NEGOTIATING CONTINUITY: Family and Religious Socialization for Second-Generation Asian Americans

This article examines second-generation Asian Americans' explanations of the significant influences on their own religious identities. Data include interviews (N = 73) with college-aged Asian Americans from different religious traditions and ethnic backgrounds. Respondents viewed families as the most significant influence on current religiosity. Mothers and fathers were mentioned most often, followed by extended kin, siblings, and relatives, who acted as what we call "reinforcers,""substitutes," or "contrasts" to the roles that parents played in religious socialization. These roles occurred along two religious configurations within families: heterogeneous or homogeneous degrees of religious commitment and religious affiliation. Directions for future research and contributions to the religious transmission literature follow.     

Agents of Religious Socialization Among American Jews*

This study analyzes the process of religious socialization among American Jews using a sample of Chicago area adults. Two studies of Catholic schooling by Andrew Greeley and co-authors provides a conceptual framework. In addition to religious schooling, parental religiosity and spouse's religiosity analyzed in the Catholic school studies, this paper considers the effects of peer influences, youth group participation, and summer camping. An explanatory (path) model of religious socialization is developed. The findings indicate that four agents of religious socialization are consistently the best predictors of all types of adult religious involvement. They rank differently, however, in their predictive power. Contrary to many previous studies, these data show that parental influences tend to be more indirect than direct, mainly performing a channeling function; religious schooling has both substantial direct and indirect effects; and adult experiences are often more important than childhood experiences in the socialization process.     

Youth Culture Religious Movements: Evaluating the Integrative Hypothesis*

This paper assesses the “integrative hypothesis” as an aid to understanding the current emergence of new religious movements appealing mainly to young persons. Four ways in which these movements reintegrate young persons into the social system are identified: adjustive socialization, combination, compensation, and redirection. The limitations of each of these as an explanation for the integrative consequences of youth culture religious movements are discussed. A distinction is made between adaptive movements which actually appear to reassimilate social “dropouts” into conventional instrumental routines, and marginal movements which appear to take converts out of conventional roles and routines, but which also perform latent tension management functions for the social system. The correlated properties of adaptive and marginal movements and the tendency for marginal movements to evolve into adaptive movements are discussed. Finally, the problem of “reductionism” in analyzing religious movements in terms of their latent integrative “functions” is discussed.     

新媒介环境下传媒与青少年社会化研究

本文对近十几年来国内有关传媒与青少年社会化问题的文献进行了系统回顾,归纳出研究现状和特点:网络和电视等电子媒介是研究的主要内容;研究集中于社会化的结果,缺乏对于青少年的认知机制如何影响其处理传媒的信息的过程研究;研究对象存在着明显的不平衡现象,且概念使用混乱;研究方法日趋多样,但缺乏大型、系统的实证研究。在此基础上,对今后研究的发展方向进行了预测和分析。     

Social Inequality and Interaction

This paper looks at the effects of social inequality on where we live, who we associate with and who we choose (and hang on to) as our friends and partners. We may feel that we freely choose our friends or lovers, but our most personal and intimate choices are constrained by patterns of social similarity and 'differential association'. The pattern of 'homophily' (the principle that we are more likely to associate with people who are socially similar to ourselves) has a major impact on social networks creating 'social interaction distance' between unequals. There is a social sorting process in the way we form social ties, so that the people we interact with tend to be similar to ourselves in education, social class, race/ethnicity, religion and attitudes. This has major consequences for our routes through life and worldviews, and for how inequality is reproduced.     

