U.S. Adults’ Pornography Consumption and Attitudes Toward Adolescents’ Access to Birth Control: A National Panel Study

Objectives: The conditions under which adolescents should have access to birth control has been debated by U.S. policy makers and health officials for some time. Given the variability and fluidity of law and policy in this area and the high stakes described by advocates for and against access, identifying predictors of electorate opinion is important. Methods: This study utilized national panel data gathered in 2008 (T1) and 2010 (T2) to examine associations between U.S. adults' pornography consumption and attitudes toward adolescents' access to birth control. Results: Consistent with a social learning perspective on media, pornography consumption at T1 was associated with more positive attitudes toward adolescents' access to birth control at T2, even after accounting for T1 birth control attitudes and multiple potential third-variables. Consistent with Wright's (2011 Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior: Assessing the claim for causality. Communication Yearbook, 35, 343–386. [Google Scholar]) acquisition, activation, application model (3AM) of media sexual socialization, this association was stronger for more morally individualistic adults. Contrary to a selective exposure perspective on media, birth control attitudes at T1 did not predict pornography consumption at T2. Conclusions: These findings have implications for the prediction of birth control attitudes specifically and the socializing influence of pornography more generally.     

Psychosocial Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Abstract

Objective:To review and describe empirical outcome studies on the psychosocial treatment of children and adolescents meeting the criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).Method:To locate these treatment outcome studies, an extensive review of the literature using the PsycINFO database was conducted. Results:Psychosocial treatments designed solely for youth meeting the criteria for ODD are rare. Rather, it seems that most of the intervention studies have involved youth with Conduct Disorder as well as ODD, even though these two disorders have distinct differences. Selected psychosocial interventions, including anger control and stress inoculation training, assertiveness training, multisystemic therapy, and rational emotive therapy, have produced favorable outcomes in the studies conducted and published to date. Conclusions:Social workers serving ODD youth should seek training in these provisionally supported evidence-based practices. Given the scarcity of treatments designed solely for ODD with adolescents, there is a need for more outcome studies on this specific population, and for more studies of social work practice involving such youth.     

On the political economy of youth: a comment

This article is written as a brief comment on a recent discussion that has taken place in the pages of the Journal of Youth Studies on the question of youth, youth studies and political economy, in a series of articles by Côté [2014. “Towards a New Political Economy of Youth.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (4): 527–543; Côté, J. 2016. “A New Political Economy of Youth Reprised: Rejoinder to France and Threadgold.” Journal of Youth Studies. doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1136058] and France and Threadgold [2015. “Youth and Political Economy: Towards a Bourdieusian Approach.” Journal of Youth Studies. doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1098779]. It argues for the value of embracing a broad understanding of the term political economy, and for the importance of increasing the attention paid to political economy in the field of youth studies. The comment draws on a simple review of articles published in the Journal of Youth Studies over a five-year period between 2011 and 2015 in order to clarify the different approaches that can be taken by youth studies researchers with respect to the question of political economy.     

The Local,The Regional,And The Global In Southeast Asian Transgender Subcultures

Mark Johnson. Beauty and power: transgendering and cultural transformation in the southern Philippines. Oxford: Berg. 1997. 264 pp. £34.99 (hardback); £14.99 (paperback).     

Assemblies of Chairs: The Politics of Spectatorship in Post-Traumatic Times

What modalities of spectatorship and performance are emerging today, and why? How do we gather in the face of crisis—ordinary and extraordinary—and violence—traumatic and not-quite-traumatic? What might be gleaned from contemporary performance for other genres of response to crisis, whether clinical, critical, or political? To what extent are psychoanalytic theories of trauma helpful for describing modalities of historical violence in the present? This essay approaches questions such as these by turning to 3 disparate yet resonant sites of recent performance: Combatant Status Review Tribunal, pp. 002954-003064: A Public Reading by Andrea Geyer et al. (2012); Thomas Hirschhorn’s Gramsci Monument (2013); and Rashid Johnson’s production of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka’s play, Dutchman, at the East Village’s Russian and Turkish Baths (2013).     

