一种车险先验风险分布的参数估计方法

采用全体车险保单组合的风险损失数据(即先验信息)作为定价的信度补充,是车险精算定价的主流方法;而得到风险损失的先验分布或特征信息是经验费率定价的基础.文章引入过程和结构方差分析方法对车险索赔过程的先验分布参数进行估计;并提出了针对索赔频率和索赔额模型的参数估计方法.该方法能快速近似估计多参数分布模型,优于传统参数估计方法.     

基于Bayes统计推断的极值风险测度模型

极值分布的参数估计是计算极值风险的关键。文章运用Bayes方法,研究了极值分布的参数估计问题,得到了极值数据的后验分布。作为一个应用,对某水文观测站的年最高水位数据进行了分析,并用极大似然估计和Bayes估计得到极值风险的测量值,解读两者之间差别。研究结果表明,Bayes参数估计方法更有效。     

变环境情形下对数正态分布分组数据的参数估计

文章研究了变环境情形下对数正态分布分组数据可靠性估计的参数估计问题.给出了一种基于EM算法的变环境分组数据Log-normal分布参数估计方法,其估计量具有良好的收敛性,模拟结果表明了这种方法的实践可操作性.     

含非随机缺失数据的面板数据参数估计方法

抽样调查领域常采用对多个受访者进行跟踪调查得到面板数据,进而对总体特性进行统计推断,在面板数据中常含缺失数据,大多数处理面板缺失数据的软件都是直接删去含缺失值的受访者以得到完全数据集,当数据缺失机制为非随机缺失时会导致总体参数估计结果有偏。本文针对数据缺失机制为非随机缺失情形下,如何对面板数据进行统计分析进行了阐述,主要采用的是基于模型的似然推断法,对目标变量、缺失指示变量和随机效应向量的联合分布建模,在已有选择模型和模式混合模型的基础上,引入随机效应,研究目标变量期望的计算方法,并研究随机效应杂合模型下参数的估计方法,在变量分布相对简单的情形下给出了用极大似然法推断总体参数的估计步骤,最后通过模拟分析比较方法的优劣。     

异质性数据下广义线性模型的Maximin似然比估计及应用

针对具有多个来源的异质性数据,文献中通常提出复杂程度较高的模型用于描述每个数据子总体的特征,而本文着眼于刻画不同数据子总体的共性进而建立一个简单的模型。在参数估计方面,本文借鉴了普通线性模型的Maximin估计思想,提出了适用于广义线性模型的Maximin似然比估计方法及稀疏结构下的惩罚估计。该方法通过最大化所有子总体中似然比统计量的最小值,构建成一个简单而保守的模型,以减少数据来源较多而呈现的复杂性。所提方法适用于因变量服从正态分布、两点分布、泊松分布等指数族分布的情形,丰富了前人的研究成果,具有更好的实践意义。模拟分析显示,相比于经典的估计方法,Maximin似然比估计方法不仅能够有效地探寻子总体的共性,而且具有较高的样本外预测精度。本文提出的方法也适用于政府统计和经济统计中具有异质性的大型数据集。     

基于样本回答率视角下的总体参数估计

文章构建了基于样本回答率视角下的总体参数估计量模型,讨论了总体参数估计量方差及方差的估计,实证检验了估计模型,并分析了样本回答率对总体参数估计精度的影响.     

问卷分割设计的模拟研究——小域估计的一种应用

针对长问卷存在无回答率和回答负担,从而导致统计调查精度降低的问题,采用问卷分割法解决该问题,并且通过小域估计的方法进行参数估计。模拟研究表明,利用小域估计方法对分割问卷进行参数估计显然优于用多重插补法进行参数估计。研究结果表明,运用小域估计方法对分割问卷进行参数估计,能显著提高统计调查的精度。     

顾客满意度的Bayes估计

文章讨论了顾客满意度的Bayes估计模型,给出了在先验分布为未知或为Dirichlet分布情形下的Bayes估计,并且给出了在不同条件下,Dirichlet先验分布的超参数估计。应用顾客满意度的Bayes估计模型进行了实例分析。最后,对顾客满意度的Bayes估计模型的使用范围进行了简洁的论述。     

基于随机右截尾样本的指数分布的环境因子估计

文章研究了随机右截尾情形下指数分布的环境因子的参数估计,在两环境下样本容量相同的条件下,得到了指数分布的环境因子的最大似然估计与区间估计.     

