基于交互模型的客户服务质量与关系质量的实证研究

目前,关系质量及其影响因素得到越来越多的关注,但客户服务对关系质量的影响机制尚未明确.本文从消费者与服务提供商交互的角度来探讨客户服务质量对关系质量的影响关系,构建了客户服务过程中两类交互质量与关系质量维度的影响模型,并分析了关系质量内部维度的作用机理.通过对295名零售企业顾客的问卷调查以及实证分析,本文得出了以下的结论:(1)顾客与环境的交互质量对关系质量中顾客满意、顾客信任维度存在直接正向影响,而顾客与服务人员的交互只对顾客满意有直接的正向影响;(2)顾客满意对于顾客信任和顾客承诺均存在直接的正向影响.     

顾客满意度不确定性对服务质量评价的影响

在以顾客为中心的时代,企业服务质量的评价直接依赖于顾客满意度的高低,而顾客满意度的评价结果往往是基于某种评价等级的一个分布.论文研究顾客满意度评价的不确定性对服务质量总体评价的影响,结果表明在服务质量的评价中存在着一种“反射现象”,即当服务质量总体水平处于满意的状态下,管理者追求的是保持和稳定,展现出对不确定性的厌恶;而当服务质量总体水平处于不满意的状态时,管理者力图改变和进步,展现出对不确定性的偏爱,而且,顾客满意度评价的负面结果要比同等程度的正面结果对服务质量总体评价的影响要大.这些现象在两项实证研究中获得了中高层管理人员的确认.作者进一步建立了一个在顾客满意度有不确定性情况下服务质量评价的模型.     

服务质量决定要因顾客满足和行动意图的影响--在中国服务产业的应用

为维持现有顾客和创造新顾客,服务企业必须知道怎样实施服务质量战略来增加顾客满足和行动意图,因为服务质量、顾客满足和顾客行动意图之间存在着因果关系.本研究把整体服务质量分解为相互作用质量、物理环境质量、结果质量三个决定要因,并对服务质量决定要因对顾客满足和行动意图的影响进行了研究,实证检验在中国服务产业中进行.对研究模型的验证结果支持本研究提出的所有因果假设,即构成整体服务质量的三个决定要因对顾客满足具有显著的正向影响,顾客满足对行动意图具有显著的正向影响.而且,对于中国顾客来说,服务质量决定要因对顾客满足的相对影响力依次为"结果质量"＞"相互作用质量"＞"物理环境质量".     

Value managed relationships: The key to customer retention and profitability

The authors argue that customer satisfaction and retention are vital and can be improved by the technique which they call a Value Managed Relationship (VMR). A VMR is a collaborative, communicative partnership between suppliers and the supplier's customers, and it works by reducing system costs. Buchanan and Gillies point to examples in British industry where VMRs have been of great benefit.     

第三方物流客户满意度前因研究——基于客户视角

满意是企业维持老顾客,保持竞争优势的基础.为了提高客户满意度,企业不仅要从自身出发去理解并实践物流客户满意,更为重要的是要从客户角度探察哪些因素会影响物流客户满意度.本文在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上,通过对物流客户的深度访谈,探察了第三方物流客户满意的7个前因,首次采用"直接测量感知期望差"的物流服务质量测量方法,在服装行业进行了实证研究,验证了误差处理质量等7个物流客户满意的前因,并发现了它们对物流客户满意度的影响权数.     

顾客异质性对顾客满意度指数测评的影响

顾客具有异质性是市场营销领域的共识,当前的顾客满意度指数测评体系隐含了顾客具有同质性的假设.为了考察该假设对顾客满意度指数测评的科学性和公平性的影响,模拟了4种类型的顾客,并设计蒙特卡罗试验,发现在测评数据负偏时,通过目前的测评体系得出的某品牌的产品/服务顾客满意度指数将能代表该品牌真实的顾客满意程度.但是.目前顾客满意度测评中,测评数据负偏仅是一个经验特征事实,在中国存在经济差异、文化差异和城乡差异的情况下,这一经验特征事实尚有待验证.模拟研究还发现,当对异质的顾客群进行满意度测评时,如果部分测评数据出现正偏倾向,即部分顾客倾向于用低分数表达自己的满意时,顾客异质性对顾客满意度指数的科学性和公平性都将产生显著影响,此时需要时测评方法进行改进.     

