基于空间公正的昆明游憩绿地规划研究

低收入人群作为经济弱势群体,多数居住在城市中相对劣势的区位,公共配套相对匮乏。城市游憩绿地作为一项重要的公共设施,能显著提升城市居民的生活水平,其合理配置对城市均衡发展和社会公平至关重要。笔者基于改进两步移动搜索模型(2SFCA)建立低收入人群的绿地空间公正评价体系,并以昆明市主城四区为例,评价低收入人群与绿地项目的空间匹配程度。研究显示,低收入人群聚集区与绿地可达性高值区存在一定程度的空间错位,是城市绿地供给的薄弱区域。笔者据此提出相应的城市绿地空间优化布局策略,以期为城市绿地资源公平合理配置提供借鉴。     

浅谈日本的城市园林绿化

一、政府及社会重视 日本的城市园林绿地主要由国立公园、县立公园、海滨绿地、滨河绿地、宗教绿地和分布在居住区间的小游园等组成。近年来,日本政府十分重视各类园林绿地的发展。全国有各种造景协会7个,已制定了5个五年计划。从技术上、资金上下达指标,批拨款项。从1991年公布的城市公共绿地建设的五年计     

从世界主要城市公园看城市公共休闲空间的形成与演变

城市公共休闲空间是指供城市居民共同享有的休息、娱乐、游憩的空间场所和设施，是政府提供给居民享有的公共物品和服务，对于城市居民生活质量提升意义重大。城市休闲空间可以分为私人休闲空间、半公共休闲空间、公共休闲空间。从旅游利用的角度对城市休闲空间进行分类，城市公园、沿街绿地、步行街区、滨水区等均属于公共休闲空间。城市公园是城市公共休闲空间的重要组成部分，是指由政府或其他团体建设经营，融休闲游憩、环境生态、园林艺术、科教健身、文化艺术和防灾避难等多项功能于一体，向全社会开放，有较完善的设施和良好的绿化环境的城市公共开放空间和绿地。     

山地城市绿地演变及其对城市扩展的影响——以重庆为例

本文分析了2006—2011年重庆主城区的城市绿地演变,评估了绿地规划实施效果及其对城市空间扩展的约束作用。研究发现:重庆独特的山水格局及其山体绿线控制政策奠定了其多中心组团式的城市空间结构;城市建设不断侵占原有绿地尤其是组团隔离绿地,致使原有绿地不断破碎化和孤立化,降低了绿地规划的约束作用;城郊公园和广场绿地有所增加,这些绿地主要是由农用地转换而来。本文揭示了快速城市化发展与绿地规划管制之间的深刻矛盾,对城市绿地保护和空间格局优化有参考价值。     

浅析城市绿地建设

随着我国城市化进程进一步推进，城市规模将会不断扩大，但城市绿地建设却没有同步发展起来。城市绿地是城市生态环境建设的基础，作用巨大，文中分析了城市发展过程中绿地建设的问题，并有针对性的提出了几个应对策略。     

“南昌三桥”年票制的现状与对策研究

当今,公路、桥梁等等作为城市建设中一种典型的准公共产品,对我国社会经济的发展和人们出行方便产生了巨大的影响,但是对于准公共产品的合理供给却引起了社会各方面的关注。文中主要围绕江西省“南昌三桥”定制年票收取路桥费用、政府在提供路桥维护,建设等方面资金短缺矛盾。通过调查研究。分析了当前“南昌三桥”年票制实施后的成效、存在的主要问题及制度建设等等问题,旨在有效地提高政府工程投资效益和建设管理水平。     

深入推进执法规范化建设不断提高公安机关执法能力和执法公信力——以公共产品理论论述公安公共产品的供给

公安机关作为政府的重要行政部门,警务活动符合《公共经济学》中关于公共产品的各种定义．所以警务活动是公安机关为公众所提供的重要公共产品之一。而深入推进执法规范化建设．不断提高公安机关执法能力和执法公信力,正是公安机关提高其公共产品质量的重要途径。     

