Psychotherapeutic issues with "kinky" clients: clinical problems, yours and theirs

People whose sexual repertoire includes BDSM, fetish, or other "kinky" practices have become increasingly visible, on the Internet, in the real world, and in psychotherapists' offices. Unfortunately, the prevailing psychiatric view of BDSM remains a negative one: These sexual practices are usually considered paraphilias, i.e., de facto evidence of pathology. A different, affirming view of BDSM is taken in this paper. After defining BDSM and reviewing common misconceptions, a variety of issues the practitioner will face are described. These include problems of countertransference, of working with people with newly emerging sexual identities, working with spouses and partners, and discriminating between abuse and sexual "play."     

Chinese genealogies as a source for demographic research: A further assessment of their reliability and biases

Genealogy is the written record of family or lineage members descended from a common ancestor or ancestors. These materials have long been used by demographers in their investigation of past demographic behaviour. Most available genealogies, however, are the records of members of surviving patrilineages. Among the many reasons why these patrilineages have avoided extinction is the fact that they have usually experienced favourable demographic conditions.. In consequence, their genealogies could be a biased data source if used in the study of the history of the whole population. This paper examines this issue, using evidence on the historical experience of the Chinese population and computer micro-simulation.     

The history of gay bathhouses. 1984

Public policy regarding bathhouses has been criticized as being based on political expediency rather than on medical or social science. To affect that shortcoming, we include here a brief history of gay bathhouses. The history of the baths is rarely told, but whenever it is told it necessarily reflects the times in which it was written. For that reason, we include a history written in 1984, at the time that much of what was known about AIDS, routes of transmission and the role of the bathhouses was very much in flux. This history not only gives a context for the current discussion, but also allows the reader to see the history from that distant point in time. This paper was first published in December 1984 as an article in Coming Up!, a lesbian and gay community newspaper published monthly in San Francisco (California). It was later edited and reprinted in a book titled Policing Public Sex (1996). The version of the paper presented here is from the original 1984 article (pp. 15-19); several images appeared with the article that are not reproduced here. As with all the reprinted papers in this volume, no editorial changes were made to the paper and only minor typographical errors were corrected.     

An analytic simulation model of human reproduction with demographic and biological components

Abstract This Monte Carlo model for simulating the reproductive history of a cohort of women is described in detail. The model provides for patterns of survival, sterility, formation and dissolution of sexual unions, fecundability, lactation, foetal wastage, family planning practices etc. Natality indices specific for marital status, for duration of marriage and for age, as well as analyses of birth spacing patterns are among the results that may be obtained. In the model, the experimental unit is an individual woman. The complete life history of a woman is generated and recorded before the history of the next woman is generated. The data for the whole cohort are analyzed at the end of the programme. The model includes two kinds of states into which a woman may pass, namely: (1) permanent changes of status such as death, sterility, or becoming a family planner, and (2) temporary states, each with a probability distribution of length of stay. The probabilities of the various events or changes of state may vary from age, parity, and other features of a woman's status or history. Natural fecundability at any age may also vary from woman to woman. In this programme natality patterns and specific indices such as age-specific fertility rates are produced, in a quasi-realistic fashion, by the interplay of the demographic and biological parameters postulated for any cohort. Consequently, the effect of changes in anyone factor can be studied, as well as the interaction resulting from changes in several factors. The purposes and potentials of the model are both substantive and methodological. As an illustration, a series of computer runs attempting to simulate the reproductive patterns of Indian women is presented. These results, as well as some additional ones, indicate some effects of changes in marital patterns, levels of fecundability, duration of post-partum non-susceptibility, age incidence of sterility and foetal wastage. In the final section of the paper, the advantages and possible applications of the model are discussed together with the limitations encountered to date in the efforts to apply the model.     

Older women of color: a feminist exploration of the intersections of personal, familial and community life

This paper examines the lives of older U.S. women of color who represent racial and ethnic heritages that have a history of unequal access to sources of economic and political power in this country. These women exemplify women with vastly different cultural traditions, but are similar in that they face discrimination as women of color. The combined impact of age, gender, and racial and ethnic background is neglected within our discussions of older women. This paper contributes to our understanding of older women of color by examining the personal, familial, and community aspects of the lives of older women of color. This exploration challenges feminist gerontologists to bring the discussion of this intersection to the center as we explore and seek to comprehend the reality of older women's lives. This scrutiny creates a space for the discussion of both the threats faced by women of color in their unique juncture as old, female, and of color as well as an illumination of the strengths manifested by these women. Further the need to embrace a feminist gerontological framework when practitioners work with these populations is addressed.     

