异质信念、卖空限制与风险资产价格

在考察投资者信念形成影响因素的基础上,提出了股票市场中投资者异质信念的假设,并据此推导出了一个基于异质信念的风险资产价格均衡模型.这一模型从理论上证明了对股票价格产生影响的不仅包括那些影响公司经营前景的因素,还包括投资者意见分歧的程度.根据这一模型可以对金融市场上许多异象提出一致的解释性假说.     

基于投资者异质信念的均衡资产定价模型研究

在行为金融框架下,采用投资者在价格期望方面存在的意见分歧来表征投资者异质信念,构建投资者异质信念下的均衡资产定价模型,从理论上证明投资者异质信念是影响资产价格的重要因素,投资者信念差异程度与均衡价格同向变动,并以封闭式基金折价为例说明该模型对金融市场价格异象的解释力.为检验理论模型的结论,选取中国股票市场数据构建计量经济模型,对投资者异质信念程度及其波动性对资产价格的影响进行实证分析,实证结果支持理论模型的结论.实证结果还发现,投资者异质信念的条件波动性变量系数显著,对股市收益率有显著的影响,说明投资者异质信念的波动对股市价格指数有显著的溢出效应,信息的传递效率会影响投资者的意见分歧程度,因此有效的信息披露机制能够更好地减少异质信念带来的股价高估问题.     

基于内生后验异质信念的资产定价研究

本文通过建立市场中存在过度自信非理性投资者的两类代表投资者的三期资产定价模型,研究投资者内生的后验异质信念与资产定价的关系。本文的研究发现,投资者的异质信念平均来说与资产价格的高估程度正相关,但就信号的具体实现值来看,异质信念的增大也可能与资产价格被低估的程度正相关。本文讨论了各种均衡状态下,信号的具体实现值对投资者异质信念与资产定价关系的影响。基于中国上市公司的实证研究为模型结论提供了很好的支持。     

个体与机构投资者,谁左右A股股价变化?——基于投资者异质信念的视角

在成熟的资本市场,机构投资者一直都被视作资产定价的主体。但在个体投资者众多的中国证券市场,个体投资者与机构投资者谁左右A股股价的变化?则是人们关注的热点话题。本文从投资者异质信念的视角,构建个体投资者与机构投资者未预期交易量两个异质信念测度指标,对比分析二者与股票收益的相关性。结果表明,个体投资者与机构投资者的异质信念与股票当期收益显著正相关、与未来一期收益显著负相关,但个体投资者异质信念的作用更强;进一步,异质信念对小公司、价值型公司收益的影响更明显;当控制了规模、价值等风险因子,以及不同时间区间和是否可以卖空等市场影响因素后,结论依然成立。表明在现阶段的中国A股市场,个体投资者的异质信念仍是左右股票定价的主要因素。     

公司治理、投资者异质信念与股票投资风险——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

基于中国资本市场中股票投资存在巨大风险和投资者缺乏可靠投资决策依据的现状,本文通过分析公司治理、投资者异质信念和股票投资风险三者之间的关系,从微观层面揭示了公司治理对股票投资风险的影响机制,并利用中国A股上市公司样本验证了这一机制的存在。结果表明:公司治理水平的提高有利于降低投资者信念的异质程度和股票的投资风险;投资者信念异质程度的降低有利于减小股票的投资风险;投资者异质信念是公司治理影响股票投资风险的完全中介变量。本文结论可为研究公司治理对资本市场的影响及其在资本市场中的应用提供一些可借鉴的思路和经验证据。     

基于异质价格信念的金融资产泡沫形成机制

假设风险资产未来价格变化由其过去价格变化外推形成,基于现金流股息冲击提出一个新的资产价格泡沫模型研究金融资产泡沫形成机制、提炼其内在特征、获得金融市场稳定发展的相关启示。假设异质价格信念投资者具有常绝对风险规避效用偏好,基于期望效用模型获得基本面投资者和外推型投资者的最优风险资产需求函数;进一步,假设外推型投资者在资产交易过程中部分关注风险资产基本价值,修正其最优风险资产需求函数,在市场出清状态下获得资产价格泡沫模型;基于模型参数设定模拟金融资产泡沫形成机制,并结合金融市场证据分析其内在特征;最后,从投资者异质性和无风险资产收益率层面设定参数值对比讨论影响金融资产泡沫强弱程度的因素。结果表明：在正的现金流股息冲击下,外推交易行为导致金融资产泡沫,且具有滞后性;金融资产泡沫具有典型的三阶段特征,量价齐升是金融资产泡沫产生的显著标志;无风险资产供给是金融资产泡沫的抑制器;投资者结构及其价格信念差异与金融资产泡沫的强弱程度密切相关。研究不但为金融资产泡沫形成机制提供了一个分析框架,而且为金融市场稳定发展提出相关决策参考。     