试论云南省公共文化服务建设中存在的问题及对策分析

本文以云南省公共文化服务体系建设中存在的问题为切入点,简要论述了当前云南省公共文化服务建设存在的不足与缺陷,然后针对这些问题提出相关的应对措施,建议强化政府在公共文化服务中的职责;加大对公共文化服务的投资力度;加强对公共文化服务队伍的建设与培训,从而促进云南省公共文化服务体系的进一步发展。     

能力政府：我国特大城市公共行政改革的模式选择——以上海为例

一、能力政府:特大城市视阈下的空间定位、目标模式与基本品质 所谓能力政府,就是指"能够有效运用公共权力与制度资源,协调政府、市场与社会,整合社会资源,最大限度创造公共物品的政府".在特大城市的视阈下,由于城市经营和城市管理的复杂性,以及城市政府行政的效率需求,能力政府显然是"能本"取向的政府,它要求的是政府能够以科学、民主、法治的行政方式和手段,有力、有效、有为地为社会公众提供公共产品和公共服务,进而提高人民生活质量和公共福祉,促进城市的快速稳定和可持续发展.     

当代社会政策中的公共行动与个人责任

社会政策行动是一种在政府主导下民众广泛参与的公共行动体系，其基本方式是通过国家进行再分配和提供公共产品的方式去满足全体社会成员的需要。因此，社会政策是一种公共性的行动过程，是通过公共行动（如税收等）去调动必要的资源（如资金等），并依照社会的公共目标去进行再分配和提供公共服务（如教育、医疗、社会福利等）。     

市政债券匹配城镇化建设资金需求的理论分析

城镇基础设施和公共服务等社会公共品理应由地方政府提供,地方政府需要为此筹措长期建设资金。市政债券与城镇化建设相关投资相契合,在城镇化建设融资中具有良好的适应能力,能够在融资安排和风险防范上有所作为,在城镇化发展过程中担当融资主体。并且市政债券能很好地匹配、适应和耦合城镇基础设施建设资金需求的特点,避免其他融资方式或融资工具可能存在的期限错配。市政债券是适合城镇化建设融资、有助于建立多元化的城镇化建设融资体系与可持续的城镇化建设融资机制,从而积极稳妥地推进城镇化的有效融资工具。     

Effects of biodiversity and environment-related attitude on perception of urban green space

Green space in cities contributes to the quality of life for city dwellers, e.g., by increasing the opportunity for recreation. However, perception of urban green space is influenced by multiple factors. We investigated effects of biodiversity and environment-related attitudes on visual and auditory perceptions of urban green space. Field measurements of biodiversity were conducted in six sites across an urban gradient in Gothenburg, Sweden, and three categories of biodiversity—high, medium, low—were established. Households were sent a survey on aesthetic perception of urban green space, sound perception and the importance of trees and plants for the perception of bird species. Each respondent focused on the site that was located nearby. The environment-related attitudes comprised “Nature-oriented” and “Urban-oriented” persons and were based on participants’ own attitude estimations. It was shown that participants’ “subjective” aesthetic and sound-related perception of urban greenery were in line with the “objectively” measured subdivisions of high, medium and low biodiversity. So also were their estimations of the importance of trees and plants for perception of bird species in urban greenery, although differing only between high and medium/low biodiversity conditions. Persons rating themselves as highly nature-oriented were shown to give higher scores to urban green space aesthetics and to value greenery-related sounds higher, and to attach greater importance to trees and plants in their perception of bird species in urban greenery, than less nature-oriented persons. Highly urban-oriented persons compared to less urban-oriented persons did the same, but only regarding urban greenery-related aesthetics and sounds of nature. We conclude that environment-related attitudes influence perceptions of green space. Moreover, our findings support the idea that biodiversity per se also influences perceptions; people value green space significantly more with high than with low measured biodiversity. Urban planning needs to provide city inhabitants with green spaces that are species-rich, lush, varied and rich with natural sounds.     

