Identifying race and ethnicity in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is among the few surveys to provide multiple reports on respondents’ race and ethnicity. Respondents were initially classified as Hispanic, black, or “other” on the basis of data collected during 1978 screener interviews. Respondents subsequently self-reported their “origin or descent” in 1979, and their race and Hispanic origin in 2002; the latter questions conform to the federal standards adopted in 1997 and used in the 2000 census. We use these data to (a) assess the size and nature of the multiracial population, (b) measure the degree of consistency among these alternative race-related variables, and (c) devise a number of alternative race/ethnicity taxonomies and determine which does the best job of explaining variation in log-wages. A key finding is that the explanatory power of race and ethnicity variables improves considerably when we cross-classify respondents by race and Hispanic origin. Little information is lost when multiracial respondents are assigned to one of their reported race categories because they make up only 1.3% of the sample.

我国老年人口失能判别及其对健康预期寿命影响分析

老年人口失能水平对健康预期寿命的测算具有重要影响,而不同数据来源的老年人口失能水平存在着较大差异。本文以经过模型生命表调整的2015年1%人口抽样数据所计算的生命表为基础,以2010年人口普查、2015年1%人口抽样调查、2015年CHARLS数据和2014年CLHLS数据为资料来源,探讨老年人口分年龄失能状况及其对健康预期寿命测算结果的影响。老年人失能率较大程度地影响着健康预期寿命及其性别年龄模式。无论是失能的主观评价指标还是客观评价指标,不同数据来源的高龄老人失能率差别较大;CHARLS数据中高龄老人失能率偏倚原因可能产生于调查过程中的系统误差,而非样本规模较小;CLHLS和CHARLS中的问卷访题设计也是影响失能程度判别的重要因素。因此,在理论和应用层面上探讨我国老年人口特别是高龄老人失能水平的差异及其原因,逐步形成共识是学界亟待解决的重要问题。     

Mortality and Attrition Processes in Longitudinal Studies in Africa: An Appraisal of the Iford Surveys

This paper considers the impact of sample-attrition through dropouts on mortality analyses, using the pioneering IFORD survey of Yaounde (Cameroon). The essential issue in the IFORD surveys is the possibility that mortality of members of the cohort may differentially select some children, with specific underlying characteristics. The paper implements a method to assess the following three distinct concerns that may arise in the analysis of the IFORD data: (a) the estimation of the relationship between the covariates and the rate of occurrence of mortality or attrition over time; (b) the study of the interrelation between processes under a specific set of conditions during intervals between rounds for those children still alive and in the survey at the beginning of each interval; and (c) the issue of whether mortality and mortality differentials are affected when attrition is ignored. This approach accounts for sample-selection bias that may have resulted in the attrition process. The analyses provide insights into the debate, which has been ongoing since the late 1970s among students of African demography, regarding the selection problem in the IFORD surveys. Based on a multinomial survival modelling and bivariate probit with sample-selection framework, the results substantiate the belief that average levels and differentials of mortality would not have been different for children who dropped out from the survey than for those who remained in the survey. This is evidence that mortality estimates are virtually unaffected if attrition is ignored.     

我国老年人健康自评的差异性分析——基于2002年和2005年全国老年跟踪调查数据

健康自评能反映健康状态的主观和客观的两个方面,是评价老年人健康状况的一个重要指标.本文旨在回答我国老年人健康自评的变化,从而为改善老年人的健康状况提供参考.采用2002年和2005年两次全国老年调查数据,对不同老年人群体的健康自评的差异性进行分析并进一步探究影响因素.     

Longitudinal Analysis of the Domains of Satisfaction Before and After Disability: Evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel

The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of the onset of disability on life satisfaction and five different domains of satisfaction (health, household income, housing, job, leisure) for German individuals. Particular attention is paid to examining whether individuals can adapt to disability over time before and after its onset in terms of satisfaction. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) for the period 1984?C2008, we estimate an innovative fixed-effects model on life satisfaction and each domain of satisfaction for working-age males (aged 21?C58), which allows us to estimate lag and lead effects and thus to test the anticipation and adaptation hypotheses. Although individual obtain complete adaptation to disability in terms of global life satisfaction (5?years after the onset), this adaptation is not complete in all domains of satisfaction. For example, despite the fact that the levels of health satisfaction drop as the individual becomes disabled, after the onset it increases but the levels are lower than those reached before the onset. In contrast, the adaptation is especially faster in the terms of leisure satisfaction (3?years after the onset), household income and housing satisfaction (5?years after the onset in both cases). Our results support the findings obtained in other psychological studies that conclude that the domain of disability extends far beyond health related concerns to encompass the person??s well-being definition of self and social position. Finally, these findings may help policy makers and government to promote social and economic measures and actions lead to increase the scores of global well-being and specific domains of satisfaction of this collective.     

