气候变化与中国水安全

气候变化带来了与水有关的变化,主要表现在温度、降水量、暴雨频次、海平面高度、台风频次、河川径流、干旱灾害的频次、冰川雪盖和湖泊面积、湿地面积等方面的变化上。气候变化影响防洪、供水、水利工程以及水生态的安全。因此,必须要发展水利,转变经济发展模式,加强水土保持,从身边的小事做起,支持低碳经济。     

完善依法治税新探

依法治税作为依法治国的组成部分,是社会主义民主政治的产物,其实质是实现税收的制度化和法律化。因此,依法治税的核心思想是税收法治,这是我们理解和认识依法治税的理论基础。目前我国税收分配的现实状况,离依法治税的要求还有一定差距,在税收法律制度、税收执法、法治观念、税收司法保障体系、地方税务以及税务干部队伍建设等方面尚存在一些问题。为完善我国依法治税,应当科学的实施税收征管、建立司法保障体系、强化税务代理、加强税收法律监督、尊重纳税人的权利。以推进和完善我国税收法制的进程。     

新世纪中国后现代文化研究踪迹

新世纪初年,中国学者对后现代的研究从哲学、法学、政治学、心理学、文学艺术、文化产业等方面展开,拓展了"后学"研究空间.学术界对后现代性的意义有了新的认识,注意到后现代主义不是单纯地消解理性,而是剥离现代性的遮蔽,并对现代性的合法性根据加以质疑.本文从传统、现代与后现代多元问题中考察后现代研究中的争论,对后现代激进哲学--解构哲学思想、后女权主义思想、多元论思想等加以分析,进而透过后现代政治社会学心理学,考察后现代政治学、社会学、心理学、神学问题,并对后现代文学艺术之维的多元话语透视等几个方面,展示了中国"后学"研究的最新学术轨迹.     

先秦盟誓的种类及仪程

先秦盟誓依照参加人员可分为天子与诸侯间、诸侯国间、诸侯国君与本国卿大夫间、诸侯与少数民族间、诸侯国君与国人间、卿大夫与卿大夫间等种类的盟誓 ;依照盟誓性质可分为政治性、军事性和经济性等种类 ;依照盟誓的仪式可分为血盟和非血盟两种 ;还有伪盟、重盟、强盟、改盟、和匮盟等情况。盟誓的仪程则可分为征会与定期、排序、商讨盟辞、歃血、拜盟等 11个程序     

逃税行为的经济学分析

逃税是一种普遍的社会现象,尤其在发展中国家更为严重.纳税人在进行逃税活动时,总是权衡了风险和收益的情况下,选择最优的收入申报量,而使它的预期收入最大化.当逃税被稽查的概率与被查处所受惩罚的力度之积大于和等于1时,纳税人会倾向完全纳税,相反会倾向逃税.同时,逃税人的预期收入还受到收入、税率、稽查概率和惩罚力度等参数的影响.要遏制逃税行为,应采取适当提高稽查概率,加大惩罚力度和提高收入的显性化等措施,才能使它的危害程度降到最小.     

区域旅游业时空演变形式与机制探析

区域旅游业的时空演变,在产业功能、增长方式、市场扩展、对外区域关系、旅游企业成长等方面表现出典型的阶段性特征。空间上表现为旅游产业规模扩大、旅游客源市场规模增大、旅游形象和知名度提升、旅游投资与建设的多元化和国际化等。区域旅游的驱动力来自于区域经济一体化、旅游市场拓展、旅游信息传播、地域文化交流等。区域竞争是旅游业发展的必然趋势,其内在机制在于旅游资源、产品和市场的一系列属性特征,区域旅游业空间演化的最终趋势是走向区域之间的联合协作。     

政府失灵及其矫正

政府失灵的原因主要体现在制定和实施公共政策的制约因素、政府机构的低效率、政府机构及其官员的寻租与腐败 ,等等。政府失灵的矫正措施是 :建立健全法律制度 ,规范政府行为 ;遵守效能原则 ,选择最佳政府规模 ;引入竞争机制 ,提高政府机构效率 ;转变政府管理方式 ,提高政府行政水平 ;强化事前监督与事后惩罚机制 ,对政府实施有效的社会监督     

"实用主义真理观"辨析

实用主义真理观作为对实证论、自明论、逻辑论、约定论、符合论等真理论的超越,并不是主张"有用即真理,强权即公道".相反,它是非常辩证的,既讲真理的真实性和真理符合论,也突出真理的实践性、有效性;主张理论、实践和效果三位一体;本质上是实践主义和科学主义的,具有积极探索和创新求实的性质;反对绝对真理,重视理论结合实际;提倡哲学关心人类生活,精心呵护生命,培养审美情趣,塑造完美人格,实现完整人性;完善真善美统一的真理观,建立创造性的方法论;立足时间论、生成论、协同论、身体主义和后现代主义,撞击语言牢笼,以挫败绝对理性和抽象无用的学院派哲学.     

