必须从根本上扩大对“经验”与“实用”这两个概念的理解

相对于欧陆理性主义哲学所给与我们的浪漫、激进、怀疑、相对、虚无等等困惑而言,经验主义哲学和实用主义哲学却少有这样的"隋绪性感染",这是我关注这一问题的一个内在的原因.在反思现代性的总体背景下,一般来说,在欧陆的理性主义哲学那里,主要是对那些既定前提的反思,比如实体、本体、本质、主体、必然、同一等等;而对经验主义哲学和实用主义哲学来说.则是对与认知理论相关联的科学主义、工具理性和在信念上的对自然界的"征服"的反思.但具体到我们这里,长期以来就存在着对"经验"与"实用"的误解,这在很大程度上又与我们只从认知的角度理解"经验"(把经验等同于感觉)与"实用"(把实用等同于效果)有关.如果我们把视线扩大为伦理、政治、制度性事实、话语方式中真理就会被讲出来这样一些领域里的问题,"经验"与"实用"这两个概念的理解就应该相应地扩大.本文就是根据<人的问题>、<社会实在的建构>和<无本体论的伦理学>这三本书重新讨论了"经验"与"实用"这两个概念的用法与涵义,其中人的自由与事物的可能性起着关键的制约作用.     

黄埔军校对中共建军的历史作用

黄埔军校是第一次国共合作时期创办的军事政治学校、它不仅对中国革命产生巨大的影响,也对中共建军起到重要的历史作用;它为中共培育了一批卓越的军事人才;中共在参与黄埔建军实践中积累了日后创建人民军队的宝贵经验;它所锻就的以爱国主义和牺牲奉献为核心内容的黄埔精神,是中共人民军队的思想武器之一.     

儿童的成人式学习

成人学习是以经验为基础、进行自我导向的学习,具有儿童学习方式无法比拟的特点和优势.但是,儿童在经验、独立性和责任心方面与成人的区别只具相对的意义.成人学习并不为成人所特有,实际上它是人类普遍具有的高级学习方式,成人学习与儿童学习有着密切的联系.通过创造适合的条件,如启发人格独立、开放学习资源、优化学习环境以及丰富实践经验等,可以在现有的儿童教学体系内开展成人式学习,并极大地提高儿童学习的质量和水平.在现行学校体制下开展成人式学习,有利于吸收成人教育学发展的新成果;有利于倡导终身学习思想,构建学习型社会;有利于转变儿童学习方式,对推进基础教育改革具有重要的理论意义和实践意义.     

技术科学的意义与今后的课题

技术科学的意义中国物理学家钱学森最先提出技术科学这个概念.钱学森为了统一至今时常分离的自然科学与工程技术,提出了具有科学依据的工程技术理论.作为自然科学与工程技术的媒介,他主张有必要建立技术科学这个新领域.他所提出的技术科学概念大致有以下几点:1)若把与自然界事物直接有关的经验叫作工程技术,自然科学则是走在生产应用前头并分析、整理及总结那些经验的学问.2)技术科学是从自然科学与工程技术的结合部产生的、具有科学基础的工程技术理论.3)从另一方面看,科学技术是从实践经验出发、经过科学分析与提炼产生的工程技术理论.4)技术科学的主要作用是在工程技术的实践中引出具有共性的研究对象.对于钱学森的技术科学论,日本"技学"的提倡     

母亲教育水平、婚姻教育匹配与子女非认知能力

基于中国教育追踪调查2014-2015年数据,揭示了父母教育期望对个体非认知能力的作用机制,即不同婚配模式中父母通过提高教育期望,强化婚配效应对子女非认知能力的影响.研究发现:父母教育同质婚对子女非认知能力的发展有积极影响.母亲教育水平与子女自我效能感、 社会行为和交往能力呈现积极的相关性,并且作用高于父亲.高教育同质婚的"协同促进"对子女发展的边际效应最大.教育婚配对子女影响效应具有城乡与性别差异,农村受教育程度较高的母亲无法弥补城乡教育发展差异对子女非认知能力的负面影响,农村父亲的教育水平对子女非认知能的影响大于母亲.从子女性别来看,母亲教育水平越高对男孩社会行为能力和交往能力的积极影响越大.     