企业内部服务质量、关系质量对内部顾客忠诚的影响机制:基于内部营销视角的实证研究

本文基于内部营销视角,揭示内部服务质量的各个组成因素之间的关系以及内部服务质量对关系质量的影响,进而探索内部服务质量、关系质量对内部顾客忠诚的影响机制。通过对某电信企业内部238份员工样本的采集分析,提出并验证内部服务质量(含实体环境质量、交互质量和结果质量)、关系质量(含内部顾客信任、满意)对内部顾客忠诚的影响机制整合模型。研究发现,内部服务质量的三个维度之间确实存在层级叠加作用,而服务质量则会通过信任这一中介变量影响内部顾客的满意、承诺。内部关系质量的三因素中,内部顾客的承诺水平对内部顾客的忠诚度有直接正向影响,提高对内部顾客的承诺水平是提高内部顾客忠诚度的关键。     

Kann zu viel Kundenorientierung nachteilig sein? Eine Analyse der Wirkung der Kundenorientierung von Verkäufern auf die Kaufentscheidung

Zusammenfassung  In diesem Beitrag wird analysiert, wie das kundenorientierte Verk?uferverhalten auf die Kaufentscheidung der Kunden wirkt. Die Analyse erfolgt auf der Ebene der Dimensionen des kundenorientierten Verkaufens, namentlich Entscheidungsunterstützung, Aufbau eines positiven Gespr?chsklimas und Vermeidung von Abschlussdruck. Die Ergebnisse best?tigen die indirekte Wirkung des kundenorientierten Verkaufens auf die Kaufentscheidung über die Beratungszufriedenheit. Daneben k?nnen sowohl ein direkter umgekehrt u-f?rmiger Effekt der Vermeidung von Abschlussdruck auf die Kaufentscheidung als auch ein direkter negativer Einfluss des Aufbaus eines positiven Gespr?chsklimas auf die Kaufentscheidung nachgewiesen werden. Zudem zeigt sich, dass der Aufbau eines positiven Gespr?chsklimas den st?rksten Einfluss auf die Beratungszufriedenheit ausübt.

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Can too much customer orientation be less effective? An analysis of the effects of customer-oriented selling on customers’ decision to buy

Summary  This research investigates the effects of customer-oriented selling on customers’ decision to buy. In so doing, the focus of the analysis is on the effects of the dimensions of customer-oriented selling, namely supporting customer decision-making, building a positive interaction climate, and avoiding pressure to close the sale. The findings of an empirical study support an indirect effect of customer-oriented selling on customers’ decision to buy through customer satisfaction with the sales interaction. The results also support a direct inverted u-shaped effect of avoiding pressure to close the sale on customers’ decision to buy as well as a direct negative effect of building a positive interaction climate on customers’ decision to buy. And building a positive interaction climate was found to have the strongest effect on customer satisfaction with the sales interaction.

Der Autor dankt den zwei anonymen Gutachtern für die wertvollen Anmerkungen und Anregungen zu einer früheren Version dieses Beitrags.     

客户忠诚决定因素实证研究

在现有研究成果的基础上提出了一个描述客户忠诚与其决定因素之间关系的综合理论 模型. 选择中国IT 分销行业为背景,聘请专业调研公司以上门走访的方式收集了367 个企业 客户的样本数据,然后利用结构方程建模(SEM) 软件EQS5. 7b ,对该模型作了检验. 检验结果 表明:客户认知价值、客户满意、客户信任和转移成本是客户忠诚的四个决定因素,其中客户认 知价值是核心决定因素,对客户忠诚有着最大的影响. 讨论了实证结论对企业CRM 实践的指 导意义.     

网上交易服务质量四维度对顾客满意及忠诚度影响的实证分析

一般研究认为,网上购物的忠诚度比传统行业低。究其原因,除了产品本身的质量因素外,网上交易的服务质量也是一个非常关键的因素。本文基于Parasuraman的E-S-QUAL量表将网上交易服务质量从有效性、履约性、系统可用性和私密性四个维度来进行分析。在此基础上,采用了基于PLS统计分析方法的结构方程模型,探索网上交易服务质量四维度对顾客满意及服务忠诚度的影响情况。本研究很好地揭示中国消费者特殊的网上交易心理与行为,研究成果对网络销售企业具有一定参考价值。     

Service Personnel,Technology, and Their Interaction in Influencing Customer Satisfaction*