动态面板模型参数估计方法的比较研究

本文借助于蒙特卡洛模拟方法,在综合比较了主流动态面板模型参数估计方法优劣的同时,分析了动态面板模型参数估计有效性检验统计量的检验功效.结论表明:广泛应用的差分和系统GMM的参数估计方法,在小样本情况下,存在明显的参数估计偏差,相应的参数检验功效也存在扭曲,固定效应方差比越大这一偏差越明显,偏差修正和极大似然的动态面板模型参数估计方法参数估计的有效性越高.当动态面板模型的被解释变量为截断变量时,差分和系统GMM的参数估计偏差更为明显,而转换的Tobit模型则能够提供稳健的参数估计.固定效应方差比越大,弱工具变量检验的LM和CLR功效越稳健.本文最后将不同的动态面板模型估计方法,应用于劳动力迁移引致的区域工资差距问题的研究,进一步验证了蒙特卡洛模拟研究结论的稳健性.     

RISK PREFERENCES UNDER PRICE UNCERTAINTIES AND PRODUCTION RISK

This paper deals with estimation of risk preferences of producers when they face uncertainties in output and input prices, in addition to uncertainty in production (usually labeled as production risk). All these uncertainty components are modeled in the context of production theory where the producers maximize expected utility of anticipated profit. Risk preference functions associated with these uncertainties are derived without assuming a specific form of the utility function. Moreover, no distributional assumptions are made on the distributions of the random variables representing price and production uncertainties. A multi-stage estimation procedure is developed to estimate the parameters of the production function and risk preference functions associated with output price uncertainty, input price uncertainty and production risk. Production risk is specified in such a way that one can identify inputs with increasing, decreasing and constant production risks. Similarly, risk aversion behavior is specified in such a way that one can test for different types of risk aversion behavior.     

Adaptive utility and trial aversion

Decision making with adaptive utility provides a generalisation to classical Bayesian decision theory, allowing the creation of a normative theory for decision selection when preferences are initially uncertain. In this paper we address some of the foundational issues of adaptive utility as seen from the perspective of a Bayesian statistician. The implications that such a generalisation has upon the traditional utility concepts of value of information and risk aversion are also explored, with a new concept of trial aversion introduced that is similar to risk aversion, but which concerns a decision maker's aversion to selecting decisions with high uncertainty over resulting utility.     

Ambiguity in the Cross-Section of Expected Returns: An Empirical Assessment

This article estimates and tests the smooth ambiguity model of Klibanoff, Marinacci, and Mukerji based on stock market data. We introduce a novel methodology to estimate the conditional expectation, which characterizes the impact of a decision maker’s ambiguity attitude on asset prices. Our point estimates of the ambiguity parameter are between 25 and 60, whereas our risk aversion estimates are considerably lower. The substantial difference indicates that market participants are ambiguity averse. Furthermore, we evaluate if ambiguity aversion helps explaining the cross-section of expected returns. Compared with Epstein and Zin preferences, we find that incorporating ambiguity into the decision model improves the fit to the data while keeping relative risk aversion at more reasonable levels. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Efficient estimation of nonparametric spatial models with general correlation structures

Spatially correlated data appear in many environmental studies, and consequently there is an increasing demand for estimation methods that take account of spatial correlation and thereby improve the accuracy of estimation. In this paper we propose an iterative nonparametric procedure for modelling spatial data with general correlation structures. The asymptotic normality of the proposed estimators is established under mild conditions. We demonstrate, using both simulation and case studies, that the proposed estimators are more efficient than the traditional locally linear methods which fail to account for spatial correlation.     

