侨市：以开放促发展

桥市乡是江华瑶族自治县22个乡镇中比较偏僻和落后的乡镇之一，近年来，桥市乡党委、政府坚持以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观为指导，大力实施对外开放战略，加快发展步伐，使全乡各项基础设施得到改善，经济结构逐步趋于合理，经济实力明显增强，人民生活水平得到提高，社会面貌发生了巨大变化。     

袁建尧:切实把握民族团结进步行动的工作重点

正加快发展是少数民族和民族地区最紧迫的任务习近平总书记强调"发展是摆脱贫困问题的总办法"。改革开放以来,我省民族地区的面貌发生了巨大变化,经济总量和综合实力大幅提升,生产方式和生活水平极大改善,人口素质和发展后劲明显增强,已进入经济社会发展最快、城乡面貌变化最大、人民群众受惠最多的历史时期。但由于自然、历史、社会等方面的原因,我省民族地区发展整体滞后的现状仍然没有根本转变,与发达地区差距仍是扩大趋     

试论我省少数民族地区经济发展的战略问题

我省是一个多民族的边疆省份,全省少数民族人口共有一百六十多万,大部分居住在农村,从事农业生产。党的十一届三中全会以来,少数民族地区经济有很大的发展,人民生活获得了很大的改善。但由于历史的原因和长期“左”的干扰,少数民族地区经济基础还很薄弱,和汉族地区比较,发展比较缓慢,有些地区的群众在生产生活上都还有一定的困难。为了帮助少数民族地区的经济得到较快的发展,开创民族地区经济工作新局面,实现各民族的     

西藏城市住房制度改革与城市人居环境改善

住房是人居环境居住系统当中的核心要素,对住房需求的满足及房屋质量、居住环境的优劣也是城市宜居性的重要体现。改革开放后,住房制度的改革与房地产市场的发展也带动了房屋建设水平的提高,现代化住宅的建筑技术、房屋设计、新型材料的普遍应用,使西藏城市住房与内地城市住房在质量上趋同,普遍具备较好的采光、采暖、防水、隔音等功能,更好地提升了居住的舒适度和安全性。现代化厨卫设施的普及让居家生活更为便倢和卫生,藏族民众的卫生观念、健康意识也随之提高,清洁燃气、太阳能等家用能源的普及还促进了城市生态环境的保护,而社区环境也更加舒适和安全,城市宜居水平得到长足的发展,西藏民众的居住变得更加舒适,城市人居环境也因此得到发展。     

广场舞对锻炼者生活质量的影响

近年来,广场舞逐渐兴起,在城市、农村都得到广泛的宣传。本文采取问卷调查的形式对南京地区的一部分广场舞锻炼者进行了调查,得出一个结论:一些经常参加以广场舞为锻炼方式的人的生活质量普遍来说有很大的提升,拥有优秀的生活质量达到3.9%,良好的有20.8%左右。被调查者生活质量的社会功能维度和对生活质量的评价与男女性别有关,两者之间存在着一定的差异。文章主要从这两方面着手来阐述广场舞对锻炼者生活质量产生的影响。     

广场舞对锻炼者生活质量的影响

近年来,广场舞逐渐兴起,在城市、农村都得到广泛的宣传.本文采取问卷调查的形式对南京地区的一部分广场舞锻炼者进行了调查,得出一个结论:一些经常参加以广场舞为锻炼方式的人的生活质量普遍来说有很大的提升,拥有优秀的生活质量达到3.9％,良好的有20.8％左右.被调查者生活质量的社会功能维度和对生活质量的评价与男女性别有关,两者之间存在着一定的差异.文章主要从这两方面着手来阐述广场舞对锻炼者生活质量产生的影响.     