投资者信念异质与证券价格互动关系研究

投资者信念异质更能反映现实证券市场中投资者的真实特征,反映投资者的非完全理性.非完全理性的投资者所具有的异质的人格特征、风险偏好,市场信息认知、态度和情绪等,将通过行为表现出来,反馈于市场并产生互动效应,对证券价格构成影响.从异质信念角度出发,分析投资者异质信念的形成机制及异质信念对证券价格的影响,并以中国证券市场的相关数据进行实证检验.研究发现,投资者信念异质与大盘价格指数之间存在长期均衡互动影响,且显著互为Granger因果关系.中国证券市场投资者非理性情绪和信念所表现出的复杂和混沌特征也在脉冲响应分析中得到间接的证明.     

双重异质信念下中国上市公司融资决策研究

投资者异质信念与投资者-管理者异质信念是我国资本市场的重要特征。本文在双重异质信念假设下,基于我国上市公司融资环境,建立融资决策模型,分析双重异质信念对我国上市公司股权债权融资选择的影响,得到结论:(1)卖空限制下,投资者异质信念越大,公司越倾向于股权融资;(2)投资者-管理者异质信念越小,公司越倾向于股权融资。以2005-2009年沪深A股再融资公司为样本,采用单变量分析和Probit多元回归方法,对模型结论进行实证检验,实证结果支持模型结论,并从双重异质信念的视角对我国资本市场融资异象进行解释。     

投资者非理性与中国股票异象——基于异质信念的视角

投资者非理性是影响资产价格形成的一个重要因素,为检验投资者非理性特征对股票异象的影响,本研究利用1997年—2020年的股票交易数据,基于异质信念指标的构建思路构建了一个非理性信念指标,并实证探究了该指标对股票异象的影响.结果发现,非理性信念对未来收益具有负向预测能力;为了检验该指标对异象收益的解释能力,本文构建了一个包含市场因子(MKT)、规模因子(SMB)和信念因子(FMG)的信念因子模型,并复制了市场摩擦类、动量反转类、价值成长类、投资类、盈利类和无形资产类等102个股票异象,使用CAPM模型、FF-5模型、CH-3模型和信念因子模型对比发现,无论是调整的alpha值显著性还是GRS检验结果,信念因子模型都具有相对优势,说明非理性信念可能是导致股票异象形成的主要因子.     

异质信念、融资决策与投资收益

放松现代公司融资理论的同质信念假设,在异质信念下构建公司股权债权融资模型,分析公司融资决策与投资者及管理者信念的关系,讨论异质信念下投资者和原股东的投资收益及公司过度投资.模型结论表明:投资者相对于管理者的信念越高,投资者间异质信念越大,则公司越倾向于发行股权融资;投资者相对于管理者的信念越高,投资者间异质信念越大,则股权融资的公司越可能发生过度投资,而债权融资公司的过度投资不受影响.以沪深A股2005-2010年再融资公司为样本,对模型结论进行实证检验,检验结果支持模型结论,并利用结论,从异质信念视角,解释我国上市公司股权融资偏好、过度投资等异象.     

Outsiders favor the most: Status and the heterogeneity of audience coverage in M&A deals

Uncertainty experienced by market audiences is the fundamental premise for status to take effect. Whereas prior research usually assumes that uncertainty is evenly distributed among audiences, this study emphasizes the heterogeneity of audiences. Audiences usually differ in the scope of firms they cover. They acquire more information and confront less uncertainty when evaluating firms under their coverage than those not. Status may thus exert different effects across audiences. My theoretical development is situated in the context of M&A. In particular, I hypothesize that although an acquirer's status is generally beneficial, it is more appealing to investors who do not cover the acquirer, as compared to covering investors. Results of the empirical analysis on the U.S. deals between 1990 and 2014 provide considerable support for my framework.     