人口职业和行业结构及其变动对市场需求的影响——兼论人口的行职业结构及其变动的商业意义

本文分别论述了人口职业、行业结构的差异以及人口行职业结构的变动对市场需求的影响 ,并指出了其所具有的商业意义     

Informal Caregiving and Quality of Life Among Older Adults: Prospective Analyses from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH)

Social Indicators Research - Providing unpaid informal care to someone who is ill or disabled is a common experience in later life. While a supportive and potentially rewarding role, informal care...     

Popular Criteria for the Welfare Deservingness of Disability Pensioners: The Influence of Structural and Cultural Factors

Research has shown that several criteria underlie people’s opinions about the welfare deservingness of benefit recipients. However, it remains unknown which factors are associated with the emphasis that people place on such criteria. Using a 2006 Dutch national survey on the welfare deservingness of disability pension recipients, we study the influence of structural and cultural factors on people’s emphasis on three deservingness criteria: control, need, and reciprocity. OLS regression analyses show that people’s emphasis on specific deservingness criteria is strengthened by structural factors that indicate the possibility of resource competition such as the following: age, lower levels of education, unemployment, and lower income. However, actual personal experience with receiving welfare benefits weakens criteria emphasis. Cultural factors such as the espousal of views from the political right and the possession of a strong work ethic are associated with a heightened emphasis on deservingness criteria.     

Examining the Reciprocity Between Perceived Discrimination and Health: A Longitudinal Perspective

Population Research and Policy Review - This study aims to fill two interrelated knowledge gaps in the extant literature on the association between perceived discrimination and health. First,...     

农村未婚青年生殖健康现状及需求研究

本文根据对农村未婚青年生殖健康现状问卷调查和座谈调查的结果,对农村未婚在业青年的生殖健康现状及其对婚前性行为、人工流产的态度进行了分析研究,同时还探讨了农村未婚青年对计划生育服务的需求,最后还就提高农村未婚青年生殖健康水平提出了一些对策性建议。     

Cross-National Sources of Health Inequality: Education and Tobacco Use in the World Health Survey

The spread of tobacco use from the West to other parts of the world, especially among disadvantaged socioeconomic groups, raises concerns not only about the indisputable harm to global health but also about worsening health inequality. Arguments relating to economic cost and diffusion posit that rising educational disparities in tobacco use—and associated disparities in health and premature mortality—are associated with higher national income and more advanced stages of cigarette diffusion, particularly among younger persons and males. To test these arguments, we use World Health Survey data for 99,661 men and 123,953 women from 50 low-income to upper-middle–income nations. Multilevel logistic regression models show that increases in national income and cigarette diffusion widen educational disparities in smoking among young persons and men but have weaker influences among older persons and women. The results suggest that the social and economic patterns of cigarette adoption across low- and middle-income nations foretell continuing, and perhaps widening, disparities in mortality.     

家庭风险分担机制对农村医疗保险需求的影响——对四川省的初步调查报告

本文在观察四川农户健康风险应付行为的基础上 ,把家庭风险分担团体视为一个组织 ,与正式保险组织在制度、组织和管理三个方面作比较分析和定量的相关性分析。结果表明 ,家庭风险分担团体与正式保险组织有部分替代性和优越性 ,其功能与农户对正式健康保险的需求呈负相关     

婚姻对个体精神健康的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查的实证分析

文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据实证研究发现,已婚者比离婚、丧偶和未婚者的抑郁水平更低;从未结婚者抑郁程度最高,离婚者抑郁程度次之,再次是丧偶者的抑郁程度;并且婚姻对男性精神健康保护效应大于女性.分居会降低个体精神健康水平,这种作用对农村男性更加显著,说明婚姻对精神健康的保护效应受到婚姻质量的影响.婚姻匹配方式会显著影响女性精神健康:女性与受教育程度相当或者低于自己的男性结婚,其抑郁水平会增加,在农村地区尤为明显.高质量的婚姻对个体精神健康具有保护效应,家庭和婚姻能有效改善个体精神健康.     

Quality of Life of Some Under-Represented Survey Respondents: Youth, Aboriginals and Unemployed

Examining an aggregated sample (N=8800) of residents who responded to one of 16 surveys undertaken in Prince George, British Columbia in the period from November 1997 to February 2005, it was found that satisfaction with the quality of life of unemployed residents is lower than that of residents with Aboriginal backgrounds and that satisfaction with the quality of life of the latter is still lower than that of young people. Nevertheless, satisfaction with the quality of life of young people was significantly lower than that of the total sampled population, as well as that of the selected mid-life and retirement groups. Regarding predictors of our three global dependent variables (satisfaction with life as a whole and with the overall quality of life, and happiness) for the three groups (unemployed, Aboriginals and youth) and the total population, we found that the Aboriginal group was most different from all others. Satisfaction with one’s own self-esteem was the most influential predictor of each global indicator for every group except Aboriginal residents. For the latter, self-esteem satisfaction was only the strongest predictor of satisfaction with the overall quality of life. The strongest predictor of life satisfaction for the Aboriginal group was satisfaction with friendships, and there were two domain satisfaction scores tied (friendships and living partner) for most influential predictors of happiness. Self-esteem satisfaction ranked second in strength of influence on Aboriginal happiness and life satisfaction.     

