网络舆论、集体行为与社会控制

网络舆论是一种通过互联网实现的集体行为。在近年来发生的一系列网络舆论事件中,网络技术提供了事件发展的最初动力,媒体间的互动协调则强化了特定舆论的力量,使其成为不容忽视的公众舆论并最终在现实社会中产生影响。网络舆论的力量既给政府的社会控制提供了新的手段,也对现有的社会管理和信息控制模式带来了挑战。     

Collective Psychological Empowerment as a Model of Social Change: Researching Crowds and Power

The issue of psychological empowerment in crowd events has important implications for both theory and practice. Theoretically, the issue throws light on both intergroup conflict and the nature and functions of social identity. Practically, empowerment in collective events can feed into societal change. The study of empowerment therefore tells us something about how the forces pressing for such change might succeed or fail. The present article first outlines some limitations in the conceptualization of both identity and empowerment in previous research on crowd events, before delineating the elaborated social identity model of crowds and power. We then describe recent empirical contributions to the field. These divide into two areas of research: (1) empowerment variables and (2) the dynamics of such empowerment. We finally suggest how psychological empowerment and social change are connected through crowd action. We conclude with some recommendations for practice following from the research described.     

Collective Action in Modern Times: How Modern Expressions of Prejudice Prevent Collective Action

This contribution addresses modern forms of group-based discrimination, and examines how these impact upon the likelihood that people engage in collective action. Based on a review of the relevant literature, we predict that modern expressions of prejudice are less likely to be perceived as indicating group-based disadvantage and hence elicit less anger, protest, and collective action than old-fashioned prejudice. We present three studies to offer empirical support for this prediction. In Study 1 ( N = 116), female participants were led to believe that the general public endorses either old-fashioned or modern sexist views. In Study 2 ( N = 44) and 3 ( N = 37) female participants were exposed to a student supervisor who allegedly held either old-fashioned or modern sexist views. Results of all three studies indicate that modern sexism is less likely to be perceived as a form of discrimination, and as a result elicits less anger at the source and less support for collective action (Study 1), intentions to protest (Study 2), and collective protest behavior (Study 3) than old-fashioned sexism. In discussing the results of this research, we connect to current insights on antecedents of collective action, and identify conclusions from our analysis that are relevant for societal and organizational policy making.     

Affirmative Action: Psychological Contributions to Policy

Affirmative action is a controversial policy. Lauded by many, the attempt at social engineering has also been condemned by some as unnecessary and by others as counterproductive to the goal of social equality. As such, affirmative action is ideally situated to benefit from psychological research pertaining to the need for and the effectiveness of the policy. This article discusses both the potential benefits to American society of affirmative action and the potential costs of such a policy. Concluding that affirmative action is useful, we end with a look at ways to make affirmative action programs as effective as possible.     

The Next Generation of Collective Action Research

The articles presented in this volume describe part of a new generation of interest and vigor in the social psychological study of collective action. This new wave builds nicely on the foundation set by social identity, self-categorization, and relative deprivation theories but also introduces a number of important innovative perspectives and variables. In this commentary, I review some of these expansions and additions, raise a number of conceptual concerns that arise out of these new directions, and discuss more generally some novel and important directions that emerge from the work presented in the volume and in other recent work on collective action.     

群体网络与集体行动生发的可能性

群体的社会网络对于集体行动的生发有着非常重要的影响.群体成员内部的积极情感与针对反对派的消极情感借助网络得以产生、传播和强化,群体的凝聚力以及参与集体行动的内驱力也因此得以强化;通过群体的社会网络,群体成员对社会问题的诠释得以不断传播、交流和整合,从而上升为集体层面的意义建构,这种高度共意性的意义建构能对集体行动潜在参与者产生强大的动员潜能;此外,群体网络通过对信息的传递、对行动者的监控、激励与庇护、对组织者和积极分子的供给施加影响,从而改变潜在参与者集体行动的预期收益,进而改变着他们的行动选择.     

Identity Dynamics, Action and Context

The aim of this article is to present an investigation of the action-representation relationship, via the processes which arise from the effects of one's action and the effects of one's capacity (normative and subjective). These effects are, in our view, of major importance, for they link social legitimation and the personal skill necessary for the preparation and carrying out of action. We look at this complex relationship, and propose a model, the capacity model, which situates action as an executory regulator of representation, which allows us to take some steps towards an explanation of the processes which link action and representation within the identity dynamic.     