认知科学的兴起及其发展路径

认知科学的兴起,要追溯到古代.它的发展经历了三个重要时期:一是前人工智能时期,以控制论、自组织系统和机器翻译等研究为特征;二是经典符号处理模型时期,符号处理学说的提出是认知科学对智力研究的重大贡献,尤其是对智力本质的新认识,带来了理论上和应用上的新突破;三是联结主义模型的兴盛时期,联结主义认为认知或智能是从大量单元的相互作用中产生的,联结的权重变化可解释感觉、身体运动以及认识过程.而现代认知科学的最新发展趋势突出地反映在"认知神经科学"和"基于环境的认知"两大研究方向上,这表明:仅仅基于计算的、把大脑的认知活动与环境隔离开来的研究是不够的,因此强调认知和智力的大脑的生物学约束,强调大脑和环境的相互作用的约束对于理解认知和智力本质的根本重要性.     

现代性与中国经验

中国改革开放30年,逐步形成了"中国经验".在"中国经验"的形成过程中,就产生影响全局的重大理论来说,主要有三个方面:一是社会主义初级阶段理论;二是社会主义市场经济理论;三是社会主义和谐社会理论.这三大理论具有不同的特点,但和谐社会理论的提出,更多地凝聚了传统文化的精华和东方国家的智慧,这是与其他两个理论不太相同的地方.当然,"中国经验"的概念不同于"中国模式"的概念,它是开放的和发展着的,它不排斥其他国家的经验,也不追求普适价值,但它会成为世界发展理念的重要组成部分.     

全球化理论综述

理论天地 在当今,我们已经不能忽视全球化的飞速发展以及它对我们的生存和未来产生的巨大影响。面对如此丰富的而且不断增加的文献,我们似乎有必要对全球化理论研究做一个疏理,对全球化研究有一个系统的认知,以便我们将那些在这个世界已经发生、正在发生或将要发生的暂时的或瞬间的事件,与那些标志着新的历史转折点的出现及发展的事件作出区分,得出一种较全面的理性认识。     

宪政的文化视角——宪政文化研究的方法论分析

宪政文化研究必须以那些与西方立宪主义有关的具体政治哲学渊源或者自由主义、社群主义以及民族主义等具体的宪法和法律思想为对象.文化视角下的立宪主义研究,应当遵循文化研究的基本范式,即揭示行为模式中最基本的"元心理"结构.所以宪政文化研究应当以对包括哲学形态和意识形态为基础的观念的研究为切入点,旨在揭示立宪主义的产生和演变中,相对稳定而始终处于支配地位的思维结构是什么,而这样的思维结构又怎样支配具体政治与法律传统的发展,并怎样影响立宪行为模式.     

"认知"对第二语言习得的启示

近年来,第二语言习得研究领域呈现出多样化发展的趋势,认知研究方法就是其中之一.通过辨析"认知"一词在语言与语言习得研究不同理论或方法中的内涵差异发现,第二语言习得研究中的认知属于狭义认知心理学范畴,而认知语言学中的认知是广义的,是研究认知结构对语言的影响.因此,二语习得研究不应停留在把语言处理看做信息加工过程的认知心理学阶段,而应从认知语言学这一新的视角时其进行研究,借鉴和应用认知语言学的最新研究成果.     

A Rationale for Teaching Communication Skills to the Culturally Deprived

This paper presents a theoretical rationale for explaining the learning and achievement weaknesses noted in ‘culturally deprived’ children. Based on a theory of social competence which reveals schools as denying the validity of such children's experiences and ignoring the different competences they bring with them to the learning situation, the model suggests new teaching strategies which develop ‘first-order’ communication outputs as a prerequisite to ‘higher-order’ cognitive outputs. Research evidence of the applicability of the model is examined and an attempt to apply the teaching strategies in Australia is described.     

