中西药结合治疗滴虫性阴道炎66例临床观察

目的:了解中西药结合治疗滴虫性阴道炎的疗效。方法:随机设置两组各66例。治疗组采用中药熏洗,外用甲硝唑。对照组用清水洗外阴,外用甲硝唑。结果:治疗组总有效率为100%,对照组有效率为69.7%。结论:采用中西药结合治疗滴虫性阴道炎,应推广应用。     

节育效果问题应引起高度重视

当前学术界一致认为多孩生育、早婚早育是计划生育工作中的两大难题.然而,在研究多孩生育、早婚早育的同时,人们似乎对计划生育工作中另一个重要问题——节育效果问题尚未引起高度的重视.早婚早育、多孩生育、节育效果三者是紧密联系的.节育有效率除直接影响多孩率外,还通过影响早育率间接影响多孩率.节育效果的好坏是解决早婚早育、多孩生育的关键之一.为此,在我国人口控制过程中应当高度重视节育有效率的提高.     

少腹逐瘀汤治疗月经过多146例的疗效观察

对口服西药难以治愈的146例妇女月经过多,作者采用中药少腹逐瘀汤对其进行治疗,并对疗效进行了观察,疗效显著,有效率为100%,应推广应用。     

以改革精神搞好避孕药具管理承包

<正> 我们板石河乡从1979年底开始抓避孕药具管理工作。几年来,由于加强了对避孕药具的管理工作,充分发挥了避孕药具在整个计划生育工作中的作用,药具避孕有效率不断提高。据1984年底统计,全乡药具避孕有效率达到100%,平均每人年用药具金额为2.1229元,比1983年平均每人年用药具金额减少了2.2871元。去年一年为国家节约资金205.839元,计划生育率达到100%,人口自然增长率为1.9‰,全乡实现了“三无”。我们的体会是:     

孕前服务 保障妇女健康 清江区认真做好避孕药具管理工作

四川省巴中县清江区,把做好避孕药具管理,作为孕前服务、减少计划外孕的重要措施来抓。几年来,全区计划发放率保持在98%以上;随访率保持在96%以上;有效率保持在98%以上。不仅减少了计划外怀孕,保护了妇女健康,而且减轻了工作难度,推动了计划生育,密切了党群干群关系。其具体做法简介如下。     

唐山市宫内节育器使用效果的调查

为了研究节育措施对计划生育工作的影响,更好地了解放置宫内节育器的类型、放环时机、施术单位等因素与故环效果之间的关系,进一步提高放置宫内节育器的有效率,我们抽调力量对全市4287名已婚育龄妇女进行了调查。     

微波治疗慢性宫颈炎306例州临床疗效观察

目的为了了解微波治疗慢性宫颈炎的疗效.方法采用微波对306例慢性宫颈炎进行治疗,并观察疗效.结果宫颈糜烂程度与痊愈时间有关,宫颈糜烂合并肥大者,治疗的有效率为100%.结论微波治疗慢性宫颈炎,操作简单、副反应少、治愈率高.     

微波治疗慢性宫颈炎306例临床疗效观察

目的:为了了解微波治疗慢性宫颈炎的疗效。方法:采用微波对306例慢性宫颈炎进行治疗,并观察疗效。结果:宫颈糜烂程度与痊愈时间有关,宫颈糜烂合并肥大者,治疗的有效率为100%。结论:微波治疗慢性宫颈炎,操作简单、副反应少、治愈率高。     

老龄多人口死亡率联合建模与一致性预测

退休年龄以上的老年人群死亡率预测是养老金精算和长寿风险度量的基础。针对我国大陆地区退休年龄以上人群死亡率数据量较小且波动较大的问题,借助多人口联合建模思想,基于单人口CBD模型,提出了一个适用于老龄死亡率建模的Logistic多人口模型。通过加入更多相关人口数据信息来预测我国老年人口死亡率,选取我国台湾地区分性别死亡率相关数据,与我国大陆地区分性别死亡率数据进行联合建模。研究发现,Logistic多人口死亡率模型比单人口CBD模型表现出更好的拟合效果和长期预测一致性效果。     