民族贸易三项照顾政策面临的问题和新的对策

国家对民族贸易企业的自有资金、利润留成、价格补贴等方面给予照顾的规定(简称三项照顾),由来已久.它是我国民族贸易政策的重要组成部分.民族贸易三项照顾政策,对加强民族地区的商业工作,促进工农业生产的发展,改善人民的生活,曾起了积极作用.它在我国民族贸易发展史上有着重要的特殊的意义. 随着我国改革开放总方针总政策的贯彻实施,国营企业流动资金的"拨改贷",第二步利改税的开展和价格改革的出台,使整个社会经济生活发生了巨大变化.在此势态下,60年代     

试论老区的开发与建设

改革开放以来，在党的富民政策指引下，我国各地经济都有很大发展，人民生活水平都有很大提高。但是，由于历史的、地理的等各方面原因，老区的经济发展相对滞缓，人民的生活仍较为贫困，经济社会发展与发达地区的差距越来越大，这已引起人们的普遍关注，也是如何进一步加大老区扶贫工作力度，把老区的经济搞上去，使老区人民生活日益得到改善，保持国家长治久安的中心课题。本文拟结合广西的情况，对老区的开发建设谈点个人的认识。一、一个不容忽视的时代课题──老区的开发与建设老区作为中国革命的摇篮和发祥地，是红色政权和人民军队能…     

恩施布:加快武陵山区域城市中心建设 争当武陵山试验区建设“排头兵”

正2011年2月16日,湖北武陵山少数民族经济社会发展试验区建设在恩施土家族苗族自治州正式启动。自试验区建设启动以来,恩施市抢抓发展机遇,奋力推进武陵山区域城市中心建设,城市面貌发生了巨大变化,居民幸福指数得到有效提升,先后荣获"中国优秀旅游城市""全国双拥模范城市""省级园林城市""省级文明城市"等多项荣誉。以科学规划为龙头不断优化城市布局恩施市委、市政府围绕"民俗风情城、山水园林城、生态旅游城、交通枢纽城、区域中心城"建设目标,提出了     

“镜子”与“尺子”——人口较少民族人大代表访谈录

在此次"两会"期间,记者有幸采访到10位人口较少民族的全国人大代表。他们当中既有人口只有几千人的珞巴族、门巴族、塔塔尔族等代表,也有在去年刚刚列入人口较少民族的土族、仫佬族等代表;他们有来自高校、科研院所的专家学者,更多的则是长期工作在基层的干部。回顾作为全国人大代表以来的履历,他们深深感受到国家对少数民族和民族地区的关心、照顾与扶持,特别是对于人口较少民族来说,不仅老百姓的衣食住行等民生问题有了很大的改善,城乡面貌发生了巨大变化,而且少数民族群众的自我发展意识与能力也不断增强。这些变化犹如一面镜子,折射出党和国家优越的民族政策,而老百姓心中的幸福指数也犹如一把尺子,丈量着国家为改善各族人民的生活而进行的不懈努力。     

基于经济联系强度和区域断裂点的拉萨-日喀则城市互动发展分析

拉萨和日喀则分别是西藏第一和第二大的城市,在西藏经济发展中具有重要地位。利用经济联系强度和区域影响断裂点两个分析工具对近年来拉萨、日喀则的经济数据进行分析可知,拉萨-日喀则两市之间的经济联系强度以平均每年20%左右的速率增加,而两市之间的断裂点出现在距拉萨191.27km～217.75km附近。因此,加快西藏自治区的城市化建设,应注重保持和加强拉萨-日喀则两市的经济联系强度,以及重点扶持断裂点附近县市经济发展。     

新疆城市百年巨变:数量与规模

20世纪是一个巨变的世纪,新疆城市在这百年间发生了巨大变化。20世纪以来,新疆城市出现快速的发展,首先是城市数量大幅度增加,北疆的城市无论在数量方面,还是在规模方面都超过了南疆;其次是城市规模扩大,城市规模扩大,一方面表现为人口规模的扩大,另一方面表现为城市建成区规模的扩大,乌鲁木齐成为特大城市,并以此为中心形成了天山北路城市带;一大批在20世纪之初仅为数千人的小城镇经过百年发展成为数十万人的大城市或中等城市。随着西部大开发和新丝之路战略的实施,新疆城市又迎来了新的发展机遇,新疆城市不仅要在数量方面有大发展,而且还需要优化城市结构,提升城市发展质量,带动区域走出一条可持续发展的新型城镇化道路。     