传媒暴力与青少年社会化

传媒暴力对青少年社会化有负面影响已是不争的事实。本文阐述了传媒暴力对青少年社会化负面影响的几种主要表现,分析了传媒暴力发生的原因,并就如何限制传媒暴力的负面影响作深入探讨。     

城市精神、大众文化与青年社会化

现代化不仅伴生了大众文化也伴生了城市化。青年的主体部分集中在城市,城市恰恰又是大众文化的天下,而以商业文化为本质的大众文化由于它的平面化、世俗化,成为青年社会化的文化环境恶化的主要因素。因此如何在城市化进程中提高大众文化的品质,以改善青年社会化的文化环境,成为一个需要迫切解决的课题。笔者认为可以以塑造代表先进文化、体现社会主导型价值观的城市精神,来提高大众文化的品质,从而为青年的社会化创造一个良好的文化环境。     

On Prejudice and Socialization: Towards Social Work Action

I begin with the assumption that discriminatory attitudes and behaviour between person and person, group and group, nation and nation, are undesirable. They are undesirable for a number of reasons: the first, that they tend to weaken and fragment the culture-cradle of identity formation in the discriminated-against group, or alternatively that they lead to a defensive in-grownness in that culture which may have a number of consequences—a tight constriction of identity development, or an over-investment in the culture which may lead to isolation and impoverishment in the long run, or defensive projection at the group level on to the dominant culture with the possibility of covert or overt fear or war.     

Promoting Empowerment Among LGBTQ Youth: A Social Justice Youth Development Approach

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer-identified (LGBTQ) youth are a population with a unique set of service needs. Existing research on effective service methods with LGBTQ youth is limited. Youth empowerment holds potential as an approach that can impact well-being among youth who face discrimination. The current study explores the relationship between the social justice youth development framework (Ginwright and James, New Directions Youth Dev 96:27–46, 2002) and youth empowerment in a sample of LGBTQ youth. Multiple regression analysis of data collected through a community-based youth program identified critical consciousness and community engagement as significant predictors of empowerment. Findings suggest that programs that promote these factors among LGBTQ youth using the social justice youth development framework may enhance empowerment thereby increasing other aspects of well-being.     

Religious Discrimination in Social Work

Abstract

Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this study explored perceptions of compliance with the ethical standards related to religion (N = 222). As posited, perceptions of ethical compliance were lower among social workers who affirmed a conservative or orthodox theological orientation compared to those who affirmed a liberal or progressive theology. Standards of particular concern were those related to (a) social work education about religious diversity and the oppression religious people encounter and (b) efforts to prevent and eliminate religious discrimination. In concert with these findings, qualitative analysis indicated two areas of major concern: institutional settings, such as academia, and colleagues. Respondents reported being demeaned, denigrated, ridiculed, and scorned by social work colleagues due to their religious beliefs, particularly in educational settings. Interestingly, 44% of both orthodox and progressive respondents knew of clients who had experienced discrimination due to their religious beliefs at the hands of social work colleagues.     

Deconstructing the Sibling Correlation: How Families Increase Inequality

Matched data for parents and siblings in Israel were used to decompose the sibling correlation in schooling and earnings into four components: (a) A “genetic” component induced by inherited ability, (b) Correlated effects induced by sharing common parents, (c) Contextual effects due to common ethnicity, and (d) An endogenous component induced by interactions between siblings. Most of the sibling correlation is due to the latter. Parents have little to do with the sibling correlation. The sibling interaction coefficients for schooling and earnings were positive, but it was considerably greater in the case of schooling. It was shown that sibling interaction increases inequality, especially in the case of schooling. However, parent–children interaction contributes little to inequality.

农村青年宗教信仰状况调查--以河南省为例

本文通过对河南省大部分村镇农村青年宗教信仰状况调查,分析总结我国农村青年宗教信仰现状和特点,探讨了农村青年信教的各种原因,从而提出改善农村青年精神生活水平的一些建议.     