Managing both the technologies and the personnel needed for providing high‐quality, multichannel customer support creates a complex and persistent operational challenge. Adding to this difficulty, it is still unclear how service personnel and these new communication technologies interact to influence the customer's perceptions of the service being provided. Motivated by both practical importance and inconsistent findings in the academic literature, this exploratory research examines the interaction of media richness, represented by three different technology contexts (telephone, e‐mail, and online chat), with six customer service representative (CSR) characteristics and their influences on customer satisfaction. Using a large‐sample customer survey data set, the article develops a multigroup structural equation model to analyze these interactions. Results suggest that CSR characteristics influence customer service satisfaction similarly across all three technology‐mediated contexts. Of the characteristics studied, service representatives contribute to customer satisfaction more when they exhibit the characteristics of thoroughness, knowledgeableness, and preparedness, regardless of the richness of the medium used. Surprisingly, while three other CSR characteristics studied (courtesy, professionalism, and attentiveness) are traditionally believed to be important in face‐to‐face encounters, they had no significant impact on customer satisfaction in the technology‐mediated contexts studied. Implications for both practitioners and researchers are drawn from the results and future research opportunities are discussed.     

期望不一致、顾客情绪和顾客满意的关系研究述评

期望不一致、顾客情绪与顾客满意的关系研究一直是消费者行为研究中备受关注的课题。本文介绍了期望不一致、顾客情绪与顾客满意的概念内涵,评述了三者关系研究的主要模型及观点,并介绍了国外有代表性的实证研究成果,指出了当前研究的不足、造成差异性结论的原因及进一步研究方向。     

The allocation of promotion budget to maximize customer equity

Since the early 1980s, the concept of relationship marketing has gained increased acceptance in the field of general marketing, and particularly that of direct and interactive marketing. One of the major benefits of relationship marketing is the ability to make decisions based on their impact on customer equity. In this paper, we offer a general approach to the organization of promotion budget allocation, where the objective function is to maximize customer equity. A cornerstone in our study is the use of decision calculus in which managers’ judgments and/or estimates serve as some of the inputs to formal modeling. A series of applications of our approach to promotion budget allocation are offered under different market conditions. These applications focus on promotional expenditure allocation decisions between acquisition and retention, as well as among different promotional options for each category of expenditure. The paper also treats potential cases of synergy, or interaction, between promotional vehicles when applied to the same market segment.     

基于顾客参与的定制满意度研究

随着顾客个性化需求的提高,定制化生产已经成为企业满足顾客需求的有效途径之一。实行定制化生产,顾客必须参与产品的形成过程,因此,顾客参与生产过程与顾客满意度之间存在密切的联系。通过对定制个人计算机用户的问卷调查,分析定制化生产过程中顾客参与程度对顾客满意度的影响。建立了基于顾客参与的定制满意度模型,并分析了该模型的特性。提出了要实现顾客满意度最大化,企业应该鼓励顾客更多、更早地参与产品的形成过程的观点。同时,指出完全定制化生产是企业生产模式未来的发展趋势。     

Dynamic Customer Acquisition and Retention Management

In consulting, finance, and other service industries, customers represent a revenue stream, and must be acquired and retained over time. In this paper, we study the resource allocation problem of a profit maximizing service firm that dynamically allocates its resources toward acquiring new clients and retaining unsatisfied existing ones. The interaction between acquisition and retention in our model is reflected in the cash constraint on total expected spending on acquisition and retention in each period. We formulate this problem as a dynamic program in which the firm makes decisions in both acquisition and retention after observing the current size of its customer base and receiving information about customers in danger of attrition, and we characterize the structure of the optimal acquisition and retention strategy. We show that when the firm's customer base size is relatively low, the firm should spend heavily on acquisition and try to retain every unhappy customer. However, as its customer base grows, the firm should gradually shift its emphasis from acquisition to retention, and it should also aim to strike a balance between acquisition and retention while spending its available resources. Finally, when the customer base is large enough, it may be optimal for the firm to begin spending less in both acquisition and retention. We also extend our analysis to situations where acquisition or retention success rate, as a function of resources allocation, is uncertain and show that the optimal acquisition and retention policy can be surprisingly complex. However, we develop an effective heuristic for that case. This paper aims to provide service managers some analytical principles and effective guidelines on resource allocation between these two significant activities based on their firm's customer base size.     

