empowers the human persons who are
understood to root it all. The changes intensify universalization and the university’s rate of worldwide growth. For the university’s
knowledge and “knowers,” and for the pedagogy that joins them together, the implications are many. The emerging societal context
intensifies longstanding processes of cultural rationalization and ontological elaboration, yielding great expansions in what
can and should be known, and in who can and should know. These changes in turn alter the menu of approved techniques for joining
knowledge and knower as one. The “knowledge society” that results is distinguished by the extraordinary degree to which the
university is linked to society. But it is also distinguished by the degree to which society is organized around the university’s
abstracted and universalized understandings of the world and its degree-certified graduates.
David John Frank is Associate Professor of Sociology and, by courtesy, Education at the University of California, Irvine. His interests center on world society and global institutions, especially in the realms of environmental protection, higher education, criminalized sex, and expanded personhood. His most recent work includes a 2006 book from Stanford University Press, entitled Reconstructing the University: Worldwide Shifts in Academia in the 20th Century (with Jay Gabler), and an article on “World Society, NGOs, and Environmental Policy Reform in Asia,” forthcoming in the International Journal of Comparative Sociology (with Wesley Longhofer and Evan Schofer). John W. Meyer is Professor of Sociology, emeritus, at Stanford University. He has contributed to organizational theory, comparative education, and the sociology of education, developing lines of thought now called sociological institutional theory. Since the late 1970s, he has done empirical research, and published many papers, on the impact of global society on national states and societies (some papers are collected in Weltkultur: Wie die westlichen Prinzipien die Welt durchdringen, Suhrkamp, 2005). Recently, he completed a collaborative study of worldwide science and its impact on national societies (Drori, et al., Science in the Modern World Polity, Stanford, 2003). Another collaborative project, on the impact of globalization on organizational structures, has just been published (Drori et al., eds., Globalization and Organization, Oxford 2006). He now studies the rise and impact of the world human rights regime, world curricula of mass and higher education, and the global expansion of higher education. 相似文献
David John Frank (Corresponding author)Email: |
John W. MeyerEmail: |
David John Frank is Associate Professor of Sociology and, by courtesy, Education at the University of California, Irvine. His interests center on world society and global institutions, especially in the realms of environmental protection, higher education, criminalized sex, and expanded personhood. His most recent work includes a 2006 book from Stanford University Press, entitled Reconstructing the University: Worldwide Shifts in Academia in the 20th Century (with Jay Gabler), and an article on “World Society, NGOs, and Environmental Policy Reform in Asia,” forthcoming in the International Journal of Comparative Sociology (with Wesley Longhofer and Evan Schofer). John W. Meyer is Professor of Sociology, emeritus, at Stanford University. He has contributed to organizational theory, comparative education, and the sociology of education, developing lines of thought now called sociological institutional theory. Since the late 1970s, he has done empirical research, and published many papers, on the impact of global society on national states and societies (some papers are collected in Weltkultur: Wie die westlichen Prinzipien die Welt durchdringen, Suhrkamp, 2005). Recently, he completed a collaborative study of worldwide science and its impact on national societies (Drori, et al., Science in the Modern World Polity, Stanford, 2003). Another collaborative project, on the impact of globalization on organizational structures, has just been published (Drori et al., eds., Globalization and Organization, Oxford 2006). He now studies the rise and impact of the world human rights regime, world curricula of mass and higher education, and the global expansion of higher education. 相似文献
13.
This study examines the extent of advocacy in the research articles appearing in the journalSocial Problems from 1953–1992. The Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP) was founded in order to counter the mainstream scientism
of the American Sociological Society. Becker’s presidential address to the SSSP in 1966 confronted the issue of advocacy and
the consequences associated with research that does not explicitly “take sides.” The present study investigates advocacy inSocial Problems by means of a typology drawn from Becker’s address. The findings indicate that political advocacy has increased sharply over
the duration ofSocial Problems. Implications of the findings are discussed in the context of value-neutrality and its relation to social problems research. 相似文献
14.
Ines Lindner 《Social Choice and Welfare》2008,30(4):581-601
We analyze the propensity to approve a random proposal of a large committee that makes decisions by weighted voting. The approach
is a generalized version of James Coleman’s “power of a collectivity to act”. Throughout the paper it is assumed that the
voters are of two kinds: a fixed (possibly empty) set of “major” (big) voters with fixed weights, and an ever-increasing number
of “minor” (small) voters, whose total weight is also fixed, but where each individual’s weight becomes negligible. As our
main result, we obtain that asymptotically many minor voters act like a modification of the quota for the vote among major
voters. The paper estimates the rate of convergence which turns out to be very high if the weight distribution among the small
voters is not too skewed. The results obtained are illustrated by evaluating the decision rules for the Council of Ministers
of the EU for various scenarios of EU enlargement.
I wish to thank Matthew Braham, Sidartha Gordon, Maurice Koster, Moshé Machover, Guillermo Owen and two anonymous referees
for helpful comments. 相似文献
15.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
16.
Zachary F. Lansdowne 《Social Choice and Welfare》1996,14(1):125-128
Outranking methods constitute a class of ordinal ranking algorithms for multicriterion decision making. This paper is concerned
with four such methods: K?hler’s primal and dual algorithms, and Arrow–Raynaud’s primal and dual algorithms. Arrow and Raynaud
made the conjecture that these four methods yield the totality of “prudent orders” whenever the outranking matrix has the
“constant sum” property. This paper shows that their conjecture is not valid.