信贷约束、风险态度与家庭资产选择

本文运用中国家庭金融调查数据（CHFS）,从信贷约束与风险态度两个方面研究其对家庭资产的参与及配置影响。研究发现,在控制其他因素情况下,家庭信贷约束会增加家庭风险厌恶程度;受到信贷约束的家庭,其房产持有概率和房产市值均显著下降;其股票持有概率会显著下降,但对其持有股票市值影响并不显著;受到信贷约束的家庭,其购买商业保险的概率偏低;家庭风险态度对家庭房产选择的影响不显著;对股票资产的持有概率和持有量均产生负向影响,对商业保险资产的持有则产生显著正向影响。     

E-Bayesian estimation and its E-posterior risk of the exponential distribution parameter based on complete and type I censored samples

Abstract

This article studies E-Bayesian estimation and its E-posterior risk, for failure rate derived from exponential distribution, in the case of the two hyper parameters. In order to measure the estimated risk, the definition of E-posterior risk (expected posterior risk) is proposed based on the definition of E-Bayesian estimation. Moreover, under the different prior distributions of hyper parameters, the formulas of E-Bayesian estimation and formulas of E-posterior risk are given respectively, these estimations are derived based on a conjugate prior distribution for the unknown parameter under the squared error loss function. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the performances of the proposed methods of estimation and a real data set have been analyzed for illustrative purposes, results are compared on the basis of E-posterior risk.     

Robust Estimation for Zero‐Inflated Poisson Regression

Abstract. The zero‐inflated Poisson regression model is a special case of finite mixture models that is useful for count data containing many zeros. Typically, maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is used for fitting such models. However, it is well known that the ML estimator is highly sensitive to the presence of outliers and can become unstable when mixture components are poorly separated. In this paper, we propose an alternative robust estimation approach, robust expectation‐solution (RES) estimation. We compare the RES approach with an existing robust approach, minimum Hellinger distance (MHD) estimation. Simulation results indicate that both methods improve on ML when outliers are present and/or when the mixture components are poorly separated. However, the RES approach is more efficient in all the scenarios we considered. In addition, the RES method is shown to yield consistent and asymptotically normal estimators and, in contrast to MHD, can be applied quite generally.     

Bayesian comparison of private and common values in structural second-price auctions

Private and common values (CVs) are the two main competing valuation models in auction theory and empirical work. In the framework of second-price auctions, we compare the empirical performance of the independent private value (IPV) model to the CV model on a number of different dimensions, both on real data from eBay coin auctions and on simulated data. Both models fit the eBay data well with a slight edge for the CV model. However, the differences between the fit of the models seem to depend to some extent on the complexity of the models. According to log predictive score the IPV model predicts auction prices slightly better in most auctions, while the more robust CV model is much better at predicting auction prices in more unusual auctions. In terms of posterior odds, the CV model is clearly more supported by the eBay data.     

Reinterpreting a Temporally Aggregated Consumption CAP Model

Recent literature has found that the coefficient of relative risk aversion estimated through consumption-based asset-pricing models is implausibly high, even when the phenomenon of temporal aggregation is taken into account. This article suggests that an IMA (1,1) process be assumed as the generating mechanism of consumption, instead of the standard random-walk process. In this case, if the coefficient of the moving average component is negative, the implied value of the coefficient of relative risk aversion can be reduced to plausible levels. Some empirical and theoretical support for the IMA (1,1) hypothesis is also presented and discussed.     

Asset Prices Under Habit Formation and Reference-Dependent Preferences

This article explains the high level and the countercyclical variation of the equity premium in a consumption-based asset pricing model with low large-scale risk aversion. Investors have gain-loss utility over consumption relative to slowly time-varying habit. Stocks deliver low returns in recessions when consumption falls below habit; investors therefore require a high premium for holding stocks. The model's conditional moment restrictions are tested on consumption and asset returns data. The empirical estimate of large-scale risk aversion is low, whereas the estimate of loss aversion agrees with prior experimental evidence.