联合联动连台 推进均等服务

近年来,浙江省绍兴市越城区注重挖掘社区潜力,整合多方资源,以部门联合、信息联动、服务连台的模式,逐步完善了＂属地管理、单位负责,居民自治、社区服务＂的城市人口计生管理体制。该区流动已婚育龄妇女信息掌握率和人口基础信息准确率达95%以上,流动人口重点对象信息反馈及时率达90%以上,流动人口连续三年对计划生育工作的满意度均达95%以上。     

Analysis of the caesarean section rate using the 10-Group Robson classification at Benha University Hospital,Egypt

BackgroundEgypt has the third highest caesarean section rate (54%) in the world and lacks a standard classification system to analyse caesarean section rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Robson classification as an effective caesarean section analysis and monitoring tool.AimTo analyse the caesarean section rate of Benha University Hospital, Egypt using the standard 10-Group Robson classification system.MethodA prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Benha University Hospital from 1 April to 30 June 2018. All women admitted for childbirth were categorised into Robson groups to determine the absolute and relative contribution made by each group to the overall caesarean section rate. Epi Data V.3.1 software programme was used to analyse the data.Findings850 women gave birth during the study period, 466 (55%) by caesarean section (CS). Robson Group 5 (multiparous, term, cephalic presentation and previous caesarean section) contributed the most (36%) to the overall CS rate. 175/308 (56%) women in this group had previously undergone one caesarean section. Group 6 (all nulliparous women with single breech pregnancy) and Group10 (cephalic preterm pregnancies) were the second and the third greatest contributors toward the overall CS rate, with 4.6% and 2.8% respectively.ConclusionsIn keeping with other studies, Groups 5, 6, and 10 were the main contributors to the overall caesarean section rate. We found Robson classification to be clinically relevant and an effective tool to analyse the caesarean section rate even in settings with limited resources.     

An analysis of the fertility of Chinese women]

The 1982 census provided detailed information on fertility in China. It recorded 20,689,704 births in 1981, producing a birth rate of 2.1%, a decrease, respectively, of 43% and more than 50% in comparison with 1952 and 1963. The birth rate has varied widely over the last 30 years, from 3.6% in the early 1950's, to 1.8% in 1961, after a planned birth program was begun, to a record high of 3.7% in 1962 following the economic recovery, to 3.3% in 1970, after a gradual decline through the 1960's. By 1981 the birth rate had declined to 2.1%, clearly resulting from the intense planned fertility promotion begun in the early 1970's. In the mid- and late 50's, urban birth rate was consistently higher than rural, with the mass move to the cities at the beginning of the People's Republic. General economic development after 1957 brought simultaneous declines of both urban and rural rates, both reaching a low point in 1961. Age structure of the population also has an influence, depending on the proportion of childbearing women in the population. In 1981, the fertility of China's childbearing women was 8.3%, lower than that of the developing countries, but higher than the developed countries. By age group, the fertility rates reached 14.7% and 23.9% respectively in women between 20-24 and 25-29 years of age; the legal marriage age is 20. The fertility rate in large cities is generally lower than that of provinces. Higher educational and socio-economic level also exert an inverse influence on fertility rates; in low socio-economic areas the rate reached 3.5%, and in more advanced areas it was held to 2.2%. In all professions with the exception of agriculture, fishing, and forestry, the percentage of families with 1 child was 81.8%. Since planned fertility was implemented, the overall fertility rate has dropped from 3% to 2%. China's fertility mode has changed to that of developed countries, with high intensity between 20 and 29 years of age. Appropriate measures should be taken to lower the fertility rate in different regions.     

A cohort analysis of the fertility of the July 1 People's Commune in Shanghai, County]

The survey was conducted in February-March 1981. The population of this commune at the end of 1980 was 18,608. The cultural and educational levels, economic condition, and work in family planning of this commune form a typical example among numerous similar communes in Shanghai County. The birthrate, natural growth rate, and average fertility rate began to decline in the later half of 1950s and reached the lowest level in 1974. The survey shows a delay in the marriage age. The fertility rate also dropped by 21.31% from 1963 to 1980. The average fertility rate dropped by 162.73% from 1963 to 1980. Among the women of childbearing age, 99% of them have a knowledge of birth control measures, 95% of them have used them before, and 78% are currently using them. All these figures show that the work in family planning in the commune has reached a high level by world standards. 3 factors which have a strong impact on fertility are: the economic and educational level, formation of population elements, and family planning work. A rise in the standard of living and improvement in education normally leads to late marriage and a decline in fertility. An increase in the number of women of childbearing age causes a rise in fertility. The population growth after 1974 is a reflection of this situation. The survey shows that the decline in fertility before 1973 was caused mainly by family planning work.     