民国时期天山北麓东路城市多民族居民生活的变化

Although the Republican era of China did not last very long, it was a significant period in which China transformed from an agricul-tural to an industrial era, and from a traditional so-ciety to a modern one. During this period, not only did the politics and economics change dramatical-ly, but also the lives of urban residents. Although Xinjiang is located in the western frontier area of inland China, since the Qing dynasty, its politi-cal, economic and cultural connections with inland China gradually increased. Xinjiang is not an iso-lated region, it actually is located in the central ar-ea of Asia. So, its openness is very pronounced. Even though during the Republican era, inland China was gripped in the chaos of war, Xinjiang’s political, economic and cultural connections with the inland were never broken. Although sometimes the central government’s control in Xinjiang was not so strong, the central government’s policies had always impacted strongly on Xinjiang. In addition, due to the continuous migration of the inland popu-lation ( especially intellectuals, and political and military people) into urban areas, such as Dihua in Xinjiang during the Republic era of China, the politics, economics and culture of inland China had a big impact on the lives of Xinjiang urban res-idents. Moreover, Xijiang is neighbors with Rus-sia. Since the middle of the 19th century, Russia, whose industrialization and modernization occurred earlier and faster than China’s, often made political and military invasions, as well as cultural infiltra-tion, into Xinjiang. After the founding of the Sovi-et Union, its influence on the cities of Xijiang gradually increased. Especially during the period when Sheng Shicai managed Xinjiang, the influ-ence of the Soviet Union on Xinjiang was the stron-gest. In addition to political influence, economic and cultural influences became more pronounced, and numerous industrial and cultural products made in the Soviet Union were imported into Xin-jiang. This had a dramatic impact on the urban residents of Xinjiang. As a political, economic and cultural center of Xinjiang, Dihua was alive with many Russians who engaged in political, economic and cultural activities. Hence, their direct or indi-rect influence on the lives of Dihua residents was stronger than in other cities. At present, the research on Xinjiang during the Republican era of China mainly focuses on the political and economic domains , and less attention is paid to its urban life. However, the changes of modernization are not only reflected in the aspects of politics and economics, but also in the field of social life. Hence, to strengthen the research on the changes in social life in urban areas of Xinjiang during the Republican era of China is significant. The Republican era of China was an important pe-riod for Xinjiang society. Although if we compare it with the urban areas along the eastern coastal ar-ea of China, the impact of western culture on the lives of urban residents in Xinjiang during this pe-riod was not so strong, and the changes in social life also reflected multi - ethnic characteristics. The changes in urban life in Xinjiang were also an important part of the changes following China’s modernization. It reflected a both generalization and a diversity of the urban changes created by China’s modernization. In addition, one should note the impact of the changes in Xinjiang’s urban life during the Republican era on that of Xinjiang during the latter half of the 20th century. Thus, it is very necessary to conduct a research on the lives of Xinjiang’s urban residents during the Republican era of China. Xinjiang has been a multi-ethnic area since ancient times, a fact which contributes the ethnic diversity that characterizes the social life of Xin-jiang cities. During the Republican era, the mate-rial life of the various ethnic groups living in Xinjiang’s cities changed successively due to the impact of external cultures, and the wave of mod-ernization. However the changes to the material lives of the various ethnic groups were different. The content of material life is very broad. General-ly speaking, it comprises people’s daily life, inclu-ding clothing, food, shelter and transportation, all of which are regarded as basic essentials for peo-ple. In a period of scarcity of goods and materials, material life became the most important thing for most of the public. Hence, changes with regard to material life, to a large extent, is reflected in the changes in the social lives of urban residents. Generally speaking, compared with the situa-tion in the Qing dynasty, the clothing in Xinjiang cities such as Dihua exhibited a big change. How-ever , this change displayed multi-ethnic and diver-sified characteristics. Concerning the food culture of Dihua urban residents during the Republican era of China, it reflected more open, inclusive and mutually influential features. In other words, the existence of a diversified food culture and diverse development was an important characteristic of the time. Concerning shelter during this period, a big change in Dihua’s urban style was that some mod-ern buildings co-appeared alongside traditional style buildings, no matter whether it was in the pri-vate space or public space. Moreover, the trans-portation mechanisms also changed during this pe-riod. Roads for cars appeared in Dihua, which opened the gate for Xinjiang’s automobile age. During the Republican era of China, most ur-ban residents in Xijiang’s cities, such as Dihua, kept their traditional customs. However, there were also some changes due to the influence of ex-ternal cultures—these changes were presented as the characteristics of pluralism, diversity and a mixture of the old and new. Multiple ethnic groups concentrated in an area in the eastern zone line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan. During the process of history, the different ethnic groups formed their own cultures and religious beliefs. In the Republican era of China, the various ethnic groups lived in harmony most