For Western Girls Only?

Much of the literature on post-feminism concerns the “Western” world and variously conceptualizes post-feminism as “Western culture.” This article argues that, as a result, feminist cultural scholars have not sufficiently imagined, theorized, or empirically researched the possibility of post-feminism in non-Western cultural contexts. By briefly reviewing what has been said in the literature about post-feminism and the non-West, and by putting this in dialogue with transnational feminist cultural scholarship, this article makes a case for a transnational analytic and methodological approach to the critical study of post-feminism. It argues that such an approach provides an understanding of post-feminism as a transnationally circulating culture, and thus can better account for the fact that the culture interpellates not only women in the West but also others elsewhere. The article concludes by outlining what it means and could afford feminist cultural scholars to work with a new conceptual view of post-feminism as transnational culture.     

Welfare Queens,Thrifty Housewives,and Do-It-All Mums

In this paper, we consider how the cultural politics of austerity within Britain plays out on the celebrity maternal body. We locate austerity as a discursive and disciplinary field and contribute to emerging feminist scholarship exploring how broader political and socio-economic shifts interact with cultural constructions of femininity and motherhood. To analyse the symbolic function of mediated celebrity maternity within austerity, the paper draws on a textual analysis of three celebrity mothers: Kate Middleton, Kim Kardashian, and Beyoncé. This analysis was undertaken as part of a larger qualitative study into celebrity culture and young people's classed and gendered aspirations. We show how these celebrity mothers represent the folk devils and fantasy figures of the maternal under austerity—the thrifty, happy housewife, the benefits mum, and the do-it-all working mum—and attempt to unpick what cultural work they do in the context of austerity within Britain. Through the lens of celebrity motherhood, we offer a feminist critique of austerity as a programme that both consolidates unequal class relations and makes punishing demands on women in general, and mothers in particular.     

Television And The Domestication Of Cosmetic Surgery

An exploration of the discursive production of cosmetic surgery on the television shows Extreme Makeover and Nip/Tuck illustrates that these programmes contribute to and reflect the processes through which cosmetic surgery has become domesticated within increasingly globalised contexts. I demonstrate that across a range of cultural sites, including some feminist scholarship, the press, and surgical television, post-feminist frames have displaced feminist frames for comprehending cosmetic surgery, enabling the culture's surgical turn. Feminist attention to risk, oppressive standards for appearance, and the cultural and discursive location of suffering around the deviant body is displaced by the post-feminist celebration of physical transformation as the route to happiness and personal empowerment. It is this logic that is played out through Extreme Makeover's rendering of surgery as the solution for personal suffering and a meting out of justice to the “moral” individual. Extreme Makeover explicitly domesticates cosmetic surgery by publicising its benefits and undoing the former imperative to hide surgery rather than be viewed as “inauthentic.” As a corollary, the show promotes a system of visual eugenics where “unaesthetic” raced and gendered facial and bodily features are erased. Nip/Tuck gestures toward feminist responses to surgical culture through making its violent interventions into the body explicit, by including a feminist character, and through incorporating plot lines which critique the narcissism and gendered cruelty of surgical appearance work. However, these gestures serve as dramatic devices, the political potential of which is curtailed by the requirements of the melodrama to favour sensational story arcs and to retain a degree of sympathy for the surgeon leads. Thus, both shows contribute to a post-feminist mediascape which renders the inevitability of the culture's surgical turn, providing limited frames for viewers negotiating their own responses to the meanings of cosmetic surgery.     

The rebelling orphan: adopting the found photograph

Abstract

Every day thousands of family photographs get abandoned in second hand bookshops, at flea markets, and internet auctions, losing their past and having their stories erased. Conversely, the same images get found, reappropriated, and assigned with new meanings. It is this process of giving the found photograph a new lease of life that I explore in this article. As I argue here, photographs continue to act as potent narrative tools even if we no longer have access to their subjects or producers. Not only do I show how anonymous photographs can be read and interpreted but also how they function as material objects that are collected, loved, treasured, and inevitably integrated into the lives of their new adopted families. I show, in particular, how both the content and the materiality of photographs makes them carriers of family history and private memory, as well as intersecting with other categories such as class and identity.     