Linking CIO–CMO Communication and Product Innovation via Virtual Customer Environment Engagement: A Moderated Mediation Study

Intuitively, we would expect that CIO–CMO communication plays a minimal role in product innovation performance, because product innovation is primarily driven by firms’ market orientation, knowledge of customer needs and cross-functional integration among marketing, R&D and operations management. In a sharp contrast to this perspective, we propose that CIO–CMO communication increases product innovation performance through enhancing virtual customer environment (VCE) engagement. Such proposed effects are supported by two studies with different samples (i.e. MBA alumni in Study 1 and a representative sample in Study 2) and different performance measures (i.e. subjective ratings in Study 1 and objective sales data in Study 2). Furthermore, the effect of CIO–CMO communication on product innovation performance via VCE engagement is contingent upon two situational factors, namely marketing–IT integration policy and market uncertainty. The effect of CIO–CMO communication on product innovation performance via VCE engagement is positive and significant when marketing–IT integration policy is strong or when market uncertainty is high, but not when marketing–IT integration policy is weak or when market uncertainty is low. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications of these findings are discussed, especially on how managers can capitalize on CIO–CMO communication and VCE engagement to enhance the success of new product innovation.     

不确定环境下研发投资决策的期权博弈模型

假定产出价格(随机需求)服从带跳的几何布朗运动来模拟研发项目中突发事件和市场的不确定性特点,拓展了用几何布朗运动模拟市场不确定性的双寡头期权博弈模型,同时也是在带跳的几何布朗运动的实物期权方法中融入了竞争策略互动的影响.敏感性分析结果表明随着这两类不确定性的增大,参与双方进入门槛值都变大.突发事件带来的不确定提高会使得参与双方的期权价值降低,但是市场的不确定性变大对于追随者来说等待是有价值的,对领先者的期权价值的影响却是不定的.     

Coping with Gray Markets: The Impact of Market Conditions and Product Characteristics

Gray markets, also known as parallel imports, have created fierce competition for manufacturers in many industries. We analyze the impact of parallel importation on a price‐setting manufacturer that serves two markets with uncertain demand, and characterize her policy against parallel importation. We show that ignoring demand uncertainty can take a significant toll on the manufacturer's profit, highlighting the value of making price and quantity decisions jointly. We find that adjusting prices is more effective in controlling gray market activity than reducing product availability, and that parallel importation forces the manufacturer to reduce her price gap while demand uncertainty forces her to lower prices. Furthermore, we explore the impact of market conditions (such as market base, price sensitivity, and demand uncertainty) and product characteristics (“fashion” vs. “commodity”) on the manufacturer's policy towards parallel importation. We also provide managerial insights about the value of strategic decision‐making by comparing the optimal policy to the uniform pricing policy that has been adopted by some companies to eliminate gray markets entirely. The comparison indicates that the value of making price and quantity decisions strategically is highest for moderately different market conditions and non‐commodity products.     

奈特不确定性下的资产及其组合的惰性区间

不确定性是证券市场的基本特征之一,是资产定价和投资者交易行为等研究的主要内容。标准期望效用理论认为投资者具有唯一的资产执行价格,当市场价格高于执行价格时,投资者出售资产;反之,则会购进。然而,源于不确定性的存在,资产的均衡价格或交易价格并非某一确定值而是某一区间;在此区间内,投资者无交易行为,我们称之为资产的惰性区间。本文假定投资者是不确定性规避型,基于可行域上的容度,引入测度奈特不确定性程度的等级参数,研究奈特不确定性下的资产及其组合的惰性区间。基于容度期望效用模型,利用容度代替概率测度表征投资者预期效用,提出奈特不确定性下投资者决策行为的偏好表达式;基于对偶测度构建资产交易的惰性区间,分析奈特不确定性程度与惰性区间的关系;最后,基于Black-Scholes期权定价模型,选择存续期为2008年10月-2011年8月的江铜认购权证和长虹认购权证为研究对象,以其单资产及不同比例资产组合的日收益数据为样本予以实证。结果表明：随着奈特不确定性程度的不断增强（减弱）,资产及其组合的惰性区间不断扩大（缩小）,市场流动性随之下降（上升）;随着奈特不确定性程度的增强,高价格、高波动率的资产及其组合的惰性区间变化更为明显;在适度的奈特不确定性程度范围内,高波动率的资产及其组合的交易相对活跃。研究解释了证券市场上的“非市场参与”之谜和“特质波动率”之谜,说明了证券市场上的“有限市场参与”特征,为资产定价与市场流动性关系的研究提供了参考。     