Civilization,Culture, Technology,and the Market

The largest, the cruelest empire in the history of mankind is rapidly disintegrating. But we must not be deluded. The ruins of great empires do not yet mean the emergence of a new, happier, and wiser society. The empire has not yet disintegrated entirely. But even when it does, this will not mean that the people inhabiting one-sixth of the earth's surface will live better, that life will become happy, and that our countrymen will be freer, richer, healthier, better educated, and more humane. Even the cessation of the activity of the CPSU does not mean that the destructive force of lawlessness, militarism, the suppression of human dignity, stagnation, conservatism, the terrible discomfort of everyday life, unprecedented exploitation, general incompetence, parasitism, and technological backwardness is a museum relic forever consigned to the past.     

汉魏六朝散体赋中“歌曰”之源头与流变

汉魏六朝散体赋中的"歌曰"体现了对屈原、宋玉赋的沿革。渲染音乐情境的"歌曰"源于《招魂》《大招》中对音乐场面的描摹,并在乐器、歌舞题材赋中成为一种创作模式,且渐有作者情志之寄托;对话体及代言体的"歌曰"源自《讽赋》《登徒子好色赋》,其作用在于抒写主人公心志和实现赋中角色的互动,这类"歌曰"往往有较为明显的角色感,南朝宫廷赋中则出现了代言女性心志而无角色感,使赋中情境与抒情主人公相融无间的"歌曰";以"歌曰"、"诗曰"、"谣曰"、"重曰"等形式出现的双重乃至多重总领心绪语是由屈原赋中"重曰"、"少歌曰"、"倡曰"、"乱曰"等发展而来,南朝假设古人作赋情境之赋,也可视为对屈赋双重或多重总领心绪语创作模式的延续。     

An Exploration of Major Factors in the Cultural Ecology of the German Aesthetic Discourse of Modernity＊

德意志审美现代性话语是近代以来德意志历史发展的自我显现，由德意志自然、历史、社会、思想共构的德意志文化生态，统摄着德意志审美现代性话语的历史命运，也现实地决定着德意志审美现代性话语的本质特征。德意志由文化立族，新教精神是德意志的民族意识、思想观念、文化理解、生活经验的灵魂。由市民社会孕育、养成的社会结构、生活方式、文化制度等德意志市民文化生态情境，极大地决定了德意志审美现代性话语的形态。德意志启蒙思想中的感性确立与美的独立、理性主义调整与价值理性的生成、艺术公共性的建立三大思想情致，是德意志文化生态的构成元素。     

对我国引进外部监事制度的法律思考

外部监事制度是日本公司治理结构的特色 ,其在强化监事会的独立性、制衡大股东控制权的滥用、保障公司和中小股东利益等方面具有独特功效。目前 ,我国部分上市公司已引进了一些外部监事 ,但是立法上尚缺乏对外部监事的地位、选任、职权、义务和责任等方面的明确规定 ,实践中也存在诸多亟待解决的问题 ,有必要进一步规范和完善。     

The Rule of Law Model of Internet Governance*

The rule of law is the basic form of national governance and the rule of law model is the necessary direction for the governance of online society. Online society is in essence a new pattern of social relationships and structural forms comprising relationships among citizens, legal persons, organizational bodies, etc., formed and brought together on the basis of Internet technology; and also a reflection, expansion and expression, singly or in synthesis, of various relationships in the fields of the real economy, politics, culture, society and the environment. The rule of law model of Internet governance refers to governance theories, systems and practices that employ rule of law thinking and the rule of law model to bring the elements, structures, procedures and functions of Internet governance into the scope of the rule of law and its operational track. Reviewing the tortuous course of the development of rule of law Internet governance in China, summarizing useful experience in the construction of rule of law Internet governance, and reflecting on existing legislative, law enforcement and judicial dilemmas will enable us to build up a rule of law system of online governance with comprehensive norms, effective implementation, strict supervision and strong guarantees. This will be marked by Chinese characteristics and will ensure the application of rule of law thinking and the rule of law model in governing, operating, using and safeguarding the Internet, thus achieving sound and orderly Internet operation and development along the path of the rule of law and advancing the modernization of the Internet governance system and governance capability.     

Armenia: A Country's History of Challenges

The example of a small nation of three-and-a-half million people is selected to conceptualize thriving in reference to the individual, the nuclear and extended family, the community, the state, the geopolitics of the land, the diaspora, and the cultural traditions. Armenia is selected not only because it is unique in the amount of adversity it has endured, but also because, as a very small nation, it has survived the challenges of centuries whereas other comparable civilizations have not. The article analyzes the cultural and geo-historical characteristics of Armenia, the development and role of a diaspora in the preservation of identity, and the contribution of parenting in the development of resilience and thriving. The article concludes that the strength of the family and child-rearing practices contributes to thriving of the individual and society. In addition, cultural factors, such as the arts, literature, sports, institutions, the church, intercultural networks, and the need to make up for the damages of genocide, earthquakes, and other adversities, contribute to the strength of the people. The article proposes that these characteristics of one society, albeit a small one, are suggestive of the universal human characteristics that contribute to thriving.     

