货币政策、时变预期与融资成本

文章在货币当局与市场主体存在不对称信息条件下,探讨了货币当局实施未预期的宽松性政策时,市场主体预期时变性在这一政策行动影响信贷市场融资成本过程中的机制。首先,我们采用外部融资溢价度量融资成本,提出在经济周期的不同阶段,未预期的宽松性政策通过作用于市场主体预期的时变性特征,进而影响外部融资溢价的非线性效应假说,然后,建立包含货币政策变量的马尔科夫区制转换信贷利差模型和市场主体预期形成模型展开检验。研究显示,未预期的宽松性政策会暴露出经济不良的私有信息,从而使市场主体形成悲观的经济前景预期。而且,在经济衰退阶段,政策行动促使市场主体预期恶化的影响效应较小,会较大幅度地降低外部融资溢价;在经济扩张阶段,政策行动促使市场主体预期恶化的影响效应将会越大,进而较小幅度地降低外部融资溢价,这也就意味着,市场主体预期形成方式的时变性,影响到未预期宽松性政策降低信贷市场融资成本的力度。     

预期引导、政策冲击与股市波动——基于文本分析法的异质性诊断

防范股票市场异常波动是维护金融稳定和防控金融风险的关键一环。货币政策实践中,预期引导与政策冲击对股市波动的实际影响和传导机制迥然不同。现有文献对两者之于股票市场波动 的异质性影响多有讨论,但分歧明显。基于2005年到2019年中国人民银行各季度《货币政策执行报告》和《货币政策大事记》,本文分别构建表征货币政策预期引导强度和实际操作频度的代理变量,对上述指标之于同期A股市场主要行业指数的波动性影响做了多维诊断和系统梳理。研究发现,第一,预期引导效应和政策冲击效应对于股票市场波动性的影响存在显著异质性特征,预期引导有助于平抑市场波动,而频繁调控则会放大股市波动。第二,预期引导的明确性会制约其对股市波动的平缓作用,货币调控意愿的表达越明确,越有助于平抑股票市场波动;而更坚决的“严厉型”表述比态度相对温和的“温和型”表述能够更显著地平抑股票市场波动。第三,实际操作频度对股市波动的放大作用受制于具体调控方向,宽松型调控的频率上升仅会小幅放大股市波动,而紧缩型货币调控则会大幅抬升股市波动性。由此,从平抑股市异常波动、维持金融稳定的角度出发,强化货币政策的预期引导比相机抉择的频繁调控更为重要;在预期引导过程中,应当增强调控意愿表达的明确性和坚决性,以限制其对金融市场运行带来的扰动。     

On equalities between BLUES,WLSEs, and SLSEs

Necessary and sufficient conditions for equalities between the best linear unbiased estimator, the weighted least-squares estimator, and the simple least-squares estimator of the expectation vector in a general Gauss-Markoff model are given in some alternative formulations. The main result states, somewhat surprisingly, that the weighted least-squares estimator cannot be identical with the simple least-squares estimator unless they both coincide with the best linear unbiased estimator.     

中国通货膨胀预期的结构和持久性

本文通过改进的预期通货膨胀率模型,将城镇居民调查问卷中未来物价变动预期的定性数据,转换为有效的预期通货膨胀率。同时,本文对通货膨胀预期的性质进行了结构性分析,结果表明,核心通货膨胀内涵下的通货膨胀预期变动符合理性预期假说,食品价格内涵下的通货膨胀预期变动更具备适应性预期的特点。通货膨胀预期的持久性较差,实际核心通货膨胀对通货膨胀预期不具备持续影响,而来自食品因素的实际通货膨胀对通货膨胀预期有持久的影响,但通货膨胀预期对实际通货膨胀的反馈效果并不稳定。因此,在充分重视核心通货膨胀的变动的基础上,货币政策的持续性和稳定性显得尤为重要。     

A Comparison of the Cost-efficiencies of the Sequential, Group-sequential, and Variable-sample-size-sequential Probability Ratio Tests