A case study on the suitability of STARS for green campus in China

With the continuous development of China's green campus, its future construction should learn from foreign advanced development experience and achievements. On the one hand, STARS, a global advanced green campus evaluation system, should be introduced to China's green campus construction and on the other hand, the suitability for China's actual needs should also be considered. Therefore, this study mainly studies the suitability of STARS indicators for green campus in China. Taking a representative university of green campus in China as a specific case, starting from the demand side, this paper uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the users’ satisfaction of green campus construction. Comparing the result of satisfaction assessment with the result of STARS’s sustainable evaluation, the STARS’s indexes are divided into four regional grades by two-dimensional suitability evaluation coordinate system. The results show that STARS is generally suitable for green campus evaluation in China, but two of the evaluation categories need to modify the evaluation scores and weights; the other two categories are not suitable and need to be removed or changed. The purpose is to provide suggestions for the optimization of the evaluation of green campus in China.     

Ecosystem services of urban green spaces in African countries—perspectives and challenges

The concept of ecosystem goods and services is increasingly used to describe how biodiversity and ecosystems are linked to human well-being and that it should be placed at the core of sustainable urban development. Predictions of a tremendous future increase of urbanization in Africa necessitate an investigation into the research on ecosystem goods and services in the urban green infrastructure of Africa. Ecosystem goods and services (ES) are described as the benefits humans derive directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions and are classified as supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural services. A literature study focusing on journal papers was conducted. Additionally a case study based on two masters studies was further refined. ES studies in African cities are biased towards South Africa and include assessments and economic valuations in which several different methods were used to determine direct consumptive and non-consumptive and indirect use values. Emphasis was placed on the multifunctional nature of ES. The main objectives of these studies were to sensitize policy makers, planners and the general public about the importance of biodiversity and ES. Ecosystem-based adaptation is discussed as the most appropriate approach in terms of applying knowledge about ES and their values in African cities as many residents still rely on ES from natural areas, but the major ecological, economic and political challenges are acknowledged. A case study focusing on domestic gardens (private green spaces) have indicated that the demand and supply of certain ES differ along a socio-economic gradient due to poor service delivery and smaller plots in the poorer areas mainly due to the legacy of separate development of the past. Where provisioning services are mainly outsourced in cities, it was found that plant species useful as food, medicine, etc. were more frequent in the gardens of poorer residents than in those of more affluent areas. The tendency to pay more for residential properties close to public open spaces, as in Europe, could not be statistically proven in the more affluent areas of a South African city, although the property values in proximity of public open spaces in some of the areas studied were lower than further away.     

Spatial distribution and the value of green spaces for urban red-tailed hawks

Raptors increasingly live and nest successfully in urban areas. In the urban landscape of Hartford, CT, red-tailed hawks established home ranges in large green spaces such as parks, golf courses, and cemeteries but also nested successfully in the commercial district of downtown and in densely built urban and suburban neighborhoods. Data collected from 11 radio-tagged breeding adult hawks indicated that year-round home ranges averaged 107.7 ha, much smaller than home ranges reported for hawks inhabiting rural areas. Most hawk home ranges had multiple core areas that were usually associated with favored perches or larger patches of ‘usable’ green space, defined as patches ≥0.25 ha in size, and home range size was positively associated with larger usable green space patches in core areas. Most nests were located in the largest core area and were within a larger patch of green space within the largest core area. Rather than just the amount or size of green space patches, the value of urban green spaces for these hawks likely also varies with the number and proximity of suitable perches such as buildings or tall trees, types and density of prey, and amount of human activity in and adjacent to these spaces. Territoriality and intraspecific competition may also influence home range size and dispersion of red-tailed hawks nesting in Hartford. In this urban area, mortality due to ingestion of rodenticides and collisions with vehicles affected hawk reproductive success.

