创新的局域性研究综述:基于经济地理学视角

创新具有本地化特征。早期的经济理论中,熊彼特强调企业家在创新中的关键性作用,传统的集聚理论从外部规模经济的角度解释了企业在有限的地理空间集聚的原因,但关于创新的局域性问题,相关研究尚少。新产业地理理论认为社会关系、根植性和交易成本的节约是企业集聚创新的原因。现代演化经济学在不确定性、路径依赖等概念下探讨了企业的区位选择问题。区域创新体系强调企业和其他机构的相互联系、交互行动对创新能力的影响。     

Creating High‐Technology Growth: High‐Tech Employment Growth in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1988–1998*

Objective. Growth in the share of high‐technology employment is critical to discussions of the postindustrial transition. Do new state and local technology policies create growth in the share of high‐technology employment? This article examines this question along with the effects of location and agglomeration advantages, identifying sources of qualitative growth in the U.S. economy. Methods. We examine change in the share of high‐technology employment in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States between 1988 and 1998. High‐technology employment is measured from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey. The scale of state and local technology policies are measured from a comprehensive survey of state and local technology programs. A generalized linear model (GLM) estimates the effects of technology policies along with regional proximity, location, and agglomeration factors. Results. Technology grant and loan programs and research parks have direct effects on the share of high‐technology employment, along with private venture capital firms and military R&D. Research parks also magnify the effects of private venture capital firms, while public venture programs and technology development policies compensate for agglomeration deficits. Rapid population growth provides a more conducive context for these policies but does not directly influence growth in the share of high‐technology jobs. Conclusion. State and local technology policies compensate for and magnify the effects of agglomeration advantages, indicating that state and local government can play a strategic role in high‐technology development.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： REGIONAL CONVERGENCE AND COORDINATED URBAN GROWTH Externalities, Transport Networks and the Economic Growth of Urban Clusters

利用网络分析工具和新经济地理理论对新古典区域经济增长模型进行修正，通过对交易费用的细分构建外部性和运输网络下的城市群经济增长模型，并利用1990-2008年中国部分城市数据和向量自回归模型（VAR）进行实证检验，得出以下结论。在运输网络影响下，中心城市依靠要素集聚获得增长，非中心城市快速接近中心城市。运输网络的改善，将加速中心城市的要素集聚。同时，在保留部分新增要素的情况下，增加节点集聚系数、降低非中心城市问的运输成本，利于非中心城市对外部性的应用，加速其经济增长，促进与中心城市的协同增长。因此，在建设交通运输基础设施时，不仅要重视非中心城市与中心城市的互联互通，更要重视非中心城市间的相互联结。     

农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化进程相关性研究

农村剩余劳动力转移和城市化是工业化过程典型的表现方式,两者之间也有着千丝万缕的联系。简要论述农村剩余劳动力、农村剩余劳动力转移以及城市化的基本内容,通过分析相关的经典发展经济学理论,梳理一个清晰的纹路来说明农村剩余劳动力转移与城市化、城市集群之间的关系：农村剩余劳动力转移与城市集群之间的互动关系是通过城市化这个媒介来实现的。     

广州市服务业集聚水平与影响因素分解的实证研究——以批发零售业为例

产业集聚是现代经济发展的重要特征,特别是后工业时代的到来,服务业集聚受到了学术界越来越多的关注。文章从服务业集聚水平的测度出发,对CES函数进行了扩展应用,以更好地得到能反映服务业集聚水平的h指数,并从指数中分解出布局集聚经济、城市集聚经济和内部集聚经济等三个因素来分析其具体的影响程度,在此基础上,通过对广州市批发零售...     

江苏省制造业地区专业化与产业集聚的实证分析

江苏省制造业的经济活动呈现明显的空间集聚现象，其特征可以从地区专业化和产业集聚两个角度加以衡量。从地区的角度看，制造业地区专业化的程度有所增强，苏南、苏中、苏北区域之间已经形成较为明显的制造业优势产业和分工体系。从产业的角度看，越来越多的制造业行业呈现出集聚的性质，且有进一步强化的态势，苏南已经成为江苏省制造业最主要的集聚地区。     

科技服务业集聚、地区创新能力与经济增长——以北京市为例

结合知识生产函数和A-H经济增长模型,为科技服务业集聚、 区域创新能力和经济增长三者之间建立理论联系,并以北京市为例,利用1985-2016年的时间序列数据建立VEC模型进行检验.结果表明:科技服务业集聚、 创新能力和经济增长之间存在比较稳定的长期正向关系;科技服务业集聚可以促进地区创新能力的提升,科技服务业集聚与创新能力的提升又会共同推动地区经济增长;进一步发现,从长期来看,科技服务业集聚、 创新能力和经济增长都较大程度上受到科技服务业集聚的影响,即促进科技服务业集聚的政策措施亦可以在提升地区创新能力和促进地区经济增长的过程中起到较大的积极作用.     