The dynamics of customer dissatisfaction in supply chains

This paper describes field research and its findings that investigate the relationship of a firm's position in the supply chain to behaviour. Specifically, perceptions of requirements, performance and customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction are the behavioural issues of interest here. The field research was carried out in four European supply chains in the automotive aftermarket, or spares industry. It was proven statistically and qualitatively that, in the chains studied, upstream relationships contained more customer dissatisfaction and more misperceptions about performance than did downstream relationships. Delivery performance was identified as the major cause of these problems, This has implications for planning and control. First, the Forrester-type swings in information upstream, proven in industrial dynamics, make planning and control decisions more difficult; this research identifies the detrimental effect of this on customer satisfaction. Secondly, measurement of delivery performance is identified as being a critical issue; not only should measures be made in planning and control but also they should be communicated and agreed with customers to prevent misperceptions occurring. As this research showed these misperceptions to be positively correlated to customer dissatisfaction, efTort to remove them from relationships should be treated as a priority.     

EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT: AN EXAMINATION OF SERVICE STRATEGY IN A HIGH‐CONTACT SERVICE ENVIRONMENT

A critical component of service strategy in high‐contact environments is service encounter management. Effective service encounters are a result of the quality of employee development, including systems for work and job design, training and development, and attention to employee well being. Results of empirical analysis indicate that service strategies reflecting the dimensions of employee development drive employee outcomes such as productivity and satisfaction. Employee outcomes are significantly associated with customer satisfaction, but only some linkages to financial performance are significant. This study illustrates the importance of employee development in service strategy design for managing service encounters in high contact service environments.     

Are Self‐Service Customers Satisfied or Stuck?

This paper investigates the impact of self‐service technology (SST) usage on customer satisfaction and retention. Specifically, we disentangle the distinct effects of satisfaction and switching costs as drivers of retention among self‐service customers. Our empirical analysis examines 26,924 multi‐channel customers of a nationwide retail bank. We track each customer's channel usage, overall satisfaction, and retention over a 1‐year period. We find that, relative to face‐to‐face service, customers who use self‐service channels for a greater proportion of their transactions are either no more satisfied, or less satisfied with the service they receive, depending on the channel. However, we also find that these same customers are predictably less likely to defect to a competitor if they are heavily reliant on self‐service channels characterized by high switching costs. Through a mediation model, we demonstrate that, when self‐service usage promotes retention, it does so in a way that is consistent with switching costs. As a robustness check, we examine the behavior of channel enthusiasts, who concentrate transactions among specific channels. Relative to more diversified customers, we find that self‐service enthusiasts in low switching cost channels defect with greater frequency, while self‐service enthusiasts in high switching cost channels are retained with greater frequency.     

Semi‐Nonparametric IV Estimation of Shape‐Invariant Engel Curves

This paper studies a shape‐invariant Engel curve system with endogenous total expenditure, in which the shape‐invariant specification involves a common shift parameter for each demographic group in a pooled system of nonparametric Engel curves. We focus on the identification and estimation of both the nonparametric shapes of the Engel curves and the parametric specification of the demographic scaling parameters. The identification condition relates to the bounded completeness and the estimation procedure applies the sieve minimum distance estimation of conditional moment restrictions, allowing for endogeneity. We establish a new root mean squared convergence rate for the nonparametric instrumental variable regression when the endogenous regressor could have unbounded support. Root‐n asymptotic normality and semiparametric efficiency of the parametric components are also given under a set of “low‐level” sufficient conditions. Our empirical application using the U.K. Family Expenditure Survey shows the importance of adjusting for endogeneity in terms of both the nonparametric curvatures and the demographic parameters of systems of Engel curves.     

基于在线评论和随机占优准则的生鲜电商顾客满意度测评

生鲜电商被认为是电子商务领域的下一片蓝海，吸引着各类资本、平台竞相追逐，但目前生鲜电商仍处于发展探索阶段，如何及时准确地把握顾客需求和有效地提升顾客满意度是当前面临的重要问题。本文提出一种基于在线评论和随机占优准则的生鲜电商顾客满意度测评方法：首先，利用生鲜电商存在的大量在线评论数据信息，基于LDA模型提取出在线评论中的主题，作为顾客对生鲜电商满意度的影响因素；其次，构建生鲜电商顾客需求的情感词典，计算在线评论中顾客的情感倾向得分，作为判断顾客满意度的依据；最后，利用随机占优准则，构建不同商品类别中影响因素的随机占优程度矩阵，并应用PROMETHEE-Ⅱ方法给出不同商品类别中影响因素的排序结果。通过爬取天猫网站中不同类别的生鲜商品在线评论信息进行顾客满意度评估的案例分析，验证本文提出的方法的可行性和有效性。结果显示，不同生鲜商品类别中顾客满意度影响因素的重要度排序是不同的。值得注意的是，所提方法也为其他产品或服务的顾客满意度评估问题提供了参考和支撑。