共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Interdisciplinary foundations of urban ecology 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Robert F. Young 《Urban Ecosystems》2009,12(3):311-331
Researchers have identified urban ecology as a new field integrating social and ecological science. Critics have portrayed
the field as under-theorized with negative implications for research and urban environmental planning. Unprecedented urbanization
and historical bias against research integrating social and ecological systems are identified as driving this deficit. Researchers
have called for new integrative approaches to address this issue. In response, this paper applies ecology’s analytic framework
of “patch dynamics”, Kuhn’s concept of “normal science” and Mazoyer and Roudart’s “evolutionary series” to demographic data
and historical texts to perform an analysis of interdisciplinary contributions to theory applicable in the field of urban
ecology. The subsequent exploration reveals a rich history of interdisciplinary inquiry along the nature/society divide. The
paper concludes that these “largely ignored” contributions offer urban ecology the opportunity to claim much broader depth
as a field gaining access to precedents and innovations accomplished during the field’s early theoretical development. Drawing
upon this history, a framework for ecological urban development is suggested to inform and assist contemporary research in
urban ecology and planning.
相似文献
Robert F. YoungEmail: |
2.
This paper reviews the main bodies of contemporary urban sustainability theory. From this analysis, two underpinning paradigms
of urban sustainability are identified: (1) The ‘Human Exemptionalism Paradigm’ (HEP), which emphasizes the ability of humans
to overcome environmental problems—see Urban Sociology, Urban Ecology, Urban Geography, Urban Psychology and Political Economy;
and (2) The ‘New Ecological Paradigm’ (NEP), which emphasizes the criticality of ecological limits to human progress—see Urban
Metabolism, Energy/Emergy Analysis and Ecological Footprinting. Each of these approaches is critically reviewed, highlighting
their main assumptions, theoretical and practical foci. It is argued in the paper that if the related issues of urban sustainability
and development are to be progressed, there needs to be: (1) a greater maturation of the NEP approaches, which are ‘relative
newcomers’ to the area of urban theory; and (2) greater integration and dialogue between the HEP and NEP approaches to urban
sustainability than has hitherto been the case.
相似文献
Murray G. PattersonEmail: |
3.
Urban ecosystems: What would Tansley do? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The ecosystem concept was introduced in ecology originally to solve problems associated with theories of succession and ecological
communities. It has evolved to become one of ecology’s fundamental ideas, and has proven to be applicable to a wide variety
of research questions and applications. However, there is controversy about whether or how well the ecosystem concept is suited
to urban habitats. By examining Arthur Tansley’s original presentation of the ecosystem concept, and exploring how the ecological
context of the concept has changed, we indicate that the fundamental concept of the ecosystem is well suited to urban ecological
studies. The concept can be clarified for urban use by including a social complex and a built complex to insure that human
social institutions and actions, and the structures and infrastructure they build are explicitly included in the ecosystem
concept. The ecosystem concept is thus seen as clearly robust to use in urban areas.
相似文献
Steward T. A. PickettEmail: |
4.
Pat Sable 《Clinical Social Work Journal》2008,36(1):21-30
This paper explores the concept of adult attachment. Although attachment theory is now getting a great deal of attention,
there is not yet a clear picture of what it means to be attached in adulthood or what the clinical applications of the approach
might be. Using Bowlby’s distinctive ethological-evolutionary framework and updating it with findings from neurobiology and
attachment research, it is proposed there is an attachment behavioral system that operates throughout the lives of adults
and that this changes the way we understand our clients’ distress and carry out psychotherapy.
相似文献
Pat SableEmail: |
5.
We analyze a core literature of urban ecology (all articles published in Urban Ecology and Urban Ecosystems from 1975–2004, n = 261) to support a reflexive analysis of the field. We structure this critical analysis based on criteria derived from programmatic
statements made by scientific societies, research funding organizations and academic institutions regarding what urban ecology
should be. Specifically, we assess the extent to which the literature reflects, and has evolved to reflect, a commitment to
Findings indicate that the literature strongly reflects these commitments, as these three tenets usefully describe the field
and its evolution. We do, however, identify a tendency over time toward a more strictly disciplinary orientation. Ecological
science is increasingly dominant and threatens to crowd out other scientific perspectives. This trend suggests that the field
is maturing in the institutional sense, but perhaps at the cost of intellectual diversity, which many believe to be the basis
of innovative solutions. 相似文献
• | strengthen and expand the discipline of ecology |
• | create a transdisciplinary enterprise, and |
• | contribute to social and ecological wellbeing through applied research and policy engagement. |
6.