The impact of ethnicity on attitudes toward health care reform in New Mexico

Latinos tend to have significantly lower levels of access to general and top quality medical care than do non-Latino whites, and although disparities in access to health care have diminished for all other minority groups over time, they have widened for Latinos. Given these trends, current attempts to provide universal health care at both the national and state levels across the United States have large implications for the health status of Latinos. The objective of this analysis is to determine whether Latinos have different attitudes regarding health reform than non-Latino whites. Our data are from a statewide random digit dialing telephone survey of New Mexico residents, age 18 and older, conducted in the Fall of 2007. With a Latino population of 44% and ongoing health care reform efforts by the state legislature, New Mexico is an ideal location for this analysis. After controlling for a host of individual level factors, our findings suggest that while Latinos are less likely to identify health care as a salient state issue relative to the economy and crime, they are more likely than non-Latino whites to believe affordable health care programs are important. Finally, Latinos view employers, more than government or individuals, to be responsible for expanding health care coverage.     

Language performance and cognitive function in persons with nondominant-hemispheric stroke

This study investigated the relationship between language performance and cognitive function in stroke patients after nondominant hemisphere damage. The results of a battery of formal language tests, K-WAB, of seventy-eight patients were analyzed. The correlation between their K-WAB and K-MMSE scores was analyzed. Multivariate analysis of covariance adjusting for educational years in each of K-WAB and K-MMSE was conducted in accordance with the brain lesion location. Only 35.9 % of patients were classified as normal and the remaining 64.1 % were categorized as subnormal by K-WAB. There was a positive correlation between their language and cognitive functions. Outcomes differed according to lesion location, as the SAH group exhibited a significantly lower performance in both language and cognitive evaluations than the other groups. Cognitive-communicative disorders in stroke patients with nondominant-hemispheric lesions present in different ways. In-depth language evaluation of all brain-damaged patients should be conducted so that language defects of patients are not ignored.     

Re-thinking economic development in peripheral regions

Economic development in peripheral or non-urban spaces has long been characteristic of so-called ‘branch plant’ and ‘back office’ economies. This conclusion has been premised on the explanatory potential of the product cycle model (PCM). The PCM suggests preliminary product and process innovations occur in core urban areas. Under that model, the diffusion of economic activities across space occurs only when the production process has been streamlined and routinized. Additionally, the geographic concept of spatial agglomeration has underscored the explanatory account of the PCM. In concert, the PCM and agglomeration illustrate the urban or core bias of traditional economic geography. This paper will reconsider regional development in peripheral areas within the context of an emerging new economic geography. Several themes of new economic geography, including the role of the state, the spatial division of labor, producer services, information technologies, and amenities, will be used to construct a proposed cumulative framework.     

中国的制度变迁、阶级结构转型和收入不平等：1978-2005

本文结合制度主义理论与新马克思主义的阶级分析方法,提出在中国社会分层研究中“把阶级带回来”的观点。根据户口制度、单位制度、干部身份制和私有产权等造成转型时期中国不平等的重要制度性因素,建立一个以对不同形式生产性资产的占有为基础的即新马克思主义取向的中国阶级分类方式,并在经验层面展示了其较之于其他分类法的优越性。研究认为,中国正在发生的制度转型对社会不平等秩序的重塑表现为不同形式的生产性资产,即劳动力、资本、组织、技术/权威等四种所有权作用的相对转变,从而导致阶级结构的转型和贫富差距的拉大。     

Understanding learning behavior using location and prior performance as moderators

This study proposes and validates a research model that examines individuals’ learning behavior. Drawing on social cognitive theory (SCT), this study postulates self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social influence, and facilitating conditions as the key drivers of individuals’ learning behavior. Learners’ residential location and prior performance are also considered as moderators in the proposed model. This study contributes to the education literature by extending traditional SCT models to examine the previously unexplored area of environmental factors containing social influence and facilitating conditions, by validating idiosyncratic drivers of learning behavior and by presenting an operationalization of location and prior performance as two moderators in the learning behavioral formation. Finally, implications and limitations of the research are also provided.     

“三线”建设与四川攀枝花城市的形成

攀枝花是一座年轻的资源型城市,其形成与＂三线＂建设紧密相关。攀枝花城市形成路径为＂三线＂建设推动西部工业发展→攀枝花钢铁基地是西部工业的重点→以攀钢基地为基础而形成攀枝花城市。影响攀枝花城市形成的因素主要有四个：形势判断是背景;资源禀赋是基础;区位特别是条件;政府组织是动力。     

产业集聚的原动力与广西产业集群的培育策略研究

产业集聚的原动力来自于产业转移的外向型拉动和内源性产业集聚的自然禀赋。广西的产业集群培育还存在一些不足之处,主要表现在产业集群的培育没有完全依托广西的资源禀赋,而在承接东部产业转移时也没有充分地与当地的资源优势相结合。广西产业集群的培育策略应该依托产业禀赋优势,并结合产业集聚的两种原动力。政府应靠市场无形之手培育产业集群。     