     

City-wide relationships between green spaces,urban land use and topography

The growing proportion of human populations living in urban areas, and consequent trends of increasing urban expansion and densification fuel a need to understand how urban form and land use affect environmental quality, including the availability of urban green spaces. Here we use Sheffield as a case study of city-wide relationships between urban green space extent, quality (vegetation cover and tree-cover), and gradients in urban form and topography. The total area of buildings and length of the road network are equally strong negative predictors of extent of green space, while the former predictor is a more important negative influence upon green space quality. Elevation positively influences extent of green space but negatively influences tree-cover. In contrast, slope of terrain positively influences green space quality and is the best predictor of tree-cover. Overall housing density is a more important negative predictor of extent of green space and tree-cover than the densities of individual housing types. Nevertheless, the latter are more important influences upon levels of vegetation cover. Threshold effects of densities of different housing types suggest opportunities for optimising green space quality, with implications for housing policy. Variation in ecological quality of green space may partly reflect different historical intensities of industrial activity.     

城市社区公共空间构筑与基层社会的动员整合——基于上海市G社区的案例分析

城市社区公共空间既是一种物理空间,又是一种制度与文化空间。上海G社区探索楼道公共客厅与楼道居民自治,通过楼道公共空间的拓展与构筑,增强居民归属感,构建居民交流、共商机制,改善社区认同,让社区从一个生活的共同体演变成一种信念的共同体,维护了社区的和谐和稳定,推进基层社会的动员整合。这种社区自治性的成长不仅是社会力量内部整合的基础,也构成了社区共治的基础。由此,未来社区治理的方向是如何建立起社区事务协商参与的多级公共空间,形成共治、自治衔接的有效机制,从而真正实现基层社区国家与社会良性互动、政府行政管理与居民群众自治相衔接的基层社会管理的新格局。     

发挥新市镇在上海新型城镇化中的作用

新市镇作为上海城镇化体系中连接城、乡的关键环节,其地位与功能的确立,其与新城的合理分工、功能互补的作用,对上海新型城镇化的发展十分重要。上海应在建设好新城的同时,将新市镇建设放到与新城建设同等重要的地位,以充分发挥新市镇在新型城镇化中的作用。推进新市镇建设,应采取市场主导、政府调控的模式;应强化新市镇规划,通过政府引导,由研究机构、社会力量等对全市新市镇发展进行全面规划;应在发挥市场作用的同时,强化市、区两级政府的协调管理机制;须走新型城镇化的道路,即按照"集约、智能、低碳、绿色"的要求建设可持续发展的生态镇、绿色低碳镇。     

SECTORAL COMPOSITION OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND MACROECONOMIC (IN)STABILITY

This article examines the quantitative interrelations between sectoral composition of public spending and equilibrium (in)determinacy in a two‐sector real business cycle model with positive productive externalities in investment. When government purchases of consumption and investment goods are set as constant fractions of their respective sectoral output, we show that the public‐consumption share plays no role in the model's local dynamics, and that a sufficiently high public‐investment share can stabilize the economy against endogenous belief‐driven cyclical fluctuations. When each type of government spending is postulated as a constant proportion of the economy's total output, we find that there exists a trade‐off between public consumption versus investment expenditures to yield saddle‐path stability and equilibrium uniqueness. (JEL E32, E62, O41)     

选举后的治理问题:困境及缓释之道——基于上海城市社区的调查分析

民主决策、民主管理和民主监督都是社区治理的重要内容。当前,上海城市社区建设总体情况良好,但依旧存在选举后的治理难题。要针对社区治理难题,提升社区治理绩效,必须构建民主合作型社区治理体制,还应健全社区内部治理、拓展社区外部环境、充分发挥政府的主导作用、优化公共服务体制等,重视理顺政社关系,合理架构社区内部的组织关系。