新产品导入中的项目管理研究

随着众多企业开始应用项目管理的方式管理企业各项活动,项目管理成为企业中不可或缺的一项内容。然而我国目前新产品开发和导入项目管理模式还不成熟,特别是在消费电子类行业领域。本文对项目管理的理论进行了简单介绍,详细分析了应用项目管理方法应用于新产品导入的方法和策略,以电子类产品的研发为例进行了分析。     

基于知识视角的研发项目相似性测度及对项目集聚类的影响研究

为了企业高效地管理多个新产品研发(NPD)项目,提出基于知识的多项目管理方法,该方法集成知识的可复用性及其相似性测度项目间的相似性,并结合依赖结构矩阵(DSM)方法,以更全面地分析知识对项目相似度及项目集聚类的影响。研究表明：迭代不仅对项目相似性产生影响,还能提升活动因学习而产生的知识增量;依据知识关系测度项目相似性,进而将相似度高的项目聚在一个项目集中,便于项目集内的项目进行知识转移与共享,使企业的知识资源得到有效、合理的利用。     

基于本体的新产品研发知识管理研究

本文在分析了新产品研发知识管理的需求和传统知识管理系统局限的基础上,提出了构建基于本体的新产品研发知识管理系统的思想;然后采用本体方法建立新产品研发领域知识本体模型,并提出基于本体的新产品研发知识管理框架,以支持新产品研发知识的管理、共享和重用,为我国企业实施新产品研发信息化和知识管理,提供可选择的路径.     

新产品开发项目的有效决策模型

为了研究影响新产品开发项目有效决策的诸因素及它们之间的相互关系,区分出这些因素中的促进项和抑制项,对北京中关村地区十多家高科技公司进行了实地调研,结合 20 多位项目经理的实践经验,归纳出了影响新产品开发项目有效决策的重要因素.认为决策者的先验知识、项目条件和决策者主观意识三方面因素是影响高科技新产品开发项目有效决策的关键.并构建理论模型对这些重要因素和相互关系进行了描述.     

研发项目的风险管理

研发项目是一个技术与资金投入到新产品产出的过程,这个过程一般包含产品研发阶段和新产品商业化阶段。研发项目各阶段均面临着各种不同的风险。本文从技术、市场、财务角度,针对研发项目的特征探讨了产品研发项目风险管理的一些特点和可以采用的风险应对策略。     

研发项目成败论

重视新产品的研究与开发（R＆D，以下简称研发），加强对新产品研发工作的管理，已成为企业未来发展的关键所在。长期以来，许多企业在研发管理上重视项目的选择，而对项目中止决策的研究不够，导致大部分项目可能在研发过程的早期、中期或后期夭折，未达到预定的目标。     

完善企业研发项目组织形式的策略研究

研发项目的组织是企业技术研发项目管理的核心内容和研发获得成功的关键。目前,国内企业在研发项目中广泛采用的项目式、矩阵式等组织形式还存在临时性、不稳定性等问题,可以从项目团队建设方面进行针对性的改进和完善。     

科研事业单位多项目环境下科研项目管理方法探讨

本文通过分析当前我国多项目环境下科研项目管理的现存问题,有针对性地提出了几点具体管理方法,希望能为有关单位提供借鉴,寻求科学、合理的管理办法,不断提高项目管理效果,进而促进科研事业的发展。     

航天产品研发项目中的风险管理

航天产品研发项目具有技术新、难度高、原理样机结构复杂等不同于一般科研项目的特点,是复杂的系统工程,整个项目受到技术创新能力、科研试验能力、国内工业水平、项目管理水平、生产制造能力和技术水平等各种影响。能否保证项爵的成功,风险管理应当作为重要的环节。本文试图总结作者多年的研发项目管理经验,分析航天器研发项目风险管理,最终形成航天研发项目风险管理的依据。     

企业NPD项目成功标准及关键因素研究

本文就企业新产品研发（NPD）项目的成功标准和关键因素进行讨论。在对相关文献进行评述的基础上,提出了一个NPD项目成功标准及关键因素的概念模型,以期为企业NPD项目的成功进行提供参考。     

Managing a Portfolio of Product Development Projects under Resource Constraints

Managers of product development (PD) project portfolios face difficult decisions in allocating limited resources to minimize project or portfolio delay. Although PD projects are highly iterative (cyclical), almost all of the vast literature on project scheduling assumes that projects are acyclical. This article addresses this gap with a comprehensive analysis of 31 priority rules (PRs) on 18,480 portfolios containing 55,440 iterative projects. We find that the best PRs for iterative project portfolios differ significantly from those for acyclical ones, and that the best PRs at the project level differ from those at the portfolio level. The best PR depends on project and portfolio characteristics such as network density, iteration intensity, resource loading profile, and amount of resource contention. In particular, by amplifying the effects of iteration, high‐density networks hold dramatically different implications for iterative projects. Moreover, the best PR also differs depending on whether the objective is to minimize the average delay to all projects or to minimize delay to the overall portfolio. Thus, a project or portfolio manager who uses the same PR on all occasions will exhibit unnecessarily poor performance in most cases.     