A preliminary analysis of negative population growth in Taicang County]

This report attempts to analyze the negative population growth and its significance in Tai-Cang County, China. Based on population data provided by local Tai-Cang authorities, family planning effectively lowered the birth rate from 11.9% between 1960-1969 to 3.0% between 1979-1983. The rate of single-child families grew enormously while the number of 2-child families reached a record low. Families with more than 2 children virtually vanished by 1983. Moreover, while a younger marriage age in 1981 and 1982 contributed to a slight increase in the birth rate, new marriage laws in 1983 caused an older marriage age and acted to lower the birth rate due to the fact that mothers were bearing children at an older age. A change in population components also influenced this low birth rate: the county population below the age of 14 is 21.2% compared with 33.6% nationally; however, the percentage of the population in this county over the age of 65 is 8.5% while the national figure is 4.9%. Finally, the marriagable population of females (i.e., 23 years old) was slightly lower between 1982-1984 due to the low birth rate seen from 1959-1961. The findings indicate that family planning is effective in lowering birth rates along with late marriages and older childbearing ages. The negative population growth in Tai-Cang County, however, is a temporary phenomenon. The indications are that the problems and shortcomings of family planning must be overcome, regional population planning must be improved, and the study of eugenics and optimum population reinforced. The report also notes that the population trend is toward aging.     

An analysis of the birth rate in the Soviet Union after World War II]

Changes in the birth rate in the USSR following World War II were studied in an effort to determine why such changes came about. Statistics show that immediately after the war, there was a short period with a high birth rate, after which the curve started to go down. In the 1950s, the rate was relatively stable, but it declined rapidly in the 1960s and reached a record low in the late 1960s. The rate started to go up in the 1970s and at present it is fluctuating at a low level. There are 2 major reasons for these changes. One fact is that the best childbearing ages are 20-29, and from 1960 to 1970, this age group declined due to the low birth rate during World War II. From 1970 to 1980, this age group grew because of the baby boom following the war. Another reason is the change in the childbearing rate of Russian women. This rate is declining for every age group. Reasons for this are: 1) the number of divorces has increased, with a remarriage rate of only 50%; 2) abortions have become more available; 3) there has been a drop in the number of families with several children; and 4) Russian women are becoming more edcated. As a rule, the better educated these women are, the fewer children they will bear. The birth rate in the USSR will remain low unless there is a change in the social structure.     

The achievements in family planning work in Rudong County as suggested by the data of the Fertility Survey]

A 15% random sampling from Rudong County was recently taken to survey fertility rates. 1153 primary units were chosen, which included 160,832 people. Among this group were 57,050 women aged 15-67 years. Topics surveyed included: marriage, birth, contraception, and population structure. Rudong County, among the earliest counties in China to begin the work of birth control, started in the 1960s with birth control education. The natural rate of population increase by the early 1970s had already fallen. From 1974 to 1982 the average rate of natural population growth was 3.8/1000. Reproduction has gone from a rising trend to a stabilized trend. The base of the population structure pyramid has shrunk; the number of youths aged from birth to 14 years has fallen from 35.05% in 1964 to 21.77% in 1982. The number of people who must be supported (the old and the young) has decreased, lessening society's responsibility for them. 29.45% of the total population are over 65 years or under 14. Society's coefficient factor of support has fallen from 66.31% in 1964 to 41.75%. There is a decrease in the number of people marrying at a young age; the trend is toward marriage at a later age. The average age at marriage had risen from 23.81 years in 1980 to 23.89 years in 1981. The fertility rate has decreased, as has the number of offspring per woman. 1 child family is on the rise and multiple children family is on the decline. In 1981 the 1 child rate reached 92.98%, the 2 children rate was 6.63% and the multiple children rate was 0.49%. Prior to 1979 the 1 child rate was under 10%. The fertility rate fell from 136/1000 in the 1960s to 41.5/1000 in 1981.     

