影响青藏高原少数民族大学生就业的文化因素探析

随着我国的高校毕业生分配就业制度模式的转变,受文化生存环境影响的少数民族大学生群体在就业中受到全面的现代文化的挑战,就业的难度空前加大。现在对少数民族大学生就业问题只是单纯的以经济快速发展来解决,本文认为这种解决办法,实际上不自觉的回避了少数民族大学生在就业中存在的深层次的,也比较抽象的文化层面。少数民族大学生面临的就业危机问题,就是少数民族文化与主流文化(汉文化)发生冲突而导致的一种适应和调整的过程。本文就此方面进行了一定的探讨和论述。     

加强校外实习基地建设对提高大学毕业生就业率的分析与研究——以内蒙古民族大学动物科技学院校外实习基地建设为例

高校是培养和造就社会需要的人才的摇篮,是传播和创新现代化科技文化知识的重要基地.在当前大学生就业困难的情况下,追求理论与实践相结合,提高广大毕业生的实践动手能力,是高校引导高校毕业生就业的必经之路.通过分析当前大学生就业的现状与原因、就业实习基地建设的重要性与必要性,并以内蒙古民族大学动物科技学院加强校外实习基地建设为例,说明校外实习基地对大学生就业的影响.     

少数民族大学生就业问题探析

少数民族大学毕业生是民族地区全面建设小康社会的中坚力量; 随着国内各高校的持续扩招,民族大学毕业生面临空前的就业压力;必须站在全面建设小康社会的战略高度,走具有民族地区特色的创新安置之路,才能彻底解决困扰他们的就业难题.     

积极心理学视角下少数民族大学新生心理健康教育探索——以黑龙江省某高校为例

20世纪末,心理学发生了一次重要的思想转向—由病态心理学转向积极心理学,从而带动了心理学实践方向的改变。本文以黑龙江省某高校少数民族大学新生为服务对象,以积极心理学理念为指导,调查分析了少数民族大学新生的优势特质和心理需求,结合调查结果,设计并开展了针对所有少数民族大学生而不是少数有心理问题的大学生的心理健康教育实践服务。服务的目标也不是校正心理问题,而是按照积极心理学的三个维度设定:即关注学生积极情绪的发现和增加;促进大学生积极人格品质的自我了解和拓展;以及营造民族和谐、师生和谐的积极校园环境。在实践的基础上对高校心理健康教育引入积极心理学进行了进一步的思考。     

基于心理应激理论的少数民族大学生就业研究

文章通过对广西5所高校的少数民族大学生就业情况进行调查分析,结果发现:少数民族大学生的就业心理应激源主要受到四个方面的影响,分别为社会因素、家庭因素、学校因素和个人因素;在相同的就业心理应激源上少数民族大学生与汉族大学生存在着差异.因此,对少数民族大学生进行就业指导时,应注意来自各方面的应激源,有针对性地进行指导.     

少数民族大学生就业问题的特殊性及对策建议

本文对毕业于109所院校,分布在全国各地的回、藏、维吾尔族等33个民族的少数民族大学生就业现状进行了调查.调查发现,少数民族大学生就业中存在一次就业率低、就业成本高、待业时间长、就业层次低、收入少、工作与所学专业脱节、应聘时有被歧视的现象等.本文认为,导致这些现象的原因有其特殊性,因此,应采取一些特殊措施加以解决.     

内地高校少数民族大学生育人协同创新机制探析——基于“双导制”的应用

少数民族大学生是我国民族地区经济繁荣和社会发展的中坚力量,高等学校少数民族学生培养质量直接影响民族地区的稳定和可持续发展.少数民族大学生培养是一项系统工程,本文以“双导制”应用为切入点,探讨内地高校少数民族大学生育人机制协同创新.     

新疆高校少数民族毕业生 择业意向调查分析

作为少数民族学生较多的边疆高校，新疆少数民族毕业生的就业同样面临严峻的形势，就业竞争更为突出。对于这些学校而言，只有在充分了解少数民族毕业生择业心理、择业意向和择业期望值后，才能更加有的放矢地去开展工作。 为了更好地了解少数民族毕业生求职择业的情况和择业意向，从而为少数民族毕业生提供更好的服务，本文作者设计制作了一套《少数民族毕业生择业行为和意向调查》的问卷，对2008届少数民族毕业生进行了抽样调查。本文针对少数民族毕业生就业难的问题，进行择业意向的问卷调查，分析存在的问题及原因，采取一些必要的措施，有针对性地开展就业指导教育，帮助少数民族毕业生树立正确的择业观念以及为少数民族毕业生提供更加好的服务，为学校开展少数民族毕业生就业指导教育和实际工作提供客观依据。     

提升大学生就业水平的实践举措研究论述

随着教育水平的不断提升,大学毕业生的数量也在不断提升,就业形势也就更加严峻。本文主要是对社会和高校两个方面进行研究,对提升大学生就业水平进行分析,并且制定有效的解决方案。随着高校教学方案的改革、大众化高等教育的不断推广,现阶段大学生的就业竞争压力也在不断增加。大学生就业问题已经成为高校、家庭以及社会一起关注的问题,并且影响大学毕业生未来的发展,影响社会平稳发展和国家实现人才强国目标。在现阶段的就业形势下,要想降低大学毕业生的就业压力,需要提升大学生的就业水平。     

提升大学生就业水平的实践举措研究论述

随着教育水平的不断提升,大学毕业生的数量也在不断提升,就业形势也就更加严峻.本文主要是对社会和高校两个方面进行研究,对提升大学生就业水平进行分析,并且制定有效的解决方案.随着高校教学方案的改革、大众化高等教育的不断推广,现阶段大学生的就业竞争压力也在不断增加.大学生就业问题已经成为高校、家庭以及社会一起关注的问题,并且影响大学毕业生未来的发展,影响社会平稳发展和国家实现人才强国目标.在现阶段的就业形势下,要想降低大学毕业生的就业压力,需要提升大学生的就业水平.     