of time, and the plu-ralism and inclusiveness of cultures gradually in-creased. Generally speaking, the lives and cus-toms of the Han in Xinjiang cities, such as Dihua during the Republican era of China, were almost same as those of the Han in inland China. On one hand, they kept many of their traditional customs;yet, on the other hand, they also gradually accept-ed some new ones from external cultures. The eth-nic minorities, such as the Uygur and Hui, were deeply influenced by Islamic religious culture. Their religious cultural life exhibited almost no change during the Republican era of China, and they, for the most part, maintained their tradi-tions. During this period, in keeping with the gradual consciousness of ethnic equality, although various ethnic groups kept their own traditions, and they did not reject each others’ traditions, and instead, there was some mutual exchanges among them. This made the urban culture more diversi-fied . Not only were the festivals of the Uyghur pop-ular among themselves, the Han were also invited to participate in them. Moreover, the Han’s festi-vals, especially the Spring Festival, Lantern Festi-val and others, were also gradually accepted by other ethnic groups, and, for example, the Uy-ghur, Hui, Mongolian and Kazakhs, and others all participated in these festivals. In the middle and latter period of the Republican era, the urban cul-ture of Xinjiang exhibited a sense of openness. Within the basis of maintaining their own ethnic cultural traditions, each ethnic group showed an opened attitude to new cultures, and, hence, ur-ban culture became more diversified and rich. During the time when agriculture was more dominant , traditional cities lacked of public cultur-al spaces. Hence, Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and mosques became the sites for organi-zing public cultural activities in the urban areas. Since modern times, the public cultural spaces in urban areas have experienced a great change. Parks, as a new mode of public space, began to appear successively in some important cities. At the end of the Republican era of China, the public cultural space of Dihua had been further expand-ed. In 1948, there were four such kind of public cultural sites in Dihua, such as Zhongshan Park, Hongyan Lake, Shuimo River, and Wulabai. In addition to these, the cinema also played a very important role in the new entertainment life of the urban residents of Dihua. In 1944, Dihua had three movie theaters which were run respectively by the government, a businessman and a Russian. Movies had a very direct impact on the residents’ vision and mind, especially on the youth. A new movie sometimes would change some people’s view of life or the rules of their behavior. In short, the Republican era was a dramatic period of change during which China transformed from a traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial one. Following the changes in politics, economics and culture, people’s material life and cultural life were also changed. Due to the vast territory, and uneven political and economic devel-opment of China, the changes differed in various regions. Xinjiang is a frontier area in western Chi-na. Its communication with the outside world was not so convenient. Hence, compared with the east-ern coastal region, the degree of change in Xin-jiang was lower, and the speed of change was also relatively slower. However, this kind of change ac-cumulated over several decades, so, with time, the changes also became very noticeable. Howev-er , due to the uneven regional development in Xin-jiang, the changes in some cities were slow while in some they were fast. Compared with other places of Xinjiang, the changes along the eastern line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan, and taking Dihua as the center, were faster and more obvious in the Republican era. On one hand, Di-hua was more strongly influenced by the politics, economics and culture of inland China; and, on the other hand, Dihua was also influenced more di-rectly by the politics, economics and culture of the Soviet Union With the combined role played by the both sources, the material life of the urban resi-dents of Dihua, including clothing, food, shelter and transportation, as well as the customs, and cultural entertainments, changed dramatically. This change was not only similar to that of inland cities, but it also reflected regional characteristics of Xinjiang—the characteristics of ethnicity and di-versity wee more pronounced. In addition, com-pared with Tibet which is also in the western fron-tier of China, the changes brought by the urban modernization in Xinjiang was more dramatic. This was directly connected with Xinjiang’s geographical location, natural climatic conditions, as well as its political, economic and cultural development. Al-though Xinjiang lies in the western frontier of Chi-na, its transportation connections with inland Chi-na and the outside world were more convenient than those in Tibet. During the Republican era, the railways, highways and aviation routes devel-oped relatively well, the Xinjiang’s economic, and cultural connections with both inland China and the Soviet Union were also relatively close. In addi-tion, an important natural condition which also created good conditions for the opening up of Xin-jiang is that the elevation of most areas of Xinjiang is not high—the average elevation is around 1000 meters. Hence, the natural geographical conditions promoted a population flow between Xinjiang and inland China, as well as between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union. Moreover, after the settling of Xin-jiang province at the end of the Qing dynasty, the feeldings and unity with inland China were ensured from an institutional aspect. It was just under such kind of background that the lives of the urban resi-dents living in the eastern zone of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan experienced a dramatic change, and presented a characteristic of ethnic diversity, pluralism and mixture of old and new.     