经济转轨国家竞争政策及其效用分析——以中国和俄罗斯为研究视角

竞争政策作为基本经济政策之一,日益受到世界各国的普遍关注。自20世纪90年代以来,大部分转轨国家在实行经济自由化、私有化及市场化的转轨进程中都程度不同地遇到了竞争政策的制定和实施以及竞争政策与产业政策的协调问题。随着经济的进一步发展和经济转轨的不断深化,特别是随着经济全球化和区域经济一体化趋势的不断加强,竞争政策在转轨国家经济政策中的地位更加突出。本文以中国和俄罗斯为样本,研究转轨国家竞争政策的制定和实施及其效用问题。     

Collective Action as the Material Expression of Opinion-Based Group Membership

In this article, we argue that progress in the study of collective action rests on an increasingly sophisticated application of the social identity approach. We develop the view, however, that the application of this theoretical perspective has been limited by theoretical and empirical difficulties in distinguishing between social categories and psychological groups. These problems have undermined the ability of researchers to correctly specify the collective identities that actually underpin many instances of collective action. As a partial solution to this problem we focus on collective identities based on shared opinion (opinion-based groups). We develop the proposition that much collective action reflects the crystallization or instantiation of opinion-based groups. We also outline an intervention aimed at stimulating commitment to collective action through group-based interaction involving opinion-based group members. We conclude by emphasizing that opinion-based groups tend to be most successful when they present themselves as being representative or aligned with dominant, positively valued social categories such as nations.     

Barriers to Effective Social Action by Groups

This paper presents an analysis of the barriers to social action in social group work. These barriers are seen as springing from the educational, professional, organizational, and societal contexts of practice. After an examination of such barriers, solutions are proposed. These include changes in the curricula of social work schools, developments in practice theory, modifications in agency conditions, and linkages to instruments of social change in the larger society.     

《社会工作概论》教学中的“角色扮演”

"角色扮演"教学法具有能够调动学生的积极性、模拟环境的安全性、模拟场景的真实性、增强学生之间的互动等优点。"角色扮演"教学法在延安大学《社会工作概论》课程教学中得到尝试和应用,并取得良好的教学效果。在《社会工作概论》教学中运用"角色扮演"法,一定要注意处理好角色扮演过程中出现的各种情况。由于在角色扮演过程中出现的情况难以预料,所以教师要全程参与,并把其它教学方法与"角色扮演"法有机结合起来使用,从而使社会工作教学取得更好的教学效果。     

Users as Citizens: Collective Action and the Local Governance of Welfare

Self-organization amongst users of community care services preceded the consumerist developments of the 1980s and early 1990s, but can be considered to have been "legitimized" by top-down objectives relating to "user involvement". Nevertheless, the objectives and value bases of disabled people's organizations and organizations of users (or survivors) of mental health services have not always been consistent with those of consumerism, and user groups have experienced tensions in determining the extent to which they should respond to official agendas. Drawing on theories of new social movements and of citizenship, this paper considers the developing place of user organizations within systems of local governance. It looks at the way in which groups have sought to assert the legitimacy both of experiential knowledge and of their position as citizens in the face of official responses which have constructed them as self-interested pressure groups. It draws on empirical research investigating local groups of disabled people and of mental health service users conducted in the first part of the 1990s. It discusses the significance of shared identity as a basis for collective action alongside more pragmatic motivations to influence the nature of health and social care services. In the context of appeals to "community" and "partnership" which are starting to replace the discourse of markets and contracts as the key metaphor for both policy-making and service delivery, the article considers likely future roles for groups comprising people often excluded from community.     

Social Action,the Group and Society

There is a longstanding commitment to social action in Group Work. This can be traced back to the work of Jane Addams and Grace Coyle and many others with whom they worked and shared ideas. However, as we follow the history of Group Work we find a shift in the meaning of social action. The role of groups in society has changed from that of instrument for social change to that of training ground for democracy. The more recent writing of Lee, Breton, Lewis and others suggests the possibility of restoring the centrality of groups to social action in the context of new social realities and contemporary thinking about society and the state.     

Social Change and Citizen Action

This paper explores the import of two selected philosophical/ theological perspectives, feminist theory and liberation theology, for social group work practice with citizen groups. Its purposes are to focus on the power of social beliefs and theoretical perspectives to shape the meaning of life circumstances and situations for populations, and either to provide support for group action, or engender resignation or cynical indifference. Social group work's philosophy of democratic participation and religious commitment to social justice produced a unity of purpose for practitioners. The identification and incorporation of facets of liberation theology and feminist theory offer more current and perhaps sophisticated frames for integrated practice. Both perspectives highlight the centrality of the participant's thinking, knowing and doing both for personal becoming and community renewal.     

社会行动:韦伯和吉登斯行动理论之比较

社会行动一直是社会学理论研究的一个主题,马克斯·韦伯首次揭示出人类社会行动的理性化特征,并按理性程度将社会行动分为四种理想类型,对于把人类的思维方式从神学中解脱出来发挥了重要作用.吉登斯作为社会理论发展的批判继承者,在对社会行动理性化反思的基础上,对社会行动内涵、无意识社会行动、行动的合理化、行动意外后果的应对等问题进行了全新诠释和分析.他把社会行动看作是一种持续绵延的行动流,是一种能动,并在有意识和无意识之间抽离出了一种实践意识,亦把社会行动分为本能行动、实践行动和话语行动,把合理化作为解释社会行动的依据,赋予了行动者更多的主动性,深化和发展了社会行动理论.就此对韦伯和吉登斯的社会行动理论进行比较分析,以期能够准确把握社会行动的研究趋势.