A Model for Determining Retail Product Category Assortment and Shelf Space Allocation

We develop a category management model to aid retailers in the space constrained decisions of which products to stock (assortment) and how much shelf space to allocate to those products. The model is formulated as a constrained optimization problem with two basic decision variables: assortment and allocation of space to the items in the assortment. The non-linearities in the objective function and the zero-one decision variables disallow a closed form solution. We develop a heuristic solution procedure based on simulated annealing and test it on a problem with a known optimum. We also apply the technique to a larger problem without a known optimum. Finally, the solution found by simulated annealing is compared against a solution produced using a shelf allocation rule based on share of sales.     

Robust Resource Allocation Decisions in Resource‐Constrained Projects*

The well‐known deterministic resource‐constrained project scheduling problem involves the determination of a predictive schedule (baseline schedule or pre‐schedule) of the project activities that satisfies the finish–start precedence relations and the renewable resource constraints under the objective of minimizing the project duration. This baseline schedule serves as a baseline for the execution of the project. During execution, however, the project can be subject to several types of disruptions that may disturb the baseline schedule. Management must then rely on a reactive scheduling procedure for revising or reoptimizing the baseline schedule. The objective of our research is to develop procedures for allocating resources to the activities of a given baseline schedule in order to maximize its stability in the presence of activity duration variability. We propose three integer programming–based heuristics and one constructive procedure for resource allocation. We derive lower bounds for schedule stability and report on computational results obtained on a set of benchmark problems.     

The Effect of Team Leader Characteristics on Learning,Knowledge Application,and Performance of Cross‐Functional New Product Development Teams

This study examines how leadership characteristics in new product development teams affect the learning, knowledge application, and subsequently the performance of these teams. Using data from a study of 229 members from 52 high‐tech new product projects, we empirically demonstrate that team learning has a strong positive effect on the innovativeness and speed to market of the new products. Moreover, a democratic leadership style, initiation of goal structure by the team leader, and his or her position within the organization were positively related to team learning. Managerial implications of these results are discussed.     

报酬方案和资源分配对预算松弛影响的实验研究:基于调整型资源分配方式的一个检验

本文基于管理控制理论,探索如何发挥预算的行为驱动及组织学习作用。运用实验方法研究了不同报酬方案下,对前期预算松弛调整的竞争性资源分配与控制方式对预算松弛的影响。研究结果显示,一方面通过模拟市场竞争诱导下属提交真实的预算目标,优化资源分配;另一方面对预算参与人的松弛行为实施有效控制,二者的交互作用可以有效降低预算松弛,体现了预算控制的双重优化作用。     

高绩效人力资源管理系统对新产品成功影响机制研究

本文以383家中国医疗器械生产企业调研数据为依据,实证研究了新兴市场企业高绩效人力资源管理系统对新产品成功的影响机制。由于新兴市场企业产品创新机制和发达国家不完全相同,在有效控制相关影响变量后,本文发现,动态能力对高绩效人力资源管理系统和新产品成功之间的关系起到部分中介作用;环境动态性对高绩效人力资源管理系统与新产品成功直接和间接关系以及总的关系存在显著负向调节作用。本文的研究丰富了新兴市场高绩效人力资源管理系统对组织创新影响的文献内容。     

Solving Resource Allocation Problems When Earning Effects Are Present

Learning effects play an important role in certain resource allocation problems, and several authors have proposed models for these problems that capture the relevant relationships. However, the models may be difficult to implement or have shortcomings in the prescribed solution procedures. In this paper, we selectively review the work to date and present a simple reformulation that facilitates solution by off-the-shelf software.     

A Comparison of Due Date Setting,Resource Assignment,and Job Preemption Heuristics for the Multiproject Scheduling Problem*

This research examines a heuristic, rule-based approach for setting due dates in a multiproject, multijob, or assembly shop. Due date estimation is a challenging problem because the operating environment is capacitated, involves the allocation of multiple resources, and allows for the preemption of resources from one project or job to another. The dynamic, continuous arrival of new jobs or orders frequently results in the preemption of resources through the application of managerially determined priority policies. These preemption policies have a significant impact on the ultimate completion time of a job or a project. A three-factor, full-factorial computer simulation experiment is used to assess the relative effectiveness of combinations of four due date setting heuristics, five resource assignment heuristics, and three resource preemption heuristics. Recommendations are made for the selection of due date and resource assignment heuristic combinations under the three preemption policies examined.     

A Structural Equation Model of New Product Design and Development*

This research uses structural equation modeling to analyze the effects of supplier assessment, Just‐In‐Time, and quality management strategies on new product design and development. A survey of senior managers who are members of the American Production and Inventory Control Society in the United States was used to test the relationships between the constructs in the model. In general, the survey results supported the proposed structural equation model. The data showed that supplier assessment and Just‐In‐Time strategies were correlated and affected the quality management strategy used, which in turn influenced the new product design and development strategy. The data also showed that the Just‐In‐Time strategy directly influenced the new product design and development strategy.     

多粒子群混合算法求解虚拟组织服务资源配置

为了提高虚拟组织服务资源配置的效率,本文提出了一种多粒子群混合算法。该混合算法将多种群与线性搜索相结合,在算法优化过程中,通过多个粒子种群协同来控制种群的多样性,将多种群中较优的粒子进行复制,同时在每个种群中对单个粒子进行维变量变换。实验结果表明该方法具有可行性。