Estimating fertility trends from retrospective birth histories: Sensitivity to imputation of missing dates

Abstract In the birth history section of the Core Questionnaire adopted by the countries participating in the World Fertility Survey a question on the date of birth of each child born to the respondent is asked. When the woman cannot provide a date, as is often the case in many developing countries, she is asked how many 'years ago' the birth occurred. If the default is used, the month and year of the birth is imputed by a computer program: However, there can be two plausible interpretations of the 'years ago' response: as completed years, the demographer's usual definition of age, or as rounded years. In this paper, data from the WFS Survey in Bangladesh are used to determine the sensitivity of recent fertility estimates to the interpretation of 'years ago'. It is found that if the woman meant rounded years, but completed years were assumed for imputation, the resulting evidence of a recent decline could be either exaggerated or false. The results have implications for other surveys in which the 'years ago' response is not an explicit option.     

The ideology of population control in the UN draft plan for Cairo

This paper examines the influence of population control ideology on the draft plan for the UN Cairo Conference on Population and Development. It is argued that this draft plan can only be fully understood in the context of the recent history of the population control movement and of the empirical reality of population control in particular countries. The paper focuses on the origins of the ideology of population control in the eugenics movement initially, and more recently in organisations such as International Planned Parenthood Federation. The role of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in promoting an incremental approach towards the wider acceptance of population control since the first intergovernmental conference on population in Bucharest in 1974, is outlined. Despite the serious loss of credibility for the UN, through the association of the UNFPA with the Chinese population control programme — the most coercive programme of its type in history — the UN in the draft plan for Cairo continues to promote the ideology of population control. This paper argues for the need to develop a more positive model of development, which acknowledges the complementarity between the lack of development of poorer countries and their potential for significant progress, and the overdevelopment of industrialised regions, whose future growth is increasingly based on intense competition for shrinking markets.This article is based on a paper, presented to the International Geographical Union Congress at Prague, 21–27 August 1994.     

Older Women of Color: A Feminist Exploration of the Intersections of Personal,Familial and Community Life

SUMMARY

This paper examines the lives of older U.S. women of color who represent racial and ethnic heritages that have a history of unequal access to sources of economic and political power in this country. These women exemplify women with vastly different cultural traditions, but are similar in that they face discrimination as women of color. The combined impact of age, gender, and racial and ethnic background is neglected within our discussions of older women. This paper contributes to our understanding of older women of color by examining the personal, familial, and community aspects of the lives of older women of color. This exploration challenges feminist gerontologists to bring the discussion of this intersection to the center as we explore and seek to comprehend the reality of older women's lives. This scrutiny creates a space for the discussion of both the threats faced by women of color in their unique juncture as old, female, and of color as well as an illumination of the strengths manifested by these women. Further the need to embrace a feminist gerontological framework when practitioners work with these populations is addressed.     

农村老年人口健康视角中的农村养老保障问题的战略思考

本文从分析农村老年人口的健康问题入手,对农村养老保障问题的现状及其背景进行了分析,阐述了建立农村社会养老保障体系的战略意义,提出了建立农村养老保障体系的一些基本思路、相应对策。     

A semi‐Markovian approach to using event history data in multiregional demography

As a first step towards infusing event‐history analysis into multiregional demography, this paper introduces a semi‐Markovian framework and outlines its salient features as differentiated from a pure Markovian framework. Specifically, what differentiates the former from the latter is an explicit consideration of duration‐dependence in migrating from one region to another. This duration‐dependence is one of the complexities involved in using event‐history data in multiregional demography. The use of event‐history data lends itself easily to defining basic probabilities involved in a semi‐Markovian framework directly on sample paths of individuals. The underlying concepts of a semi‐Markov process in the special case of time‐homogeneity or age‐independence of transition probabilities are given in a coherent and concise form. Illustrations of empirical applications to the event‐history data on migration as provided by the Korean National Migration Survey conducted in 1983, and of distinct features of the semi‐Markovian analysis through a parametrization of the basic probabilities are also given in this paper.     

对2000年人口普查出生性别比的分层模型分析

本文对以往出生性别比研究中的若干观点进行了学术评论,并讨论了个别经验统计分析中的方法问题。在此基础上,本文应用非线性分层模型将2000年全国人口普查1‰数据和1999年的地区级生育政策数据结合起来对出生性别比失调的影响因素进行了初步分析。结果表明,育龄妇女现有子女数量及性别和一些社会特征对出生性别比存在单独的影响,并且肯定了生育政策既存在对出生性别比的直接影响,也通过其与妇女以往生育结果以及其他社会特征之间的交互效应来影响出生性别比。     

Demographic Conditions and Multi-generation Households in Chinese History. Results from Genealogical Research and Microsimulation

The large multi-generation household has been a popular subject in the study of Chinese social history. This study compares outcomes of computer micro-simulation with results from genealogical research, and is particularly concentrated on the potential pattern of multi-generation co-residence in the past. On the basis of such a comparison, questions concerning the impact of demographic conditions on the formation and composition of large multi-generation households, the change in lifetime residential experiences of each individual, and the use of genealogical records in the study of Chinese social demographic history are also examined.     

