组织合法性对企业成长的“双刃剑”效应研究北大核心CSSCI

为进一步发展"组织合法性与企业成长"这一学术对话,本文立足中国转型经济背景,基于资源管理理论和制度逻辑理论,实证检验了两类组织合法性对两种企业成长绩效的影响。研究发现,政治合法性削弱企业的产品创新,但是能帮助企业实现市场扩张;市场合法性对企业的产品创新和市场扩张均有促进作用;兼顾政治和市场合法性不利于产品创新,但能协同促进市场扩张。研究结论一定程度上打开了组织合法性与企业成长研究的黑箱,有力支持并发展了组织合法性的"双刃剑"观点。     

基于合法性视角的企业核心能力形成与演化

基于合法性视角构建了企业核心能力形成与演化的框架,以广东温氏为例加以检验和修订,得到了如下结论:中国转型经济情境下,企业合法性倾向选择在核心能力形成演化过程中扮演了关键角色,其直接决定了企业战略反应并通过企业战略反应影响核心能力的形成与演化;在多重制度压力下,企业倾向于整体上采用妥协性的合法性倾向选择;合作精神也是企业家精神不可分割的重要组成部分,在正式制度不健全的环境条件下,合作精神为主导的企业倾向于采用顺从程度更高的合法性倾向选择;从长期来看,企业前一阶段所形成的核心能力,对后一阶段的制度压力、企业家精神与企业合法性倾向选择具有重要影响.     

传统文化、制度转型与家族企业成长——第十届创业与家族企业国际研讨会侧记

组织在多层次和多维度的制度环境中生存,市场的、家族的、政治的、传统的制度逻辑对组织提出不同的甚至是冲突的要求,共同定义了合法性、意义等重要的价值观和思维框架。组织在这些外在制度压力下选择最适合组织利益的行动逻辑,导致企业在目标、战略规划、战略执行与控制、职业化、传承以及组织绩效上的异质性特征。中国家族企业治理的优势和劣势,不能脱离以"家"为核心的中华传统文化以及政府与市场资源配置方式并存的制度转型特征。民营企业体现出强大的韧性和适应力内生了特殊的治理安排。但适应性行为并不意味着制度环境改善的必要性降低,制度环境恶化最终会将众多利益相关者陷入多输的格局。本文以第十届创业与家族企业国际研讨会上交流的学术成果为核心进行研究综述,发现参会者重点关注了:(1)文化传统对企业和企业主的影响;(2)制度环境与家族企业的适应性行为;(3)保护社会情感财富与企业战略;(4)家族企业传承与二代创业4个方面。     

国际化会促进母国社会责任脱耦吗?——基于制度逻辑视角的研究北大核心CSSCI

中国企业“走出去”实现国际化扩张、获取海外资源过程中,面临着多重制度嵌入以及相应的制度压力。基于全球合法性构建的战略考虑,企业会选择母国社会责任脱耦(即企业社会责任实践(“做”)与社会责任报告(“说”)不一致)回应母国和东道国制度逻辑冲突。文章基于制度逻辑视角,利用2011—2018年中国上市公司研究样本数据,分析了国际化程度对于母国社会责任脱耦的影响,检验了行业竞争压力和制度差距的调节作用。实证结果发现:(1)随着国际化程度加强,企业在母国市场的反应性社会责任脱耦减弱,而战略性社会责任脱耦加强;(2)行业竞争压力削弱了国际化程度和母国反应性社会责任脱耦的负向关系,而对国际化程度和母国战略性社会责任脱耦的正向关系具有强化作用;(3)制度逆差对于国际化程度和母国反应性社会责任脱耦关系具有负向调节作用。研究结论为新兴经济体企业如何通过社会责任战略回应国际化的复杂制度压力和合法性要求提供了经验借鉴。     

制度如何选择:谷歌与苹果案例的话语分析

在东道国的相似制度压力下,跨国公司为何做出了不同的战略选择,这是谷歌和苹果案例所呈现的核心管理问题。本文遵循制度逻辑的元理论视角,采用系统功能语法的分析技术对谷歌的声明、苹果的道歉信以及中国政府的回应进行了话语分析,在整合制度战略观和认知战略观基础上提出了战略选择的话语模型。作为制度如何思考的战略版本,这一模型不但清晰地呈现了从制度逻辑和认知框架到战略选择的内在机制,尤其是认知框架在制度压力和战略选择之间的关键性中介作用,而且凸显了组织话语在企业战略决策中的独特影响。对谷歌和苹果的案例分析也深化了我们对制度逻辑和管理认知的理解,对如何有效观测制度逻辑和管理认知做了有效的尝试。最后,基于系统功能语法的话语分析不仅是一种高质量的案例研究方法,更是一种新颖的理论主张,让我们关注组织管理实践的语言维度。     