经济不确定性是股市波动的因子吗？——基于GARCH-MIDAS模型的分析

本文运用混频模型（GARCH-MIDAS）分析了经济不确定性对中国股市波动率的影响。经济不确定性包括宏观经济不确定性和经济政策不确定性两方面。总体来说,经济不确定性会影响中国股市的波动,但强度有限,且A股、B股间表现出差异。经济运行（IP）和消费（inf）中的不确定性是A股、B股共同的波动因子,且IP的贡献度最高;货币政策（IR）、中国经济政策不确定性（CEPU）对A股无显著影响,但会显著影响B股的长期波动趋势;美国经济政策不确定性（AEPU）的影响则不显著。加入显著性指标有助于提高波动率的预测精度,混频模型为分析股市波动中的长期趋势和短期波动提供了一个新视角,有助于识别股市波动中的经济影响因素。     

A real options model of market entry: Endogenous uncertainty and exogenous uncertainty

We develop a real options model of market entry that focuses on the dueling growth and deferral options by differentiating between endogenous uncertainty and exogenous uncertainty. While exogenous uncertainty influences the growth option market value or price, it is endogenous uncertainty that influences the value of the growth option through the ability to create a competitive advantage from preemptive market entry. First, the firm can decrease the exercise price of the growth option (i.e., the cost of the follow-on investment) through experiential learning that reduces endogenous uncertainty. Second, the firm can increase the relative discounted cash flows of the follow-on investment due to its ability to influence market demand that reduces endogenous uncertainty. On the other hand, the value of the deferral option increases with exogenous uncertainty as firms cannot influence exogenous uncertainty, and therefore, should invest elsewhere while waiting for the exogenous uncertainty to subside. As such, we provide a solution to the conundrum that the value of both the growth option and the deferral option increase with uncertainty. Finally, we demonstrate how the model addresses sequential market entry; irreversibility and market entry mode; competition; scarce strategic resources; host country development level; and industry life cycle stage.     

需求不确定下两阶段应用服务供应链市场风险分担机制研究

针对应用服务提供商(ASP)与独立软件开发商(ISV)组成的两阶段应用服务供应链面临需求不确定与服务竞争引发的市场风险问题,建立了随机需求下的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了ASP承担风险与ISV承担风险两种市场风险分担机制。研究结果表明,当由ISV承担风险时,ASP将向ISV定购其所分配服务需求的上限;ASP承担风险时,ISV将向ASP提供一个软件许可销售计划,并通过提高软件开发质量及维护升级服务水平来提高ASP订购软件许可的积极性;ASP作为盟主的风险分担机制较ISV作为盟主的风险分担机制对应用服务供应链的协调效果好。     

Multinational enterprises' Entry Mode Strategies and Uncertainty: A Review and Extension

The issue of uncertainty has been one of the most important topics in the research on multinational enterprises' foreign market entry modes. This paper provides a conceptual review of the literature on the role of uncertainty in entry‐mode strategies. It is found that transaction cost theory has focused primarily on entry modes as a way of minimizing behavioural uncertainty, while research using the more recent real options approach has distinguished between endogenous and exogenous types of uncertainty and provided evidence that managing uncertainty through appropriate entry modes may lead to competitive advantage. By synthesizing the relevant literature, this paper provides some new perspectives and avenues for future research on uncertainty and entry‐mode choices by considering the impact of firm learning, prior experience and host market attractiveness.     

Risk analysis under attack: How risk science can address the legal,social, and reputational liabilities faced by risk analysts

The role of the risk analyst is critical in understanding and managing uncertainty. However, there is another type of uncertainty that is rarely discussed: The legal, social, and reputational liabilities of the risk analyst. Recent events have shown that professionals participating in risk analysis can be held personally liable. It is timely and important to ask: How can risk science guide risk analysis with consideration of those liabilities, particularly in response to emerging and unprecedented risk. This paper studies this topic by: (1) Categorizing how professionals with risk analysis responsibilities have historically been held liable, and (2) developing a framework to address uncertainty related to those potential liabilities. The result of this framework will enable individual analysts and organizations to investigate and manage the expectations of risk analysts and others as they apply risk principles and methods. This paper will be of interest to risk researchers, risk professionals, and industry professionals who seek maturity within their risk programs.