The population geography of the free Negro in Ante-Bellum America

This paper deals with the overall aspects of the demography and geography of this small yet significant element in the American population before the Civil War. By means of maps and graphs, the history of the distribution of the free Negro in both the north and the south in the years 1790–1860 is traced and analysed. After the areal and demographic characteristics of this distinctive group have been determined (this includes a delineation of population regions), an effort is made to account for these phenomena, and especially for the rather peculiar migrational pattern, as well as the data permit. The almost complete lack of information on internal migration necessitates the study of sex ratio and age composition for indirect clues as to the volume and direction of movements. Some attempt is made to assess the quantitative influence of the Underground Railroad on Negro population patterns. The study of causes includes a consideration of environmental, legal, economic, social, historical, and transportational factors.     

人口学界对“以人为本”思想的理解和研究

“以人为本”思想起源甚早,国内外许多领域的专家、学者以及实际工作者对这一思想都有过阐述和研究。从我国人口学的视角出发,结合三十多年以来我国计划生育政策的实践与发展,系统地总结了国内人口学界对“以人为本”思想的理解和研究。     

Population,swidden farming and the tropical environment

Swidden farming has been blamed for the degradation of tropical forest, where it is widely used. However, when the cropping period is short and the fallow period long, the system is shown to be ideally suited to this environment. But this entails a low population density. When this is exceeded, the fallow must be shortened, resulting in loss of forest through grassland invasion, or of the soil itself through erosion or laterization, as shown by modern examples and by the history of the Maya. The degradation blamed on swidden farming is thus not due to the system itself, but to overpopulation, in H.G. Wells's words, "the fundamental evil out of which all the others that afflicted the race arose."This paper is a shortened and updated version of a lecture given in the Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Oxford, on 6 November 1986.     

Public perceptions of the ideal number of children for contemporary families

Demographic and family dynamics have been influenced by the recent downturn in average family size. This research examines perceptions of the ideal size for contemporary families and beliefs regarding factors which have contributed to families' decisions to have fewer children. Findings reveal that the two child family is the overwhelming standard chosen by respondents, and that this preference holds for virtually all demographic categories. Three of five reasons offered for smaller families today (expense of children, wives working and better birth control) were viewed as important by over 85% of those sampled.A previous version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the Southern Demographic Group, Austin, Texas, October, 1985. Support for computer analyses was provided by the Office of Computer and Information Services, University of Maryland Baltimore County.     

Practising Highland Heterotopias: Automobility in the Interior of Iceland

The paper describes the history and current enactments of automobility in the highland interior of Iceland and interprets this phenomenon through the notion of spatial history. We elucidate how the currently widespread practices of automotive travel in the highlands are mediated through the technological assemblage of the ‘jeep’ and its user. We argue that the travelling is done in a double sense; through an ‘inner’ space of the vehicle and an ‘outer’ space of the highland terrain. A heterotopic spatial history emerges, which offers detailed insights into this specific form of automobility. In the final part of the paper, implications of these travel practices for the politics of nature are discussed.     

The Centenarian Question: Old-Age Mortality in the Soviet Union, 1897 to 1970

There is a long history of claims of extraordinary longevity among the populations of the Soviet Union, and the Russian Empire before it, especially in the Caucasus region. Exceptionally high proportions of centenarians have been reported in the censuses, and much publicity has accompanied the announcements of ‘super-centenarians’ living well beyond 150 years. The major question regarding this phenomenon of supposed extraordinary longevity is whether the claims are, indeed, true or, rather, the result of age exaggeration. This paper examines the available Russian and Soviet census and mortality data from 1897 to 1970 in order to assess Soviet claims of extraordinary numbers of centenarians. A detailed analysis of age overstatement in the census data and death registration statistics shows that the long history of longevity claims goes hand in hand with a long history of age overstatement. The extraordinary longevity observed in the Soviet Union is in all likelihood the result of that age overstatement.     

Indicators and Indices of Child Well-being: A Brief American History

This paper traces the history of indicators and indices of child well-being from its origins in the social indicator movement of the 1970s through recent developments in the field. Initial work calling for comprehensive sets of indicators of child well-being and later recommendations for indicator improvement are detailed. Products that resulted from these recommendations, such as comprehensive indicator reports and online resources are described. The development of child well-being indices is shown to parallel the history of indicators. The contributions of state and international indicator and index projects are included as well. Important aspects of child well-being indicator development are uncovered through documenting its history, including the need to focus on subjective as well as objective measures of well-being, and the need to develop indicators for the multiple ecological contexts of children’s lives, but to separate measures of context from measures of child outcomes. A rough consensus emerges across the history of indicator efforts on the critical domains of child well-being: physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and economic well-being. Recent recognition of the importance of indicators of positive development is noted. This paper was funded by the KIDS COUNT project of the Annie E. Casey Foundation.     

计划生育先进地区人口发展所面临的问题与启示——以江苏省南通市为例

本文通过对江苏省南通市人口发展的历史、现状与前景的考察 ,揭示了人口数量控制成就背后所付出并仍将付出的代价 ,研究并探讨了以南通为代表的计划生育先进地区目前及今后普遍面临的某些人口问题 ,希望能引起更多的人对这些问题的关注与深思。