计划生育利益导向影响因素分析

陕西省西安市计生委2002年立项课题“西安市完善计划生育利益导向机制研究”,对西安市计划生育奖励与社会保障工作进行了全面系统研究,本文结合西安市计划生育优惠政策落实状况,对照法律法规规定的奖励优惠政策,分析和探讨计划生育利益导向机制的运作环境及影响因素,并提出完善计划生育利益导向机制的思路和设想。一、计划生育优惠政策落实状况分析考察计划生育优惠政策的落实状况,是以1997年8月2日修订实施的《陕西省计划生育条例》(以下简称《条例》)第五章优待与奖励中规定的内容为基本标准,以独生子女和双女户家庭实际接受到的物质利益…     

从广东省实践看农村计生养老保险工作

广东省1980年出台了《广东省计划生育条例》(以下简称《条例》),其中规定对独生子女户每月发给保健费及给予一次性奖励。1986年及1992年修改后的新《条例》规定,对农村纯生二女户给予一次性奖励和依据县、乡镇的财力给予购买养老保险(基金)。1998年广东省人大再次对《条例》进行了修改,第二十六条规定,“积极发展农村社会养老保险事业,建立和健全人口与计划生育基金会,优先解决农村独生子女和纯二女结扎户的养老等问题”。     

计划生育奖励政策落实难现象应引起关注——关于江苏省昆山市计划生育奖励政策执行情况的调查与思考

《中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法》(以下简称《法》)已于2002年9月1日起正式施行,《江苏省计划生育条例》(以下简称《条例》)也于2002年12月1日起正式施行。根据《法》和《条例》的规定,公民必须依法履行计划生育的义务,公民同时应依法享受计划生育的奖励优惠政策。然而,公民的这一权利尚不能完全享受,特别是在非公企业尤为突出,群众反映强烈。 为此江苏省昆山市对独生子女父母奖励政策执行情况进行了专项调查。     

新形势下计生利导机制的调整和完善

计划生育利益导向机制是人口计生工作的重要内容,是指政府通过制定政策,采取奖励、优先优惠、救助扶持、补充社会保障等手段,使实行计划生育的家庭得到诸多优惠、优待和照顾,从而引导生育主体主动自愿实行计划生育。利益导向机制的建立,让计划生育家庭在经济上得到实惠,自觉实行生育政策,对稳定低生育水平、统筹解决人口问题发挥了积极作用。但随着改革开放的深入,我国实施计划生育利益导向的经济社会环境发生了重大变化,计划生育利益导向机制需要进一步调整和完善。     

我国计划生育是否只奖不罚了

我国的计划生育政策从20世纪70年代开始全面推行。在长期实践中,人口和计划生育工作逐步形成了奖励和处罚并举的工作方法。各地的《人口与计划生育条例》都有对实行计划生育的夫妻给予奖励、对违反政策法规生育的夫妻进行行政制约和经济限制的规定。但由于国家财力有限等原因,计划生育奖励优惠不完善, 已有的政策也未能完全落实到位,出现了重“罚”轻“奖”的情况。 2000年《中共中央国务院关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定》明确提出,要建立和完善计划生育利益导向机制,落实对实行计划生育家庭的奖励和优惠政策,解除群众实行计划生育的后顾之忧。 2001年出台的《人口与计划生育法》专门对此进行规定,对实行计划生育的夫妻给予奖励,并建立健全社会     

跃上新台阶——对新修订《广东省计划生育条例》的认识

1998年 9月 18日 ,广东省人民代表大会常务委员会修订的《广东省计划生育条例》(以下简称新条例 ) ,已于 10月 18日颁布施行。新条例是我省在经济社会的全面发展中 ,为了创造新优势 ,更上一层楼而修订的。新条例的实施 ,将促进我省计划生育 ,促进我省社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设 ,跃上新台阶。原《广东省计划生育条例》 (以下简称原条例 ) ,自执行以来 ,对控制我省人口过快增长起了积极作用 ,其中从 1991年开始 ,连续七年完成了国家下达的人口计划指标 ,人口与计划生育工作不断进步。然而 ,前进的步伐迈得不快 ,收到的成效不够理想。人…     

各地人口与计划生育条例奖惩条款的问题研究

《中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法》施行以来,各地修订了原有的人口与计划生育条例,但是在奖励与社会保障对象的界定以及社会抚养费标准的确定、征收办法这两方面还存在问题。对此进行分析并提出相关建议有益于法规的进一步完善。     

广东修订《计生条例》

1992年11月28日,广东省第七届人大常委会第29次会议审议通过了《广东省计划生育条例》(以下简称《条例》),重新修订后的《条例》已由原6章28条增至为7章43条。《条例》是1980年2月2日颁布实施的,1986年6月2日曾作修改并重新公布。《条例》的实施,对控制我省的人口增长起了积极作用。但随着改革开放、经济建设的发展,     

如何应对《婚姻登记条例》的实施对计划生育工作带来的挑战

《中华人民共和国婚姻法》和《婚姻登记管理条例》的修订是2003年全国社会生活中的一件大事,尤其是《婚姻登记管理条例》的修订,成为当前社会关注和议论的热点之一。由于婚姻登记工作与计划生育工作密切相关,因此,《婚姻登记条例》(以下简称《条例》)的实施,对继续抓紧抓好计划生育工作提出了新的考验。本文就《条例》的实施,对人口和计划生育工作带来的影响及其对策,谈一些粗浅的看法。     

开展计划生育社会保障工作初析

计划生育社会保障是国家对群众实行计划生育给予的社会保险,保障的内容是与群众实行计划生育、落实避孕节育措施密切联系的手术平安、子女安康、养老以及有关福利需要。国家《人口与计划生育法》明确指出“国家依靠宣传教育、科学技术进步、综合服务、建立健全奖励和社会保障制度,开展人口与计划生育工作”,并对建立健全奖励和社会保障机制做出了明确的规定。因此,如何着力解决实行计划生育的广大育龄群众,尤其是农民     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.