Understanding dissociation in relation to child trauma,mental health needs,and intensity of services in child welfare: A possible missing link

Abstract

While there is limited research on the role of dissociation among children and adolescents, emerging evidence links child trauma history, dissociation, risk behaviors, and other negative outcomes among youth. This study examined dissociation in relation to mental health needs and intensity of services among a large sample of youth in Illinois child welfare, upon entry into care and in residential treatment settings. The Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS), a comprehensive, trauma-informed assessment strategy and information integration/planning tool was the primary measure. This study included two overall samples of child welfare-involved youth, ages 3–18: at entry into care (N?=?27,737) and in residential treatment (N?=?5,758). Findings indicated that rates of clinically significant dissociation were generally highest among younger youth (under age 14) and among youth with more cumulative and severe trauma. Dissociative youth were significantly more likely to exhibit several risk behaviors (e.g., fire setting and self-harm) and mental health symptoms (e.g., psychosis and somatization). Those youth with significant dissociation at entry into care were more likely to be psychiatrically hospitalized, placed into residential treatment, with greater likelihood of placement disruptions within the 2 years following entry into care. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the value of identifying and assessing dissociation and other trauma-related symptoms that may be less recognized but can be linked to high-risk behaviors and other negative outcomes within child welfare and across child-serving systems. Understanding dissociation may be an important component of training, service/treatment planning, and clinical care within child-serving systems.     

Reviews

Books reviewed: Whiteside, Richard, The art of using and losing control: adjusting the therapeutic stance Whiteside, Richard, The art of using and losing control (video) Yapko, Michael, Breaking the patterns of depression Love, A., Moloney, L., Fisher, T., Federally-funded family mediation in Melbourne: outcome, costs and client satisfaction Moloney, L., Fisher, T., Love, A., Ferguson, S., Federally-funded family mediation in Sydney—outcome, costs and client satisfaction Moloney, L., Fisher, T., Love, A., Ferguson, S., Federally-funded family mediation in Sydney—synopsis, key findings and recommendations Ackerman, Marc, Clinician's guide to child custody evaluation Everett, Craig, Child custody: legal decisions and family outcomes Irvine, John, Who'd be a parent? The manual that should have come with the kids! Greenspan, Stanley with Lieff Benderly, Beryl, The growth of the mind and the endangered origins of intelligence MacKinnon, L., Trust and betrayal in the treatment of child abuse     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this articles: Radical Earnestness, English Social Theory 1880–1980 Fred Inglis, Martin Robertson That Noble Science of Politics S. Collini, D. Winch, J. Burrow The Analysis of Power: A Realist Approach Geoffrey Debnam War in the Modern Great Power System 1495–1975 Jack S. Levy Social Control and the State Stanley Cohen and Andrew Scull (eds) The Protection of Children: State Intervention and Family Life R. Dingwall, J. Eekelaar, T. Murray Capitalism, the State and Industrial Relations Dominic Strinati Mexico: Class Formation, Capital Accumulation, and the State James D. Cockcroft The Management of Scottish Society, 1707–1764 John Stuart Shaw Patronage, Power and Poverty in Southern Italy: A tale of two cities J. Chubb Black Gold: The Mozambican Miner, Proletarian and Peasant Ruth First Crime, Justice and Underdevelopment Colin Sumner (ed.) Power, Crime and Mystification Steven Box Marxism Structuralism Education Madan Sarup Family and School Daphne Johnson and Elizabeth Ransom Experiencing Comprehensive Education Robert G. Burgess Images of Welfare: Press and Public Attitudes to Poverty Peter Golding and Sue Middleton Youth and Leisure Kenneth Roberts The Traveller Gypsies Judith Okely Haruko's World; A Japanese Farm Woman and her Community Gail Lee Bernstein Women and the Public Sphere J. Siltanen and M. Stanworth Forever Feminine: Women's Magazines and the Cult of Femininity Marjorie Ferguson Writing and Sexual Difference Elizabeth Abel (ed.)     