Received: May 29, 1995/Accepted: November 13, 1995 相似文献
17.
Samuel Estreicher 《Journal of Labor Research》2006,27(4):505-511
In September 2005, six unions representing 5.4 million workers held their founding convention as a new federation independent
of the AFL-CIO. Infelicitously named “Change to Win Federation” (CTWF), the new alliance has called for a rededication of
union resources and energies towards organizing the unorganized. Although CTWF has occasioned considerable interest and speculation
among labor supporters and observers, it is difficult to determine why the break occurred, other than, perhaps, the personal
agenda of some of its leaders. An unstated, significant reason may be a desire on the rebels’ part to operate relatively free
of “noraiding” strictures of the AFL-CIO, even though the group disclaims any interest in challenging existing bargaining
relationships and has penned “solidarity pacts” with some of its principal AFL-CIO competitors and with state and local units
of the federation. Competitive forces are missing in the market for workplace representation services. The new group may reignite
the rival unionism that spurred organized labor’s marked growth from 1935–1954, but early returns suggest an emphasis on militant
posturing and on trendy, implausible themes such as “global unionism” and “subcontracting out strikes.” 相似文献
18.
Jan C. Schmidt 《Poiesis & praxis》2011,7(4):249-274
Among others, the term “problem” plays a major role in the various attempts to characterize interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity,
as used synonymously in this paper. Interdisciplinarity (ID) is regarded as “problem solving among science, technology and
society” and as “problem orientation beyond disciplinary constraints” (cf. Frodeman et al.: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010). The point of departure of this paper is that the discourse and practice of ID have problems with the “problem”. The objective
here is to shed some light on the vague notion of “problem” in order to advocate a specific type of interdisciplinarity: problem-oriented interdisciplinarity. The outline is as follows: Taking an ex negativo approach, I will show what problem-oriented ID does not mean. Using references to well-established distinctions in philosophy of science, I will show three other types of ID that
should not be placed under the umbrella term “problem-oriented ID”: object-oriented ID (“ontology”), theory-oriented ID (epistemology),
and method-oriented ID (methodology). Different philosophical thought traditions can be related to these distinguishable meanings.
I will then clarify the notion of “problem” by looking at three systematic elements: an undesired (initial) state, a desired
(goal) state, and the barriers in getting from the one to the other. These three elements include three related kinds of knowledge:
systems, target, and transformation knowledge. This paper elaborates further methodological and epistemological elements of
problem-oriented ID. It concludes by stressing that problem-oriented ID is the most needed as well as the most challenging
type of ID. 相似文献
19.
Minorities and females are underrepresented in the top-income quintile of law school graduates. Employing a binary logistic
regression model, I examine whether this is due to a“glass ceiling” (an invisible barrier erected by third parties) or a“sticky
floor” (self-imposed limitations regarding employment). My major finding is that being female, a minority, or disabled did
not significantly reduce one's probability of making the top-income quintile once hours of work, experience, and other factors
are taken into account. My findings directly contradict the large body of glass-ceiling literature and support the sticky-floor
model.
I thank the Law School Admission Council for funding this research. Helpful comments and suggestions were received from Robert
Nelson of Northwestern University and the American Bar Foundation, Steven Conroy of the University of West Florida, and R.
Kim Craft and Douglas Bonzo of Southern Utah University. The views expressed here are solely those of the author and do not
necessarily reflect those of the institutions or persons listed above. 相似文献
20.
Many sociologists have suggested that the dominant paradigm in sociology ignores the environment, which accounts for the fact
that environmental sociology is poorly represented in sociology’s mainstream journals. The purpose of this article is to test
this assumption empirically by examining the coverage of environmental sociology in nine mainstream sociology journals from
1969 through 1994. The nine journals are separated into two tiers, representing higher and lower prestige journals. Each environmental
article is categorized by its area (attitudes and behaviors, environmental movement, political economy, risk, and “new human
ecology”) and whether it involves “sociology of the environmental issues” (the application of standard sociological perspectives
to environmental issues) or “core environmental sociology” (the examination of societal-environmental relationships). We find
that less than two percent of all articles published in the sampled journals in the twenty-five-year period of study were
environmental, and that the higher tier journals were less likely to publish environmental articles than were the lower tier
journals. Environmental articles were more likely to be part of “core environmental sociology” after 1981 than they were “sociology
of the environmental issues,” which suggests a greater recognition among both environmental sociologists and journal reviewers
that human societies are ecosystem-dependent. The number of environmental articles increased in the 1990s, portending a fruitful
period for sociologists specializing on the environment. We argue that the broader field of sociology can benefit by recognizing
the linkages environmental sociology has to other sociological specializations and that, ultimately, sociology needs to be
able to address environmental variables in order to understand society.
Naomi T. Krogman’s primary interest is in stakeholder framing of environmental disputes and natural resource policy change.
She is currently a research sociologist at the Center for Socioeconomic Research at the University of Southwestern Louisiana
and adjunct faculty in the Department of Sociology, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504-0198.
JoAnne DeRouen Darlington is a research sociologist focusing on social change and community sustainability emerging from the
disastrous interactions between society and the environment. She is currently employed with the Natural Hazards Research Center,
Campus Box 482, Boulder, CO 80309. 相似文献