India well prepared for meeting future goals

In India many of the past goals for reduction in birth rates have not been achieved for various reasons, and although contraceptive usage has increased it has not been sufficient to overtake the reduction in death rates. From 1971-80 about 1/2 of the population of the country was subject to a decline in growth rate, and the number of eligible couples using effective contraception was 10.6% in 1971 and 22.7% in 1981 in spite of an increase in the number of such couples. The death rate declined from 27.4 in 1941-51 to 14.8 in 1971-81 with a corresponding increase in life expectancy from 32-52 years. However the growth rate has reached a plateau during 1971-81. Since its inception the Family Welfare Program in India is estimated to have averted 49 million births including 5 million in 1981-82. Future goals are: 1) reduction in birth rate from 35 in 1981 to 21, death rate from 14 to 9 and infant mortality rate from 125 to 60 by the year 2000 along with reductions in maternal mortality and morbidity, and 2) an increase in the percentage of couples protected from 23.6 in 1982 to 60 in 2000, and 3) population size of 950 million by the year 2000 and the commencement of population stabilization leading to a population of about 1200 million by the middle of the 21st century. Future strategies for the promotion of planned parenthood include information, education, and communication programs, incentives and disincentives, involvement of nongovernmental agenices, provision of services and supplies, linkages with other sectors, and monitoring and evaluation activities. Emphasis will be put on interpersonal communication channels to promote the program as a mass movement.     

Preliminary inquiry into changes among women in mountainous regions with regard to marriage and birth]

Research objectives were in China study the changes in marriage, birth, and birth and birth control of mountain women in the last 43 years. The methodology used was random sampling. The sample was taken based on 1% of the agricultural population. The findings show that the unmarried rate of women is currently very low. Remarriage occurs because of the loss of a spouse rather than divorce. Early marriage occurs more frequently with mountain women since they have gradually strayed from the traditional belief of marrying only once. Within the last 40 years, the average age when one married has gradually increased. The percentage of early marriages has decreased and the percentage of late marriages has increased. Prior to 1975, the birth rate was high and now it has decreased. The decrease in the birth rate in 1960 was due to natural disasters; however, the current decreases in the birth rate are due to family planning. The major factors influencing marriage of mountain farmers and birth rate are traditional feudalistic influences, economic life, marriage laws, population policies, culture, and education. The survey was conducted from August 1982 to April 1983. There were 20,174 women ranging from the ages of 15-67 who participated. Findings show that the majority of the unmarried women are now under the age of 25. The percentage of 1st marriages under the legal age reached 2.89%. The average 1st marriage age of women in the 1940s was 19.03. Between 1980-1982 it was 22.30, an increase of 3.27 years since 1940. The percentage of 1st marriages under the age of 18 in the 1940s was 35.96%. It decreased to 2.28% in 1980. The rate of 1st marriages over the age of 23 before 1970 remained approximately 5%. It increased to 56.84% in the early 1980s. The traditional feudalistic influences have greatly affected marriage of mountain farmers. The ratio of more than 1 child per couple reached a rate of over 40%. The improvement of economic life also increased the aggregate birth rate. It reached 7 in the 1950s. With the emphasis no longer on marriage laws and population policies but on family planning, the early marriage rate decreased to below 15% from a previous rate of 40%.     

Applying information to improve family planning in Gaoping County]

The scientific management method of improving family planning through information has produced a low birth rate and natural increase rate in Gaoping County, China, since 1976. In order to promote good family planning, Gaoping County incorporated the scientific management method with the establishment of an information network that included information banks, files, and newspaper columns. The officials of Gaoping County focused their efforts on women most susceptible to unplanned childbirth, e.g., women uneducated in birth control and prenatal care. The women were divided into groups according to their educational needs, e.g., women who were hesitant toward birth control, women who used birth control, women who never reproduced, and women who were newly married. By educating these women to the aspects of planned childbirth, prenatal testing, prenatal care, and contraceptives, Gaoping County effectively promoted good family planning in the areas of birth control and family health. The following statistics are the results of incorporating the scientific management system in family planning of Gaoping County. In 1983, the birth rate in Gaoping County was 11.3%, a 2.8% decline from 1982; the mortality rate decreased 0.2% to a rate of 7.6%; and the natural increase rate decreased 2.6% to a rate of 3.7%. The planned birth rate in 1983 was 90.1% and the rate of 1 child per couple was 91%. This was an increase from the 1982 rates of 21.3% and 25.2%, respectively. From January 1984 to June 1984 the planned birth rate reached 97.2%. These statistics are evidence of the positive results in using information in family planning.