语言具身认知原理及其理论基础

具身认知是认知科学研究领域的最新范式与前沿主题之一,引起多学科的研究兴趣。具身认知与语言认知结合的研究方法是一种新的认知研究范式,即语言具身认知,它从认识论、心理学和认知神经学层面研究其认识论基础、心脑机制以及认知神经学基础,为理解语言内化、语言体验、语言处理、语言生成等符号文化的创造性加工机制提供了新颖的思想启示,也为探讨语言认知的理论与实践研究的新路径、提升语言研究与教学的社会效能提供了参考。     

理解人类行为的三维框架及其教学应用——《人类行为与社会环境》课程教学思考

《人类行为与社会环境》作为社会工作专业基础课程,其知识体系的构建应基于综合生物、心理、社会视角而成的三维框架。为这一框架引入生物学思想可以丰富其内涵和认知深度。三维框架的具体体现是依据纵横结合和锥形开放式逻辑构建并呈现有关人类行为的知识体系。据此进行教学可兼顾知识性和思想性,从而有助于深化人类行为与社会环境课程教学。     

Retrospective Book Review: Teaching a Methods Course in Social Work with Groups

SUMMARY

Eight years after its publication, Teaching a Methods Course in Social Work with Groups serves as a reminder to social workers of group work's historic roots and its value as a method of practice with diverse populations. The author shares her experiences in utilizing the teaching text in her work with MSW students and students of the arts who facilitate activity-based groups in community settings. Citing examples of students' experiences in group work facilitation, the author touches on the constraints emerging group workers face in translating social work skills and values to practice. The author's retrospective review of the teaching text underscores its continued importance in the field of social group work instruction.     

Experiences of the maternal role and support in mothers with cognitive limitations who have children in placement

In Sweden, when needed, children of mothers with cognitive limitations are placed in foster homes. There is a lack of knowledge about the mothers with cognitive limitations, their experiences of their maternal role, whether they get the support needed to maintain the relationship with their children, and whether the support system is adapted to mothers with cognitive limitations. The aim was to describe the experiences of the maternal role and support given in mothers with cognitive limitations who have children in placement. An explorative and qualitative design was used. Eleven respondents were interviewed with support from a study‐specific guide. A model representing the respondents' experiences revealed one theme “Struggling, dependent and frustrated mothers,” and three categories: I am a mother, I am dependent on an incomprehensible system, and I reluctantly accept my situation. Mothers with children in placement experience a threat to their identity and experience a need to alter their maternal role. They need adapted support to understand the decisions made and facilitate the cooperation with child protection services and the foster home. Offering service adapted to their cognitive limitations could be helpful for the struggling, dependent, and frustrated mothers.     

Training Area Agencies on Aging Case Managers to Improve Physical Function,Mood, and Behavior in Persons With Dementia and Caregivers: Examples from the RDAD-Northwest Study

The Reducing Disability in Alzheimer’s Disease (RDAD) program has been shown to be an effective tool for teaching caregivers strategies to improve mood, behavior, and physical function in persons with dementia. This paper describes how RDAD has been translated and implemented for use by Area Agencies on Aging (AAA) case managers across Washington and Oregon. Modifications to the original RDAD program as part of its community translation included decreasing the number of in-person sessions while preserving all educational content; involving caregivers in exercise activities for themselves as well as acting as exercise coaches for care-receivers; and enrolling persons with cognitive impairment due to mixed etiologies. This paper describes these changes and their rationale, the challenges faced by community agencies recruiting for and delivering evidence-based programs, and illustrates the actual RDAD implementation process through several brief case examples. Case examples also illustrate how RDAD-Northwest can be useful with care-receivers with a range of cognitive impairment severity, family caregiving situations, and levels of mood and behavioral challenges.     

Closeness in Young Adult Sibling Relationships: Affective and Physiological Processes

What aspects of the relationships of young adult siblings are related to closeness or distance? This study takes a process approach to answering this question, contrasting it with the status approach of family structure variables. Close and distant sibling pairs were compared on physiological variables and specific aspects of warmth, con-flict, and power during two conversations - one on enjoyable topics and one on topics of disagreement. While there was no evidence that sibling closeness was related to family structure variables, differences in closeness were found in affective patterns and physiological responses during sibling interaction. Interaction between close sib-lings was characterized not only by higher positive affect but also by fewer power struggles and lower heart rate reactivity. Close siblings also had higher scores on emotional empathy and cognitive aspects of empathy such as perspective-taking than distant siblings. The developmental importance of considering power struggles in young adult sibling relationships was also discussed.     

从学分制管理谈成人高等教育的管理创新

管理创新是现阶段成人高等教育发展面临的新课题。学分制教学管理是新形势下成人高等教育管理改革的新要求和重要方向,通过实施和完善学分制教学改革,实现终身教育环境下成人高等教育的管理创新。