Katy Jenkins 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2009,20(1):15-34
This paper focuses on recognizing the contribution made to development by grassroots women working on a voluntary basis in
long term development projects. Using the example of healthcare, the paper problematizes the widespread move towards an increased
reliance on voluntary and third sector provision. Drawing on literature around women’s community activism, the research considers
the extent to which women carrying out health promotion work in Peru have taken on this role as more than “just voluntary
work,” highlighting their long term commitment during more than a decade of health promotion activities. The paper develops
debates around the professionalization of voluntary work, particularly considering the issue of economic remuneration for
health promoters, and emphasizing the gendered nature of their voluntarism; concluding by questioning the sustainability of
poor women’s long term, and largely unpaid, involvement as the linchpins of community development projects.
相似文献
Katy JenkinsEmail: |
7.
Jeffrey L. Kidder 《Theory and Society》2009,38(3):307-328
Over the last 30 years, social theorists have increasingly emphasized the importance of space. However, in empirical research,
the dialectical relationship between social interaction and the physical environment is still a largely neglected issue. Using
the theory of structuration, I provide a concrete example of why and how space matters in the cultural analysis of an urban
social world. I argue that bike messengers—individuals who deliver time-sensitive materials in downtown cores of major cities—cannot
be understood outside an analysis of space. Specifically, I connect the cultural significance of messenger practices to the
emplacement of those practices inside the urban environment.
相似文献
Jeffrey L. KidderEmail: |
8.
We study the general class of two-player public-policy contests and specify the asymmetry condition under which a more restrained government intervention that reduces the contestants’ prizes has the “perverse” effect of increasing their aggregate lobbying efforts.
相似文献
Shmuel NitzanEmail: |
9.
Aditi Mitra J. David Knottnerus 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2008,19(3):242-267
This study addresses issues related to inequality formation and reproduction, especially in regard to gender dynamics operating
in a non-western society. Grounded in a post-colonial understanding of urban educated upper and middle class women NGO volunteers
in contemporary India, it analyzes how they negotiate new approaches to challenge existing traditional gender roles, yet in
critical ways contribute to their reproduction, particularly the traditional concept of ideal Indian womanhood. Employing
structural ritualization theory we examine how ritualized symbolic practices related to the traditional concepts of caretaking,
sacrifice, and the concept of natural sexual differences continue to be emphasized in a generation confronted with conflicting
expectations about modern women’s roles. Twenty-one testimonies provide the major source of evidence along with data gathered
through participant observation. This research enhances our understanding of the power of rituals and how they can continue
to shape the cognitions and activities of actors.
相似文献
Aditi MitraEmail: |
10.
With the increase in urbanization globally, there is an increased need to understand the ecology of forest fragments in urban
and urbanizing landscapes. Although urban forests are known to be relatively lacking in plants whose seeds are dispersed by
ants, little is known about the effects of urbanization on the community composition and behaviour of forest dwelling ants.
Ant communities in forest fragments along an urban–rural gradient were described using a rapid quadrat search technique and
multivariate analysis. Interactions between the ants and seeds of the myrmecochorous Viola pubescens within a subset of these forests were described using a series of cafeteria experiments. Urbanization was found to be associated
with changes in microhabitat characteristics and a concomitant simplification of the ant community. Despite this, the removal
rate of V. pubescens seeds actually increased in urban forests, which may be a result of the foraging behaviour of the remaining species.
相似文献
Bill ThompsonEmail: |
11.
Direct contact with the natural world is an essential element of environmental education and a key to developing environmental
literacy and a stewardship ethic. But providing this experience can be challenging in urban environments where many people
believe nature only occurs “outside” the city, and urban biota are often unwelcome and perceived in negative terms. Since
80% of the United States’ population lives in or near urban areas, conservation educators and practitioners need to find ways
to make nature accessible to this audience, thereby creating a public who can make informed decisions about environmental
issues. Soil systems are an important, under-utilized resource for urban environmental education. Soils are ubiquitous and
thus easily accessible and their communities can be effective focal points for introducing all levels of ecology, from populations
to ecosystems. Soil and litter taxa are also intrinsically interesting, with discoveries of new species still being made in
urban areas. By studying urban soil systems, students can develop an enhanced sense of place and an appreciation of the natural
world and their connection to it thereby strengthening environmental stewardship. An important role exists for urban ecologists
to work with educators to impart enthusiasm for and to augment educators’ understanding of soil systems.
相似文献
K. M. CatleyEmail: |
12.
Top-Down Civic Projects Are Not Grassroots Associations: How The Differences Matter in Everyday Life
Nina Eliasoph 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2009,20(3):291-308
Research on civic associations blurs an important distinction between the unfunded, informal, ongoing associations that theorists
like de Tocqueville described versus current participatory democracy projects that are funded by the state and large nongovernmental
organizations, are open to all, and are usually short-term. Based on a long-term ethnography of youth programs in the United
States, this paper shows that entities like these, which participants and researchers alike often called “volunteer” or “civic”
groups, operate very differently from traditional civic groups. The ethnography systematically details prevalent tensions
that actors face when they try to cultivate the civic spirit in these increasingly typical organizations.