流动人口社会阶层结构及地区差异

本文根据2011年国家人口计生委流动人口动态监测抽样调查资料,以流动人口职业分类和收入为基础,分析了当前流动人口的社会阶层结构状况。研究发现,当前流动人口的社会阶层结构是一个“金字塔”型结构,位于塔尖的人数极少,而处于底层的人数庞大,同时,流动人口各阶层的收入结构和消费结构分化明显。分地区来看,流动人口阶层分化显示出地域的不平衡性,经济不发达的地区,社会阶层结构相对简单;经济发达的地区,不仅社会阶层结构比较复杂,更接近现代社会阶层结构的特点,其收入分配结构也更趋于合理。     

母亲劳动供给行为与中国农村儿童健康

本文使用"中国家庭营养与健康调查"(CHNS)数据,测度了母亲劳动供给行为对于中国农村儿童健康的影响,重点研究了全职和兼职母亲在儿童不同的年龄阶段进入劳动力市场对于儿童健康的影响。研究结果显示:母亲进入劳动力市场并不必然导致母亲照料儿童时间的减少,从事兼职工作的母亲由于工作的灵活性对于儿童的照料甚至比不参加工作的母亲更为充分;此外,在母亲劳动收入增加的正效应的作用下,母亲从事全职、兼职工作对于儿童健康有正的影响,但兼职工作的影响并不显著。在控制住儿童健康对于母亲劳动供给的反作用之后发现,母亲在儿童0～2岁阶段进入劳动力市场会对儿童健康产生负面影响,但影响在统计上并不显著。     

The retirement consumption puzzle in Japan

In this paper, I examine, using Japanese cross-section data, whether “the retirement consumption puzzle” exists, and if so, why. My results show that both the anticipated consumption during retirement of working households and the actual consumption during retirement of retired households are much lower than the actual consumption before retirement of working households. I find that the anticipated decline in consumption after retirement is due primarily to the anticipated decline in family size after retirement, but that it might also be due partly to other factors. These results suggest that consumption does indeed decline after retirement, but that this decline is largely due to factors that are consistent with the life cycle hypothesis.

工人还是农民——消费对于农民工身份认同的影响分析

农民工的身份认同问题一直是学术界关注的焦点,本研究从消费对于农民工身份认同的影响的角度,使用大规模的量化数据,证实了消费对于农民工的身份认同具有显著影响,农民工的集体消费对其工人身份认同成正比,但是私人消费水平却与农民工的工人认同成反比。研究发现：农民工的低工资、低福利是罪魁祸首。在现阶段,提高农民工工资,覆盖农民工的社会福利,是解决农民工问题的关键。     

新型农村合作医疗对我国农民消费影响研究

以27个省份1999～2006年的宏观数据为基础,从描述和实证两个维度,对新型农村合作医疗制度的实施对于我国农民生活消费所带来的影响进行了考察。研究结果表明,由于减少了未来支出的不确定性,整体上来看,该制度的实施,不仅促进了我国农民在医疗保健方面消费支出水平的提高,也显著地推动了我国农民在其他生活消费方面支出水平的提升。     

健康状况和健康冲击对工作时间的影响

使用中国健康与养老追踪关于浙江和甘肃两省的预调查数据,估计居民健康存量状况和健康冲击对劳动工作时间的影响。研究采用三种健康状况指标:自评健康状况、四种常见慢性病和日常生活自理能力(ADL),其中自评健康状况还使用了15岁之前的健康状况做工具变量估计。基于Tob it模型的估计结果显示:只要健康状况不是太差,劳动者一般不会选择完全退出劳动力市场,健康状况较差的劳动者会适当减少工作时间。慢性病中,只有关节类的疾病对劳动时间的影响显著,其他疾病对劳动时间没有显著影响。日常生活自理能力强的人工作时间明显要长。健康冲击会显著减少劳动者的工作时间,进而减少收入。尽管男性和女性在工作小时上存在很大差异,但是估计结果显示健康存量状况和健康冲击对工作小时的影响不存在很大的性别差异。     

我国当代中产阶级的崛起及其社会功能

随着我国改革开放的深入和鼓励一部分人先富起来政策的实施,社会结构发生了极大变化,中产阶级越来越多地出现在人们的视野里。本文以社会分层理论为基础,对中产阶级的概念、特点进行阐述,分析了我国当代中产阶级的崛起及其社会功能,阐明了大力发展中产阶级的必要性。     