文化融合与民族大学生国家认同教育

文化融合是一种客观的历史现象,也是现今的一种社会存在状态;是民族关系的重要内容,也是文化得以发展的重要途径。国家的概念则是近现代才从西方国家传入的新鲜产物,是生活在其地域范围内的人们对其所在国家的认识、评价与情感,主要表现于国家政治共同体和结构层面以及共同的中华民族的精神层面的认同。国家认同于国家本身、于个人都具有非常重要的意义,其中少数民族的国家认同问题显得尤为迫切。而国家认同教育是国家认同构建中的重要内容和方式。学校教育是建立国家认同的有效途径。我国的各民族的文化融合是少数民族国家认同教育的前提与基础、有力保障、表现形式,也是少数民族大学生国家认同教育的高级目标,具有重要的意义与深远的影响。我国也从中国的实际情况出发,并吸收了中国历来坚持＂和而不同＂处理民族关系的宝贵经验与优秀传统,制定出了相应的民族政策,坚定地保障民族文化融合,加强少数民族的国家认同教育,促进国家的稳定与团结。     

民族地区城镇化滞后的负面效应分析

在完善的市场经济条件下 ,生产要素会自动向城镇集聚 ,因此 ,城镇化是区域经济发展的必然趋势。在我国市场化滞后的条件下 ,城镇化对生产要素的集聚效应发挥有着更加重要的作用。但是 ,由于受多种因素的制约 ,民族地区城镇化严重滞后 ,造成了人口与土地矛盾突出 ;导致了农村剩余劳动力转移的困难 ;加大了扶贫成本 ,影响了扶贫效果 ;不利于生态环境的保护 ;影响了农业经营的规模化、产业化和劳动生产率的提高 ;阻碍了产业结构的调整和第三产业的发展 ;抑制了消费需求的增加 ,导致内需不足 ;不利于教育现代化和人口素质的提高 ;阻碍城镇中心功能的发挥和土地的集约使用。因此 ,应推行积极的城镇化政策 ,加速民族地区城镇化进程 ,以充分发挥生产要素的集聚作用。     