相似文献
Nina EliasophEmail: |
13.
14.
This paper provides a multilayered analysis of how lesbian mothers and gay fathers construct their families in a social context
that has been described by Steven Seidman (2004) as “beyond the closet.” We stress how our participants’ family-building experiences are comparable to other non-biologically
related families, but distinct due to heterosexual dominance. Using in-depth qualitative interviews with 18 lesbian birth
mothers and 22 gay fathers, the authors discuss how participants navigate heterosexual dominance in institutions and in personal
interactions.
相似文献
Dana BerkowitzEmail: |
15.
Plurality rule is mostly criticized from being capable of choosing an alternative considered as worst by a strict majority.
This paper considers elections in which the agenda consists of potential candidates strategically choosing whether or not
to enter the election. In this context, we examine the ability of scoring rules to fulfil the Condorcet criterion. We show
for the case of three potential candidates that Plurality rule is the only scoring rule that satisfies a version of the Condorcet
criterion in two cases: 1) when preferences are single-peaked and, 2) when preferences are single-dipped.
相似文献
Bernardo MorenoEmail: |
M. Socorro Puy (Corresponding author)Email: |
16.
Estimates of air pollution mitigation with green plants and green roofs using the UFORE model 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green roofs and green walls on air pollution in urban Toronto.
The research looked at the synergistic effects on air pollution mitigation of different combinations of vegetation by manipulating
quantities of trees, shrubs, green roofs and green walls in the study area. The effects of these manipulations were simulated
with the Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model developed by the USDA Forest Service Northeastern Regional Station. While UFORE
contains several modules, Module—D quantifies the levels of air pollution for contaminants such as NO2, S02, CO, PM10 and ozone as well as hourly pollution removal rates and the economic value of pollutant removal. Six vegetation scenarios
were developed within the Toronto study area to compare different subsets of vegetation and their effect on air contaminants.
Results of the study indicate that grass on roofs (extensive green roofs) could augment the effect of trees and shrubs in
air pollution mitigation, placing shrubs on a roof (intensive green roofs) would have a more significant impact. By extension,
a 10–20% increase in the surface area for green roofs on downtown buildings would contribute significantly to the social,
financial and environmental health of all citizens.
相似文献
Brad BassEmail: |
17.
Christopher K. Coombs 《Journal of Labor Research》2008,29(2):99-113
This paper reviews the empirical literature on the “Government Substitution” hypothesis. We focus our attention on the sample
periods used, model specification, and econometric technique. The seminal piece on this topic is Neumann and Rissman (J Labor
Econ 2:175–192, 1984) and to date there have been less than a handful of extensions beyond this initial investigation. By
tracking the limited development of this hypothesis over time we are able to conclude that there is still an opportunity for
additional empirical exploration in this area.
相似文献
Christopher K. CoombsEmail: |
18.
This study based on a sample of 429 Beijing high school students shows that Chinese urban adolescents’ purchasing involvement
can be predicted by the adolescents’ self-esteem. Individuals’ self-evaluation motivates them to get involved in family purchasing
activities. This study suggests that Chinese consumer involvement is potentially shaped by both cognitive factors (e.g., self-esteem)
and social factors (e.g., media use). However, the study indicates that exposure to American mass media does not have significant
impact on adolescents’ family purchasing involvement. This finding raises possibilities for further investigation in the area.
Limitations and suggestions for future studies are provided.
相似文献
Qingwen DongEmail: |
19.
Yonatan Reshef 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(4):677-696
In the public sector, Canadian governments intervene frequently in labor disputes by suspending collective bargaining and
curtailing legal strikes. Previous research has focused on the contours of government intervention, such as its overall effects
on collective bargaining and strikes. The discussion highlights one actor, a government, restricting the behavior of another
actor, a union, using legislation and policy making. As a result, we know less about more micro-level elements and implications
of the process of government intervention. I address these themes using a detailed case study of the Alberta Teachers’ Association
and the strikes it coordinated in 2002.
相似文献
Yonatan ReshefEmail: |
20.
This article argues that service interactions can serve as key sites for the recognition and performance of class distinctions
in urban China. The author develops the concept of distinction work to describe service work in which a key part of the service interaction becomes the recognition of a customer’s class position.
A contrast between working-class and luxury service environments in urban China demonstrates that distinction work becomes
especially important when retailers compete over customers who themselves seek social distinction from their shopping experiences.
This study links the study of service work and class while providing a better understanding of the evolving culture of inequality
and emerging structure of entitlement in reform era China.
相似文献
Amy HanserEmail: |