Wald and Wolfowitz (1948) have shown that the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) for deciding between two simple hypotheses is, under very restrictive conditions, optimal in three attractive senses. First, it can be a Bayes-optimal rule. Second, of all level α tests having the same power, the test with the smallest joint-expected number of observations is the SPRT, where this expectation is taken jointly with respect to both data and prior over the two hypotheses. Third, the level α test needing the fewest conditional-expected number of observat ions is the SPRT, where this expectation is now taken with respect to the data conditional on either hypothesis being true. Principal among the strong restrictions is that sampling can proceed only in a one-at-a-time manner. In this paper, we relax some of the conditions and show that there are sequential procedures that strictly dominate the SPRT in all three senses. We conclude that the third type of optimality occurs rarely and that decision-makers are better served by looking for sequential procedures that possess the first two types of optimality. By relaxing the one-at-a-time sampling restriction, we obtain optimal (in the first two senses) variable-s ample-size- sequential probability ratio tests.     

Weak and strong laws of large numbers for sub-linear expectation

Abstract

In this paper, we derive a new form of weak laws of large numbers for sub-linear expectation and establish the equivalence relation among this new form and the other two forms of weak laws of large numbers for sub-linear expectation. Moreover, we obtain the strong laws of large numbers for sub-linear expectation under a general moment condition by applying our new weak laws of large numbers.     

Run length,average run length and false alarm rate of shewhart x-bar chart: exact derivations by conditioning

The effects of estimation of the control limits on the performance of the popular Shewhart X-bar chart are examined via the average run length and the probability of a false alarm, when one or both of the process mean and variance are unknown. Exact expressions for the run length, the average run length (ARL) and the false alarm rate are obtained, in each case, using expectation by conditioning. Applying Jensen's inequality, together with expectation by conditioning, a simple lower bound to the ARL is obtained. This could be useful in designing the charts. The expressions for the exact ARL and the exact probabilities of false alarm are evaluated, using simulations, for various numbers of subgroups and shift sizes. The calculations throw new light on the performance of the Shewhart X-bar chart. Some recommendations are given.     

Strong laws of large numbers for sub-linear expectation without independence

In this paper, we investigate some strong laws of large numbers for sub-linear expectation without independence which generalize the classical ones. We give some strong laws of large numbers for sub-linear expectation on some moment conditions with respect to the partial sum and some conditions similar to Petrov’s. We can reduce the conclusion to a simple form when the the sequence of random variables is i.i.d. We also show a strong law of large numbers for sub-linear expectation with assumptions of quasi-surely.     

On comutativity of design and model expectations in randomized response surveys

Interchangability of the order of design expectation ( E_p ) and model expectation ( E_R ) under randomized response ( RR ) surveys for finding expectation and mean-square error of a linear estimator e found to be permissible for a non-informative sampling design. The non-comutative property established by Chaudhuri & Adhikary ( 1990 ) under probability proportional to size with replacement ( PPSWR ) sampling is disproved.     

Bounds of moment generating functions of some life distributions

In this article we show that if a life has new better than used in expectation (NBUE) ageing property and if the mean life is finite then the moment generating function exists and is finite. In fact, the moment generating function is shown to be bounded above by that of the exponential distribution with the same mean. Analogous results are also proven for two much bigger families of life distribution, namely, the new better than renewal used in expectation (NBRUE) and the renewal new is better than used in expectation (RNBUE) and the renewal new better than renewal used in expectation (RNBRUE), provided that the life has finite two moments. Further, stronger results are also obtained for the smaller new better than used version of the above classes.     

理性预期模型与经济政策效应的探讨

Based on the introduction of basic model of rational expectation and its policy effects, the essay explores deeply into the policy effects from the view point of the basic model structure and basic assumption of the rational expectation. The results show that “lapsed economic policy ” in rational expectation theory is unaccepted. Taking into consideration of disequilibrium status of pragmatic economic operation, the author finally sets up a nonwalrasian equilibrium model of ancillary expectation variable, and reaches the conclusion that whether economic policies are efficient or not depend on the status of economy.     