中国少数民族人口老龄化问题研究

利用1990、2000和2010年人口普查数据,分析中国少数民族人口的老龄化问题发现,中国各少数民族人口随全国人口一起,共同进入了持续老龄化的状态,且表现为老年人口规模及其占总人口的比例增长快,75岁以上的高龄老年人增速快,老年人口规模大,老年负担系数大,老龄化族际差异大的＂两高三大＂的特征。文章认为,在未来一个相当长的时期内,少数民族人口的老龄化趋势将会持续下去,老龄化程度会进一步提高。同时,中国少数民族集聚区,经济社会发展水平低,在这一背景下步入老龄化社会,属于典型的＂未富先老＂。要解决好少数民族人口老龄化问题,首先应尽快调整人口政策,以积极的人口对策化解深度人口老龄化进程中的社会压力与经济负担;其次要转变方式,调整结构,切实加快少数民族和民族地区的经济社会发展;第三,要充分开发和利用＂银色人力资源＂,加快发展老龄事业和老龄产业;第四,以健康老龄化为中心构建全民敬老爱老社会服务机制,广泛动员和吸纳社会中介组织、志愿者与社会资源参与。     

四川民族地区经济发展与社会稳定战略的实现途径

民族地区的社会稳定与经济发展息息相关。区域资源综合开发和整体开发资源是经济发展和社会稳定的血脉和基础,因此民族地区要要立足特色优势资源,全面落实科学发展观,加强资源整合与综合利用,发展资源节约型和环境友好型产业,构建特色优势产业体系,才能最终促进四川民族地区经济与社会的可持续发展。“十二五”期间,四川民族地区将进入经济发展与社会稳定的重要阶段,本文从加强民族地区整合优势资源,构建优势产业体系出发,阐述了推进传统特色农牧业向现代特色农牧业跨越,以及维护社会稳定的具体措施。     

支持中国牧区加快发展的政策研究

中国牧区面积占国土面积的40%以上,在国民经济发展、国家生态安全、民族团结和边疆稳定中,具有重要的战略地位。牧区的发展目前面临着诸多制约因素,如发展方式粗放、落后,社会经济发展缓慢;草原生态严重恶化;牧区基本公共服务供给不足;金融服务不能满足牧区发展需要等。支持牧区加快发展首先要建立现代草原产权体系,完善相关法律;其次,将牧区的保护、建设和发展上升为国家发展战略;第三,加大对牧区发展的援助力度,制定发展援助政策体系,包括财政政策、金融政策、产业政策、社会事业政策、扶贫开发政策、资源开发与生态补偿政策、开发政策及重大自然灾害防控政策。     

我国少数民族构成要素的因子分析

本文用总人口、自治地方本民族人口、自治地方少数民族人口、人均GDP、农业人口、识字人口、在校生、母语人、单语人、双语人人数等 10项指标作为民族的地区、经济、教育和语言构成要素 ,对这些要素在我国现有少数民族中的构成情况作了描述、相关和因子提取等统计分析 ,以说明目前我国少数民族构成的基本社会状况 ,以及这些要素对少数民族整体和个体的构成的作用或代表的信息量有多大。文章还依据已有的经验知识对统计分析结果作了相应的说明和解释。结论是 ,目前我国少数民族之间的区别特征主要在于经济发展水平、人口的教育水平、居住地区、使用语言等方面的社会差别 ;但是从发展趋势看 ,传统意义上的各民族构成要素的作用将逐渐减弱 ,民族间的差别将逐渐缩小     

四川省甘孜州、阿坝州城镇女性从业者的就业结构与驱动因素探究——基于全国第四次经济普查四川省数据的分析

就业是民生之基,是社会稳定之本,也是女性劳动者的基本权利、提高女性自身经济地位的重要手段,更是性别平等的测试器。在四川省甘孜州、阿坝州,城镇女性从业者在教育、卫生等行业有较高从业优势,就业集中分布于公共管理、教育、卫生、文化等领域,在零售、餐饮、住宿等市场化行业的集中度不明显;产业结构、城镇化与乡城劳动力转移、民营经济发展水平、城镇女性人力资本以及择业观念等影响城镇女性的行业就业行为;传统服务业与线上业态、旅游相关产业、生态红利产业、农业产业链延伸产业等是未来城镇女性劳动力的就业拓展领域;提升女性人力资本有助于女性从业者的就业结构优化。