Disparate Juvenile Court Outcomes for Disabled Delinquent Youth: A Social Work Call to Action

Current service delivery for at-risk youth is through four separate systems: special education; mental health and substance abuse; juvenile justice; and child welfare. Many youth (and their families) are involved with more than one of these systems, making early disability identification and subsequent systems coordination paramount in leading to more successful juvenile court outcomes. This coordination is an important and prioritized public policy concern because a majority of youth (disproportionately minority) within juvenile justice populations has been identified with mental health disorders, special education disabilities, or maltreatment histories. This study of a unique sample of probation-supervised delinquent youths (n = 397) identifies these disabilities and their corresponding court supervision, detention, and incarceration outcomes for a 48-month period in Cuyahoga County, Ohio (greater Cleveland). Within this youth sample over 32% had a special education disability, over 39% had a mental health disorder, over 32% had a substance abuse disorder, and over 56% were victims of maltreatment. Even higher disability rates were found for those youth who were subsequently detained or incarcerated. Many of these youth had multiple disabilities (and subsequently poorer juvenile court outcomes) and were concurrently involved in more than one disability service system. Policy and client services implications are reviewed and discussed.

Family Functioning and Mental Health of Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth in the Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project

Transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGN) youth are at increased risk for adverse mental health outcomes, but better family functioning may be protective. This study describes TGN youth’s mental health and associations with family functioning in a community-based sample. Participants were from 33 families (96 family members) and included 33 TGN youth, ages 13 to 17 years; 48 cisgender (non-transgender) caregivers; and 15 cisgender siblings. Participants completed a survey with measures of family functioning (family communication, family satisfaction) and mental health of TGN youth (suicidality, self-harm, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, resilience). TGN youth reported a high risk of mental health concerns: suicidality (15% to 30%), self-harm (49%), clinically significant depressive symptoms (61%); and moderate self-esteem (M = 27.55, SD = 7.15) and resiliency (M = 3.67, SD = 0.53). In adjusted models, better family functioning from the TGN youth’s perspective was associated with better mental health outcomes among TGN youth (β ranged from ?0.40 to ?0.65 for self-harm, depressive symptoms, and anxious symptoms, and 0.58 to 0.70 for self-esteem and resiliency). Findings from this study highlight the importance of considering TGN youth’s perspectives on the family to inform interventions to improve family functioning in families with TGN youth.     

An Exploration of Family and Juvenile Justice Systems to Reduce Youth HIV/STI Risk

Using in‐depth interviews with 20 probation youth (60% female; 35% White; 30% Hispanic; mean age: 15 years, range = 13–17), their caregivers (100% female; mean age: 44 years, range = 34–71), and 12 female probation officers (100% White; mean age: 46 years, range = 34–57), we explored how family and probation systems exacerbate or mitigate sexual risk. We conducted thematic analyses of interviews, comparing narratives of families of sexually risky (n = 9) versus nonsexually risky (n = 11) youth. Family functioning differed by youth sexual risk behavior around quality of relationships, communication, and limit setting and monitoring. The involvement of families of sexually risky youth in probation positively influenced family functioning. Data suggest that these families are amenable to intervention and may benefit from family‐based HIV/STI interventions delivered in tandem with probation.     

AUD medications and postsurgery opioids: The latest

Topiramate's use as a treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD) is not a new idea, Bankole Johnson, M.D. (now of ondansetron fame; see ADAW, March 25, April 1), reviewed it many times (see ADAW, Oct. 15, 2007; Feb. 11, 2008; June 16, 2008; Nov. 3, 2008; June 7, 2010; Jan. 31, 2011; Feb. 24, 2014). But a comprehensive review published recently in the Journal of Addiction Medicine is concise. While not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for AUD, topiramate can be prescribed off‐label, and should be considered as a treatment for the condition, according to Ajay Manhapra, M.D., and colleagues in the article, “Topiramate Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder and Other Addictions: A Narrative Review.” Like ondansetron and other possible AUD medications, including those that are approved (like acamprosate and naltrexone), topiramate doesn't work for everyone. But pharmacogenetic testing may help identify those who are likely to respond, according to the review. In addition, there are early studies indicating it could be used to treat cocaine and nicotine use disorder, as well as behavioral addictions.     