社交活动对老年人口健康状况影响的量化分析

人口老龄化已成为中国社会的常态,老年人口健康及其相关问题研究日益成为政府、社会和学者共同关注的焦点。本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2015年数据,针对老年人口社交活动难以量化的问题,构建"社交活跃度"指标,利用OLS回归和IV-regress二阶段回归模型分析社交活动对中国老年人口健康状况的影响。实证结果表明:第一,我国老年人社交活动水平整体呈现低活跃型特征,社交形式比较单一。第二,社交活动确实会对中国老年人口的健康状况产生影响,老年人健康状况在各影响因素不同水平下表现出显著差异,尤其受教育程度较高、经济状况较好以及较高的社交活跃度会对老年人健康产生积极正向影响。第三,老年人积极参与社交活动能够显著改善其健康状况,参与多项社交活动且参与活动频率高对老年人口健康状况的优化作用尤其明显。因此,我们应提升中国老年人口的社交活跃度。老年人应积极主动参与丰富多彩的社交活动,社区、基层政府及社会企业应构建并完善与老年人社交活动及健康保障相配套的产品和服务体系,国家层面则应更加积极地完善相关的老龄化政策、制度。     

Understanding How Policy and Culture Create Oppressive Conditions for LGBTQ2S Youth in the Shelter System

This study examined the experiences that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, and two-spirit (LGBTQ2S) homeless youth have in shelters and the disjunctures that occur for this population in Toronto’s shelter system. The attitudes and behaviors of shelter workers and management toward LGBTQ2S youth were also explored. A critical action research approach, informed by critical ethnography and institutional ethnography was employed. Thirty-three people participated in this study in the Greater Toronto Area. The study triangulated data from interviews, focus groups, observations, and document analysis. The systemic enactment of homophobia, transphobia, and hegemonic masculinity are often normalized in shelters and create significant barriers to safe, accessible, and supportive services for LGBTQ2S youth. Excessive bureaucratic regulation and the lack of necessary bureaucratic regulation in highly significant areas play a key role in creating the disjunctures that occur for LGBTQ2S youth in shelters.     

城市老年人闲暇时间安排及对健康的影响

本文使用北京市西城区调查数据,从时间利用的不同维度和健康的不同层面,借助描述分析呈现城市老年人除社会参与和锻炼身体以外被广泛忽略的绝大部分闲暇时间安排的基本状况,基于回归模型考察这些家庭内部个体性的闲暇时间安排对老年健康的影响。结果显示,城市老年人除社会参与和锻炼身体以外主要以消磨时间为主,此类活动时间长短与健康并未呈现显著正相关;闲暇时间里各类活动的安排(与不安排该项活动相比)都能提升老年人的生理健康和心理健康状况,但仅呈现出干预效应,多数活动的时间长短、程度高低并无显著影响;自我提升型活动的有无、时间长短、程度高低可以显著影响老年人的生理和心理健康;精神追求层面更高的闲暇活动则会显著提升老年人的主观幸福感。     

多子多福？——子女数量对父母健康的影响

常言道“多子多福”,调查的数据是否支持该论断呢？本文利用《城市居民家庭生活调查》数据研究了子女数量对父母健康的影响。为了解决子女数量内生性问题,本文在估计中使用了工具变量的方法进行分析。研究结果显示当不考虑内生性问题时,子女越多的父母亲其健康自评水平越高,但当使用工具变量进行估计时子女数量对父母的健康自评产生了显著的负面影响。本文分析还发现子女数量对男性健康自评的负面影响要大于对女性健康自评的影响。这可能是因为相对于女性而言,子女越多男性抚养子女的压力越大导致的。     

中国老年人的养老需求及家庭和社会养老资源现状——基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查的分析

根据2014年中国老年社会追踪调查(CLASS)数据,从身体和心理健康、经济状况、社会参与、养老期望几个方面探讨我国老年人养老的突出需求和特点.对老年人家庭规模、成员构成、居住方式、子女状况等家庭养老资源和社会保障、医疗卫生服务、养老设施、社会服务等社会养老资源展开分析.研究发现:空巢家庭的老人已达47.53％;有12.54％的老年人需要不同程度的照料;失能老年人的孤独感问题和农村老年人的认知问题比较突出;老年人的经济独立程度提高,但城乡、地区之间的养老金差异较大;参与正式劳动就业的老年人比例下降而公益活动参与比例提升;我国老年人在享受老年优待、高龄津贴等福利方面取得了显著进展,但养老设施或机构的覆盖面存在明显的城乡差异.