A Note on Researcher Bias in Working with Terminally 111 Children

ABSTRACT

The changing incidence of vulvar diseases encountered at one clinic site and another having different catchment areas in the same city and a different distribution of ethnic groups, reflects a difference in socio-economic status of the patients encountered, the ambiance of the two clinics, and the point in time at which the data was collected. In the first eight years (1970-1978) of the Cutaneous-vulvar Program, herpes simplex infection, candidasis, verruca acuminata, lichen simplex and lichen sclerosus were the most common conditions encountered. When the clinic was moved to a new, private office type of facility with a different distribution of ethnic groups, only 2.4 miles from the first, focal vestibulitis vulvae, lichen sclerosus, vagi-nitis, lichen simplex and conyloma acuminata were diagnosed most frequently (1988-1990). The operation of the clinic and personnel remained the same at either site. Diagnostic methods and management of the most frequently diagnoses cutaneous-vulvar conditions which were encountered in the two clinics are described, and the difference in incidence of vulvar disease diagnosed in other clinics, at other times as reported in the literature, is presented.

A review of the vulvar diseases encountered in a Cutaneous-vulvar Service located in a large metropolitan center disclosed that earlier data obtained at one site1 differed notably from the conditions observed more recently at a different location in the same city. The purpose of this communication is to compare the incidence of the five most common vulvar disorders found in the two catchment areas with the findings reported by others at different times, in other clinical facilities, which were served by a limited faculty in a different part of the country.3,4 The changing spectrum of vulvar disease found in these past and present reviews emphasizes the relevance of different periods of observation, changing concepts of vulvar disease, improved diagnostic techniques and catchment area to the reported incidence of vulvar disorders and the emergence of “forgotten” condition.     

人力资本与高技术产业集聚——以京津、长三角、珠三角为例的分析

目前高技术产业已在京津、长三角和珠三角形成了显著的产业集聚。本文通过考察这三个地区高技术产业集聚的现状与成因,从实证角度探讨了人力资本的重要作用。其中,特殊专业化人力资本是产品研发的主体,而一般专业化人力资本的分布也影响了高技术产业的区位选择。     

GROUP TREATMENT FOR DIVORCING PERSONS

Separation and divorce traumatically impact the lives of divorcing couples, their children, their relatives, their friends, their working colleagues, their jobs and their church. The couple is forced into a new life style, new roles and independence. Attachment (positive and/or negative) of each panner for the other perdures. Group counseling provides suppon and acceptance to angry, rejected, guiltridden and lonely persons. The group provides the ideal setting for cenain curative factors to take effect: realizing that one is not alone, that help in coping is available, that one can help others as well as be accepted by others, that one can have corrective experiences and catharsis, that one can learn, change and grow. Recommendations are made for similar programs in other communities.     

Deciding Where to Retire: Intended Retirement Location Choices of Formerly Undocumented Mexican Migrants*

Objective. I use transnational theory to address how transnational relationships, behavior, and context influence retirement location choices of recently legalized immigrants. I also account for the relationship between assimilation and retirement location choices. Methods. To test these theories, I use the 1992 Legalized Population Survey to examine formerly undocumented Mexican immigrants' attachment to the United States through their intended retirement location, either the United States or Mexico. I use logistic regression to test whether the two theories are related with retirement location choices. Results. I find strong support for the role of transnational factors, thus widening the scope of the literature to include variables linking immigrants to their communities within Mexico. Conclusion. This study empirically tests and quantifies transnational theory using multivariate analysis, and adds to the transnational literature by suggesting that national boundaries are political constructs that do not completely contain social and economic systems.     

United we stand? Collaboration as a means for identifying children and adolescents at risk

The study describes collaborative involvement of child welfare agencies in Sweden with mandated reporters and analyses the association between socioeconomic and demographic factors as well as collaborative involvement on referral rates. The empirical material consists of data collected on location in 100 Swedish child welfare agencies, augmented with register data. The study shows that: (i) collaboration is common in the child welfare field, (ii) structural factors moderately predict municipal variations in child welfare referrals and (iii) most importantly, that collaboration on the aggregate level seems to serve as a marginal, or even counter-productive, measure in identifying children and adolescents at risk. The results are particularly discussed in the context of policy principles in Swedish child welfare, i.e. collaboration as a statutory requirement for child welfare agencies and the official notion of collaboration as an important means to facilitate early interventions.     

外部经济、企业分工与产业集聚

从资源共享、专业化生产、交易成本的节约、创新利益四个方面分析了产业集聚的经济动因;采用超边际分析方法建立了企业分工模型,并在此基础上推演出产业集群的自组织演化模型。认为外部经济是产业集聚的经济动因,企业分工协作关系的产生和深化则是产业集群形成和发展的关键。