A new political economy of youth reprised: rejoinder to France and Threadgold

In a previous issue of this journal, France and Threadgold [2015. “Youth and Political Economy: Towards a Bourdieusian Approach.” Journal of Youth Studies doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1098779] claim that they ‘strongly believe that a political economy perspective remains vital for understanding macro-structural power’ (8), yet they reject key aspects of the version I recommended in an earlier issue of this journal [Côté. J. E. 2014a.“Towards a New Political Economy of Youth.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (4): 527–543]. They also present a Bourdieusian framework, asserting that it provides a better understanding of the effects of political and the economic forces on the lives of young people. In this article, I show how their rejection of the political-economy-of-youth perspective is based on their misunderstandings of some of the fundamental concepts of that perspective, as well as their misrepresentations of what I recommend to the youth studies community concerning that perspective. Consequently, although their Bourdieusian framework may be useful in illuminating certain aspects of the problem, their attempt to promote their framework as a better approach to the political economy of youth is based on unfounded claims. I use their errors to illustrate several metatheoretical principles that can help researchers to be less imperialistic in their claims, and I offer an analysis of how this dispute reflects the current fragmented nature of the field of youth studies.     

Continuity and Change in Stepfather–Stepchild Closeness Between Adolescence and Early Adulthood

This study draws on nationally representative data from Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to prospectively examine the factors associated with different patterns of closeness between stepchildren and their stepfathers over the transition to adulthood in stably married stepfamilies (N = 881). Results indicate much variability in how these relationships unfold over time, although a sizable minority of youth remained close to their stepfathers. Consistent with family systems theory, the quality of other family relationships is particularly important to understanding children's relationships with stepfathers as they develop over time.     

Introducing Manus Prison theory: knowing border violence

ABSTRACT

Manus Prison theory is a coherent intellectual, creative and political project inspired over four years of ongoing research and organizing between Behrouz Boochani and Tofighian in what we refer to as a shared philosophical activity. Similar collaboration, consultation and sharing precede the project and include networks of scholarship and collective action. The theory has experienced a heightened interest and urgency since the release of No Friend but the Mountains: Writing from Manus Prison by Boochani (2018) and after winning prestigious awards. It aims to analyse the detention industry by identifying its connections with other forms of violence and domination; this approach focuses on how systems of oppression are interconnected, mutually reinforcing and multipliable. By considering an intersectional and decolonial approach and framing the analysis of Manus Prison within the discourse pertaining to kyriarchy we expose how border violence is rooted in Australia’s colonial imaginary and pervades socio-political structures and institutions.     

Youth participation in foster youth advisory boards: Perspectives of facilitators

Foster youth advisory boards (YAB) have the objective of promoting foster youth participation in decisions that are made about their lives. There is currently little known about how youth participation is conceptualized or implemented within or across boards. This qualitative study explored youth participation from the perspectives of 42 primary YAB facilitators in 34 states. The study's findings are derived from telephone interviews. A thematic analysis identified four primary approaches to youth participation, which we labeled as being, ‘Adult-Led’ (n = 2); ‘Adult-Driven Youth Input’ (n = 14); ‘50–50 Youth-Adult Partnership’ (n = 16); and ‘Youth-Led’ (n = 2). Within each of these approaches to youth participation, we present findings that explore facilitators' conceptualizations of youth participation, the strategies and program activities they use to enact youth participation, and the strengths and limitations of each of the approaches. Our discussion explores implications for YAB program activities, youth participation in child welfare systems, and future research.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Young at Eighty: The Prolific Public Life of Michael Young Geoff Dench, Tony Flower and Kate Davron (eds), Psychosocial Disorders in Young People: Time Trends and their Causes Michael Rutter and David J. Smith, (eds), Gender and the Professional Predicament of Nursing Celia Davies, A National Health Service? The Restructuring of Health Care in Britain since 1979 John Mohan, Drugs and Narcotics in History R. Porter and M. Teich (eds), Invented Moralities: Sexual Values in an Age of Uncertainty Jeffrey Weeks, Childhood and Parenthood: Proceedings of the International Sociological Association Committee for Family Research Conference Julia Brannen and Margaret O'Brien, (eds). Changing Ethnic Identities Tariq Modood, Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies Kobena Mercer, The Urban Context: Ethnicity, Social Networks and Situational Analysis Alisdair Rogers and Steven Vertovec (eds), Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies Daniel Miller, (ed.), The Sociology of the Meal Roy C. Wood, Interrogating Inequality: Essays on Class Analysis, Socialism and Marxism Erik Olin Wright, Bataille: Writing the Sacred Carolyn Bailey-Gill, (ed.), The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics T. Bennett, Disney and his Worlds Alan Bryman, Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation Steve Pile and Nigel Thrift, (eds), Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers H. Donnan and T.M. Wilson (eds).     