Completing the Picture: The Challenges of Bringing “Consumption” into the Population–Environment Equation

The issue of environmentally significant consumption is closely linked to population–environment relationships, but with some exceptions the two literatures have proceeded along separate tracks. We explore three consumption–environment research agendas: household–level consumption; ecological footprints and material flow accounting; and values, attitudes, behaviors and lifestyles. In each of these we note areas of overlap with the population–environment literature, and ways in which the population–environment literature might benefit or borrow from conceptual or methodological approaches in the consumption–environment literature. We also propose ways in which consumption research might be integrated into the largest (in terms of funding) of the population–environment research agendas, land-use and land-cover change research. In the concluding section we present a conceptual framework for understanding the population–environment literature that incorporates production and consumption into the model, and we propose some population–consumption–environment (PCE) research areas to which the population-environment research community could make significant contributions.     

论消费--环境研究与人口--环境研究的融合

消费—环境研究和人口—环境研究从不同的角度对人类环境问题进行探讨,并给我们研究和解决环境问题提供了很多启发。但是由于二者研究的背景不同,其研究框架和研究成果均缺乏整体性和全面性。本文在考察消费—环境研究和人口—环境研究各自优势及其缺陷的基础上,梳理出二者融合的衔接点,提出把二者融合起来的理论框架及其研究重点,并找出其中具有杠杆意义的支点———消费模式转变。     

利用人口普查数据测量社会距离的方法探讨

社会学概念“社会距离”从博格达斯量表开始,其测量的一直是群体（族、阶层）之间的主观心理距离,反映的是群体间文化差异或群体间相互接受程度。为了回应塔尔达和拉梅尔对社会距离概念客观性的要求,本文借鉴重新定义距离这个概念,反映不同社会阶层客观的社会差别,并利用广州市2000年人口普查数据和2005年1％人口抽样调查数据来测量广州市不同阶层（群体）的社会距离,解释广州市社会阶层（群体）关系的变化,说明社会变迁。     

婚姻、就业及退休对健康影响的性别差异——西方的视角及其研究进展

性别差异既是人群健康差异的重要原因之一,也是人群健康差异的表现维度之一。就业、婚姻和退休是人生的重要环节,也是与成年人生活息息相关的制度安排。无论是职场还是家庭,所有的经济角色都会因性别化的角色期待和角色认知而形成性别差异,该差异会导致健康相关行为的性别差异,从而对两性的健康产生不同的影响。通过梳理国外的相关文献,对该领域的研究成果进行总结回顾,以期为国内的研究提供一些参考。     

中国各地区人口年龄结构变动的消费效应分析

消费是影响一国经济增长的重要因素,对于影响消费的众多因素研究,大多基于收入分配不均和收入不确定性视角,而忽略了另外一个非常重要的因素,那就是人口年龄结构变化对消费的影响效应。上世纪70年代计划生育政策的推行和人口预期寿命的延长,加快了我国人口转变及老龄化发展的步伐,这一转变必将改变居民的储蓄消费行为,影响储蓄-消费模式和消费率。基于我国2002-2008年省级面板数据,本文研究了各地区人口转变对消费率的影响。研究表明,消费率与少儿抚养比、老年抚养比之间分别存在正相关关系与负相关关系。     

中国西部城市居民消费结构定量研究

实施西部大开发战略直接关系到扩大内需,促进经济增长,关系到民族团结、社会稳定和边防巩固,关系到东西部协调发展和最终实现共同富裕。随着国家西部大开发政策的实施,为了给西部经济住入了活力,促进西部经济的发展,研究此地区的消费水平对于了解其经济增长是很有必要的。本文运用主成分分析对我国西部12个省市的消费结构进行了分析,揭示了我国西部个省市消费结构及其特点,据此提出相应的建议。     

The Last Closet: LGBTQ+ Studies and Social Class

ABSTRACT

This essay examines the intersection of queerness and social class as it impinges on the field of LGBTQ+ studies. Specifically, it considers some of the disciplinary aims of queer critique in relation to the challenges facing first-generation queer scholars; in so doing, it suggests how forms of difference operate in relation to the personal over time. As a discipline committed to intersectional frameworks, LGBTQ+ studies (and its ongoing evolution) might thus usefully foreground overlapping understandings of outsiderness: namely, how queerness might be experienced as a form of class, and how class might be experienced as a form of queerness.