向谁同构?中国跨国企业海外子公司对制度双元的响应

本文通过对4个同时具备技术研发和市场开拓功能的海外子公司的多案例研究,揭示了后发跨国企业的海外子公司在制度双元的情境下如何响应集团总部与东道国的冲突。研究基于制度理论框架提出了整体模型,并识别了空降式、管道式、浮板式和滩头堡式4种海外子公司同构模式,说明了同构焦点具有连续性的特征,拓展了同构焦点的假设和适用范围。研究同时探究了同构焦点的影响因素,发现内、外部合法性的优先性作为组织对制度压力的感知直接影响同构焦点的选择,而同构焦点则映射了内、外部合法性的结构关系,这一关系在后发跨国企业情境下具有独特性。研究还发现,海外子公司的技术研发和市场开拓的战略特征与合法性的获取优先性有关。本文利用后发跨国企业的情境贡献于制度理论。     

制度逻辑视角下新兴市场跨国企业的组织正当性平衡战略——以万华集团跨国并购为例

本文从制度逻辑视角探讨新兴市场企业基于组织正当性平衡管理的混合逻辑战略及其过程实现机制。通过2009—2018年万华集团的跨国并购案例研究,发现新兴市场企业在东道国面临制度逻辑的国别冲突和治理竞争双向挑战,组织正当性管理焦点呈现外部到内部的动态变化;结构型混合和组合型混合战略在跨国并购不同阶段的动态切换和组合运用,有助于企业内部多重逻辑从区间隔离转向组合协作,组织正当性实现外强内弱到内外同步增强的平衡状态。相关研究为新兴市场企业如何运用混合逻辑战略实现组织正当性动态平衡提供了理论补充,同时也为中国跨国企业正当性战略选择提供实践指导。     

女性创业者合法性的构建与重塑过程研究

女性创业者合法性对于女性创业者取得创业所需的关键资源和市场接受度至关重要。本文通过对6位女性创业者的深度案例研究,在界定女性创业者合法性概念之后,深入研究了女性创业者合法性的构建、困境与重塑的动态发展过程。研究发现:(1)女性创业者合法性是个多层次的概念,包括社会层面对女性创业者合法性的共识以及女性个体对创业者合法性的自我认知,后者受前者及女性自身创业资质的共同影响。(2)为构建创业者合法性,女性创业者需要适应社会层面的男性化创业规范,并且在"遵从男性规范"和"发掘女性优势"之间保持精妙平衡。(3)女性创业者合法性会因女性受到的角色冲突困扰而出现"合法性困境"问题,因此,女性创业者需要通过"家庭—社会"角色的动态匹配和自我的价值认同来重塑其合法性。本文的结论既丰富了女性创业的学术研究,也对创业合法性研究提出了新的问题。     

基于制度基础观的市场进入模式影响因素:理论模型构建与相关研究命题的提出

近年来,制度基础观已成为战略管理的第三个重要研究支点,制度因素对企业市场进入模式的选择有重大影响.本文基于制度基础观,研究反映在管制因素、规范因素和认知因素三个维度上的制度环境对企业市场进入模式的资源承诺、控制程度和股权特征的影响,建立了制度环境与企业海外市场进入模式影响关系的理论框架,提出了研究命题,指出了研究的不足和未来研究方向.     

情境感知与战略逻辑“相位转变”:新兴场域企业创新选择演化路径北大核心CSSCI

本文通过观测企业情境感知导致的战略逻辑差异,揭示转型经济背景下新兴场域企业创新选择的演化规律。对“滴滴出行”的案例研究发现:第一,企业对转型经济情境的感知源自场域中国家逻辑与市场逻辑的嵌入程度;第二,根据逻辑嵌入程度,企业的外部情境感知可细分为“技术嵌入”“市场嵌入”“制度嵌入”与“动态嵌入”四个阶段;第三,不同阶段的情境感知诱发战略逻辑“相位转变”,以寻求战略与情境的一致性;第四,战略逻辑“相位转变”驱动四个阶段的创新选择遵循“能力逻辑”“复杂逻辑”“游击队逻辑”与“混合逻辑”的演化路径。此外,本文还引入“后卢因式变革”概念解释创新选择路径的演化机理,并重点关注国家逻辑在上述过程中的关键作用。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.