The price of youth: commodification of young people through malleable risk practices

Risk has become a dominant part of theory and practice in young people's services over the past 30 years [Kemshall, H. 2008. “Risk, Rights and Justice: Understanding and Responding to Youth Risk.” Youth Justice 8 (1): 21–37; Goldson, G. 2000. “Children in Need’ or ‘Young Offenders’? Hardening ideology, organizational change and new challenges for social work with children in trouble.” Child and Family Social Work 5 (3): 255–265]. Young people are simultaneously described as ‘at-risk’ and risky, ‘permanent suspects’ [Mcara, L., and S. Mcvie. 2005. “The usual suspects? Street-life, young people and the police.” Criminal Justice 5 (1): 5–36] with the potential for committing crime, using drugs, being sexually promiscuous or under-performing in the socio-economic climate [Turnbull, G., and J. Spence. 2011. “What's at risk? The proliferation of risk across child and youth policy in England.” Journal of Youth Studies 14 (8): 939–959]. This paper reports on a UK study of youth practitioners’ perceptions of young people in relation to ‘risk’ and how this affects practice. Findings identify a context where practitioners engage with notions of young people as at-risk or risky, managing tensions between external constructions and the ‘real’ individual on an on-going basis. ‘Risk’ becomes malleable, with young people's risk biographies being amplified or attenuated on the basis of the practitioner's view of needs, resource allocations, contracts, targets, practitioner or organisational fears, risk management processes, and the desire to get the best for the young person. Whilst of short-term benefit, this commodification of young people is counter-productive, magnifying the construction of youth as risky others. The paper calls for new approaches to challenge the continued dominance of the youth risk paradigm in practice, policy and the academic youth studies field.     

Differential Behavioral and Neural Profiles in Youth With Conduct Problems During Risky Decision‐Making

Neuroimaging work has examined neural processes underlying risk taking in adolescence, yet predominantly in low‐risk youth. To determine whether we can extrapolate from current neurobiological models, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated risk taking and peer effects in youth with conduct problems (CP; N = 19) and typically developing youth (TD; N = 25). Results revealed higher real‐life risk taking, lower risky decisions, and no peer effects on a risk‐taking task in CP youth. CP youth showed greater ventral striatum (VS) activity during safe than risky decisions, whereas TD youth showed greater VS activation during risky decisions. Differential VS activity explained higher real‐life risk taking in CP youth. Findings provide preliminary evidence that risk‐taking behavior in youth with CD problems is characterized by differential neural patterns.     

Names in the News

Bankole A. Johnson, M.D., DSc., until March 26 chairman of the board of directors of Adial Pharmaceuticals, is now chief medical officer of the company, which is about to start a Phase 3 clinical trial of AD04 (low‐dose ondansetron) for alcohol use disorder (see ADAW, March 25). Johnson will also leave his position as chair of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Maryland. “I am delighted to join the senior management team of Adial as we work toward our goal of developing the leading addiction company,” Johnson said in a press statement March 26.