北京地区传播媒介的生态环境

北京是全国最重要的传媒业基地。由于首都的特定性,北京传媒不仅仅是“北京”地域行业的概念,而且具有宽泛的包容性。区位性优势,悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴,地处政治、经济、文化中心的优越条件,使得北京地区的传播媒介在政策与制度、广告市场、受众资源、行业系统等方面形成了独特的媒介生态环境。北京要想成为全国新闻信息的集散中心,优秀影视作品的创作、制作生产中心,优秀影视文化作品的交易中心,要想走在全国前列,在国际传媒业中占有一席之地,就有必要从生态系统基本构成要素的角度解析其赖以生存发展的生态环境。     

Why Have Child Maltreatment and Child Victimization Declined?

Various forms of child maltreatment and child victimization declined as much as 40–70% from 1993 until 2004, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, sexual assault, homicide, aggravated assault, robbery, and larceny. Other child welfare indicators also improved during the same period, including teen pregnancy, teen suicide, and children living in poverty. This article reviews a wide variety of possible explanations for these changes: demography, fertility and abortion legalization, economic prosperity, increased incarceration of offenders, increased agents of social intervention, changing social norms and practices, the dissipation of the social changes from the 1960s, and psychiatric pharmacology. Multiple factors probably contributed. In particular, economic prosperity, increasing agents of social intervention, and psychiatric pharmacology have advantages over some of the other explanations in accounting for the breadth and timing of the improvements.     

Latin America and the crisis (points for the balance of a decade)

The decade of the 1980s was catastrophic for the countries of Latin America because of profound transformations in the world economy, which started in the 1970s, the wilting of the state development programs that were imposed after World War II, and the collapse of socialism with the incipient transition to market economies. The crisis started because of the erosion of the world economic system as constituted under the Bretton Woods agreement; the drastic drop in the economic growth of market economies; the increased costs of living and the deterioration of the environment; the decrease in industrial capacity; and the emergence of transnationalization of production. In Latin America, the economic models that had been in place without solving underdevelopment became even more obsolete (import substitution, internal trade, and the role of the state). The crisis of socialism and the rapprochement of eastern European countries to western Europe also affected Latin America (e.g., Germany cancelled 30 mine exploration projects in Bolivia due to investments in East Germany). The structural readjustment policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank resulted in currency devaluations, redistribution of government funds, elimination of various subsidies, reduction of public debt and social expenditures, reduction of public employment, and payment of external debt. The result was more inflation (in Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, and Argentina, inflation rates were 683.7%, 157.1%, 100.1%, and 326.2%, respectively, between 1980 and 1986), unemployment, and poverty in the lost decade of the 1980s. After 1982, state expenditures on roads, education, hospitals, and nutrition declined by 40% in Mexico. Even though most countries returned to democracy in the region, this was at the cost of the increased role of the military and the transnationals. The grand parties collapsed and in Venezuela, Mexico, and Colombia authoritarian tendencies survived into the 1970s degrading democracy. The states' socioeconomic regulatory role has to be redefined.     

On Principles of Creative Upbringing and Training of Contemporary Youth

In recent years the science of what is to be, futurology, has become one of the most popular branches of knowledge in the West. A fever to prognosticate, the desire to penetrate the barriers of time, to predict or at least sense the central direction of history, possesses philosophers and historians, economists and sociologists, politicians and preachers, public figures, and the heads of scientific institutions and of the largest industrial firms. In the United States, England, France, and Italy, committees to study the shape of the future organization of society appear one after the other. Journals of futurology are founded. Special conferences, seminars, colloquiums and even religious meetings are convened, which produce a veritable squall of prognoses, projects both abstract and narrowly practical, spiritualist prophecies, and predictions positive and irrational.     

社科学刊文前摘要规范化论析

根据国际标准化组织对摘要概念的表述和国家标准《文摘编写规则》的要求,规范的社科学刊文前摘要应为报道性摘要,即作者必须以洗练的语言对论文选题的由来及其研究主旨、路径、结果与结论做出确切的阐述,使之传递出与原文献同等的信息量。由此,文前摘要呈现出报道的客观性、语言的凝练性、与原文献的等值性、创新点表述与摘要全文的协调性特征。当前,文前摘要的失范现象之所以表现为本末倒置、秘而不宣、蜻蜓点水、自我标榜和虎头蛇尾等多种形式,是因为《文摘编写规则》普及不到位,部分作者混淆了摘要的类型与用途,个别编辑心地浮躁不作为。可见,严格执行《文摘编写规则》是实现社科学刊文前摘要规范化的重要保证。只有实现规范化,才能充分发挥文前摘要的功能:尊重读者的选择,为再传播奠定基础,为文献存贮手段的现代化创造条件;才能实现文前摘要的社会效益:提高文献的阅读率、引用率和转载率。