青年宗教心理发展的模型研究

根据埃里克森的生命周期理论,在安娜·弗洛伊德的自我防御机制、哈特曼的自我适应性和皮亚杰平衡概念的基础上构建的自我同一性理论的ψ模型进行分析发现,在个体生命周期中"自我与本我、超我"和"自我与环境"两组关系内,个体生命阶段与宗教之间具有相关性。在儿童期,自我逐渐从本我中剥离,并强化了超我的形成。儿童的自我概念逐渐形成,儿童宗教意识的"泛灵论、目的论、拟人论"由强渐弱。青春期及青年期,自我与环境的危机呈现,自我同一性成为最大需求。中年期,自我成熟并形成稳定的人格,对道德的渴望加剧。老年期内在心理系统的不平衡成为主要方面,老年人希望通过宗教实现自我超越。此外,对个体生命周期中人类宗教心理不同特征的研究对起步中的宗教心理学学科建设有所裨益。     

Religious and Secular Voluntary Participation by Immigrants in Canada: How Trust and Social Networks Affect Decision to Participate

Participation in voluntary associations is an important part of an immigrant’s integration into a host country. This study examines factors that predispose an immigrant’s voluntary involvement in religious and secular organizations compared to non-immigrants (“natives”) in Canada, and how immigrants differ from natives in their voluntary participation. The study results indicate that informal social networks, religious attendance, and level of education positively correlate with the propensity of both immigrants and natives to participate and volunteer in religious and secular organizations. Immigrants who have diverse bridging social networks, speak French and/or English at home, and either attend school or are retired are more likely to participate and volunteer for secular organizations. Further, social trust matters to native Canadians in their decision to engage in religious and secular organizations but not to immigrants. Pride and a sense of belonging, marital status, and the number of children increase the likelihood of secular voluntary participation of natives but not of immigrants. These findings extend the current understanding of immigrant integration and have important implications for volunteer recruitment.     

家庭的社会地位与子女早期社会化

早期社会化是整个社会化中十分重要的一环．是基础环节。作为人们社会生活中最重要的初级群体——家庭，是早期社会化的主要场所。家庭社会地位的差异将影响到社会化的进行以及最终的结果。笔者在本文中将家庭作为整个研究中的分析单位，运用社会分层以及家庭社会学的一些理论．将家庭的社会地位分为家庭的财富地位、权力地位、声望和文化资本地位，从而分析了这些家庭社会地位的不同方面对子女早期社会化的理念、目标以及方式的影响和功能。     

Illustrating the Implications of How Inequality is Measured: Decomposing Earnings Inequality by Race and Gender

This paper makes three distinct contributions: it presents a novel modification to an established methodology for assessing inequality using the CPS ASEC data, it illustrates how valuable a multi-metric inequality analysis is by reconciling some open questions regarding the trend in inequality and the role of the composition of income along the distribution, and it provides a baseline assessment of the trend in earnings inequality for four distinct groups of income earners. The evolution of earnings inequality from 1995 to 2010 is compared to increasing inequality in total income as documented by Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez to show that earnings inequality has followed a qualitatively similar, though less extreme trend. In the process, the disconnect between the trend in the Gini coefficient and inequality assessed via the share of income going to the top 1 % of income earners is reconciled through the use of several alternative inequality indices. Finally, the evolution of the earnings distribution for black women, black men, white women, and white men are considered separately, which shows that there are important differences in the experience of inequality. The main findings are that only white men have experienced changes in within-group earnings inequality that parallel the changes in inequality seen in the overall distribution. By contrast, black income earners have seen no notable increase in within-group inequality by any measure, suggesting that they may rightly perceive growing inequality as primarily a between-group phenomena.     

Social Constructivist Practice with Youth

Social constructivism is an important and creative perspective for helping social workers in their work with adolescents. This paper demonstrates how theoretical orientations and clinical techniques that adhere to a social constructivist perspective can be integrated with the developmental realities of adolescence to provide effective social work interventions. Fundamental assumptions are discussed and are related to problems of practice. Case studies are utilized to demonstrate social constructivist principles in clinical work with adolescents.     

Chinese Femininity and Social Control: Gender-Role Socialization and the State

Abstract This paper employs four classics of women's instructive literature and legal cases from late imperial China to analyze (1) the formation and development of Chinese femininity, and (2) the connection between gender-role socialization and the social control of women. I conclude that neither Chinese culture nor Confucianism is sufficient to explain Chinese women's subordination. The Chinese patrimonial state, with its centralized propaganda and coercive legal control, also played an active part in forming Chinese notions of femininity and enforcing women's subordinate status.