Sharp bounds on l-estimates and their expectations for dependent samples

Sharp bounds on the expectation of each L-estimate are determined for samples of identically distributed random variables with a given expectation and a central absolute moment of order p > 1, The distributions achieving these bounds are constructed. Analogous results are derived in the cases of symmetric, noraiegative and bounded random variables, Accurate bounds for L-estimates of arbitrary finite samples are concluded.     

On the characterization of generalized extreme value, power function, generalized Pareto and classical Pareto distributions by conditional expectation of record values

In the present paper, we give some theorems to characterize the generalized extreme value, power function, generalized Pareto (such as Pareto type II and exponential, etc.) and classical Pareto (Pareto type I) distributions based on conditional expectation of record values. Received: June 23, 1998; revised version: September 20, 1999     

Complete convergence for arrays of row-wise ND random variables under sub-linear expectations

In this paper, complete convergence for arrays of row-wise ND random variables under sub-linear expectations is studied. As applications, the complete convergence theorems of weighted sums for negatively dependent random variables have been generalized to the sub-linear expectation space context. We extend some complete convergence theorems from the traditional probability space to the sub-linear expectation space and our results generalize corresponding results obtained by Ko.     

Expectation identity for the binomial distribution and its application in the calculations of high-order binomial moments

ABSTRACT

For the exponential families normal, gamma, beta, Poisson, and negative binomial, there exists an expectation identity for each of the family. For the binomial family, we discover an expectation identity, which is useful in analytical calculations of its high-order moments.     

我国通货膨胀预期和通货膨胀粘性

 本文在蕴含微观经济基础的结构菲利普斯曲线框架内研究我国通货膨胀预期的结构和性质。基于最大熵自举的模型估计和推断显示：微观企业平均每三个季度调整一次价格;我国季度数据不支持通货膨胀粘性假设;在微观企业的定价过程中,理性预期所起的作用要强于适应性预期;但由于通货膨胀非粘性,真实经济中通胀持续性反而具有主导作用。经验研究结论表明,货币当局在通货膨胀预期管理中应加强货币政策的前瞻性、持续性和透明度。     

On the unbiasedness of iterated gls estimators

We Formulate sufficienct conditions for the existonce of the expectation of iterated generalized expectation of the iterated generalized least squares estimator, which consequently guarantee its unbiasedness, The analysis is applied to the maximum likelihood estimator in the general linear model with normal disturbances, where a set of assumptions ensures convergence of the iteration as well as unbiasedness.     

Expectation of a uniform random variable with uniform observation errors after selection of the highest observations

In selection processes of a random variable with random observation errors, the crucial variable is the conditional expectation of the target variable given the sum of the observations. An example is the selection of the most talented young researchers for tenure track. This paper derives an explicit expression for this conditional expectation for the case that both the target variable and the observation errors have a uniform, but different, distribution.     

社会核算矩阵平衡方法研究

本文针对双比例尺度(RAS)、交叉熵(CE)等方法在平衡社会核算矩阵(SAM)中仅从技术层面机械地进行平衡化处理致使先验信息损失的问题,提出了加权离差熵平方期望最小化方法;并以先验信息为基础,构造了初始加权矩阵和可行加权矩阵.同时,本文以中国2007年的非平衡SAM为例,对比研究RAS、CE和加权离差熵平方期望最小化三种方法对其进行平衡化处理的实际效果.结果表明:RAS方法得到的结果偏差相对较大,而CE方法和加权离差熵平方期望最小化方法得到的结果相对较精准;此外,加权离差熵平方期望最小化方法能够有效利用先验信息,避免有效信息的无谓损失.     

Linear Conditional Expectation for Discretized Distributions

Many statistical methods for continuous distributions assume a linear conditional expectation. Components of multivariate distributions are often measured on a discrete ordinal scale based on a discretization of an underlying continuous latent variable. The results in this paper show that common examples of discretized bivariate and trivariate distributions will have a linear conditional expectation. Examples and simulations are provided to illustrate the results.