民族院校毕业生的就业对阻断贫困代际传递作用

提高农村人口的平均受教育的年限能够有效改善农村贫困现象,高等教育有助于贫困代际阶层向上流动以阻断贫困代际传递。在高等院校中,民族院校吸纳了更多的农村毕业生。民族院校毕业生就业后的月均收入明显高于全国农民工的平均水平,毕业生就业于教育行业的比例较高,多数毕业生乐意就职于就读院校所在地的民营企业,反哺地方经济建设。民族院校毕业生通过接受高等教育,提升了个人价值,增加了个人与家庭的经济收入,促进了地区经济的发展,不仅使自己也带动更多的人有机会告别贫困代际传递。本研究从理论上拓展了阻断贫困代际传递的研究范围,并从民族院校毕业生及其家庭、民族院校以及扶贫政策制定者三个角度提出了相应对策,以促进民族院校毕业生及更多的贫困地区人口尽早告别贫困代际传递,实现个人脱贫与地区脱贫的双丰收。     

Employment and earning differences in the early career of ethnic minority British graduates: the importance of university career,parental background and area characteristics

Ethnic minorities in the U.K. are more likely than the white majority to gain university qualifications, but experience worse labour market outcomes on average. This paper compares employment and earnings of British graduates from ethnic minorities to those of white British graduates to analyse whether ethnic labour market differences exist among the highly qualified, and whether they can be explained by differences in parental background, local area characteristics or differences in university careers. These factors account for a substantial part of persistent ethnic differences in earnings, but explain very little of the differences in employment. Compared to the literature estimating ethnic labour market inequalities on people with any level of qualification, we find smaller ethnic differences in employment and almost no differences in earnings among graduates entering the labour market. The results are robust to various changes in model specification.     

浅谈内地高校新疆籍少数民族学生的适应性问题

内地高校新疆籍少数民族学生教育、管理工作是相关高校思想政治教育工作的重要组织部分,是培养多民族国家社会主义建设者和接班人的需要。新疆籍少数民族学生进入内地高校以后,在生活习俗、学习活动、人际交往和个人发展等方面均可能产生不适应,因此,相关高校应从加强民族团结教育、弘扬民族文化、开展学习帮扶和加大心理健康教育等方面入手,服务他们的全面成长和健康成才。     

云南少数民族老年妇女经济保障的结构性脆弱——社会性别视角

I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate.     

增强民族高校大学生文化自信的多维探索

中华文化是建设中华民族共有精神家园的载体，也是增强文化自信和涵养中华民族共同体意识的根基和源泉。民族高校大学生是未来民族地区经济社会发展的精英力量，也是联系少数民族个体与中华民族大家庭的纽带，增强民族高校大学生中华文化认同与文化自信既是民族高等教育尤其是思想政治理论课立德树人的重要使命和任务，也是铸牢中华民族共同体意识、推动民族地区发展和实现中华民族伟大复兴的需要。为此，增强民族高校大学生文化自信可从以下维度推进。在路径维度上，改革创新教学体系和方法，切实发挥思想政治理论课的主渠道作用；在平台维度上，有效利用网络新媒体，开辟提升文化自信新途径；在认知维度上，充分挖掘少数民族优秀文化资源，增强文化自信针对性；在行为维度上，加强实践教学环节，深化民族高校大学生文化自觉，坚定文化自信。     

少数民族大学生心理问题研究

随着少数民族大学生的入校,各民族之间的接触、文化上的碰撞、心理上的冲突将不可避免。为了使少数民族大学生对自己的心理结构作适当调适,以较快适应大学学习生活,我们有必要对少数民族大学生面临的心理矛盾与冲突进行分析研究,以期对其发展的现实性问题作理论与实践的探讨。     

伦理传承与法治推进：共同体理念下民族地区和谐劳动关系的双重保障

民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展是中华民族共同体建设的重要内容,二者在经济、文化和社会等方面密切相关。民族地区的市场性、区域性与传承性,使得其劳动关系的和谐发展需要经济伦理和法治机制双重保障。经济伦理是经济活动传承性的写照,从内部支持和保障民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展,法治则是其外部保障。在中华民族共同体理念下,唯有重视伦理传承与法治推进双重保障的互补与统一,才能有效构建民族地区和谐劳动关系。     

Identity construction through English language learning in intra-national migration: a study on Uyghur students in China

ABSTRACT

This study explores how a group of Uyghur minority students construct their identities in and through English language learning experiences as they move from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region to study in a prestigious East coastal university in China. The research findings show that the processes of English language learning enable the ethnic minority students to develop multiple yet powerful identities, that is, a situated elite identity constructed as opposed to other Uyghur members and a positive heritage identity negotiated within the academic community, and allow them to imagine multilingual and multicultural memberships for themselves. The favourable identities thus forged are found to facilitate their adaptation to the host community. However, these minority elites are confronted with a series of problems in learning English compared to their Han counterparts, which hinder their socialisation into the society and upward social mobility. Finally, implications for policy-makers, the host institution, and ethnic students are discussed.