Professionalization,Gender and Female‐dominated Professions: Dental Hygiene in Ontario*

Cet article explore L'influence des rapports sociaux entre les sexes et du féminisme sur les professions à majorité féminine au moyen d'une étude de cas en hygiène dentaire en Ontario. Le statut professionnel à part entière a échappéà plusieurs de ces professions, y compris L'hygiène dentaire. Historiquement, cette dernière était définie comme un travail pour les femmes, àêtre exécuté sous la stricte surveillance des dentistes hommes. Récemment, L'hygiène dentaire a poursuivi un projet de reconnaissance professionnelle et lutté pour une plus grande indépendance à L'endroit de la dentisterie. Les idées issues des rapports sociaux entre les sexes et particulièrement du féminisme y ont occupé une place centrale. This paper explores the influence of gender and feminism on the professional projects of female‐dominated professions, through a case study of dental hygiene in Ontario. Full professional status has eluded many female‐dominated professions, including dental hygiene. Historically, dental hygiene was defined as work for women, to be performed strictly under the control of male dentists. In recent years, dental hygiene has pursued a professional project and struggled for greater independence from dentistry. Ideas about gender and, particularly, feminism have been central to their professional project.     

Oral Hygiene and Lifestyle Correlates Among New Undergraduate University Students in Lebanon

Abstract

Little is known about Lebanese college students' oral hygiene and the factors associated with how often they brush their teeth. The authors used a structured questionnaire to investigate these issues in a sample of 954 new students at the American University of Beirut in fall 1998. The results indicated poor flossing habits and unfavorable dietary habits among the group. Moreover, using logistic regression analysis, they found that variables such as gender, father's education, exercise, and dietary habits, were significantly correlated with the how frequently the students brushed their teeth. Appropriate promotional activities to improve flossing and dietary habits associated with better oral hygiene are recommended. In addition, the authors call for further research to elaborate on the deficiencies in oral health practices and explore a wider variety of lifestyle behaviors and their correlation.     

Psychological Characteristics of Vocational Secondary School Students

Vocational school students are special to a certain degree. They are hard to deal with. How to deal with this problem is very necessary.     

Acceptance of International Students: Host and Sojourner Characteristics

This study was designed to investigate how both characteristics of the sojourner and of the host affect how American students regard and treat international students in the United States. Undergraduates (N=198) evaluated college admission applications. All applicant information was held constant except for gender, race, and nationality. After they completed a questionnaire evaluating the foreign applicant, they volunteered to offer various levels of hospitality to foreign students. In terms of host characteristics, the results indicate that women were more favorable than men in their ratings of foreign students, and Minorities (48% of the sample) were more favorable than Whites in their volunteerism. Regarding characteristics of the foreigner, American students responded equally to male and female foreigners; equally to White and Black foreigners; but they evaluated Canadian foreigners more favorably than Algerian ones. There was an interaction between gender of the host and foreigner in a few instances, and several instances of an interaction between race of the host and race of the foreigner. These results partially support the hypotheses and suggest that what makes a difference in how Americans respond to foreigners is cultural similarity and shared ethnic minority status.     

90后工科大学生职业兴趣的特点分析

采用霍兰德职业兴趣倾向量表对442名工科大学生的调查表明,工科大学生总体的职业兴趣倾向为SEI,即社会型、经营型、研究型,这与专业发展要求有些偏离。其职业兴趣不存在显著的年级差异,但存在显著的性别和专业差异。     

“90后”大学生的思想特点及教育对策分析

目前,在全国各高校学习的学生,均是"90后"的学生。深入研究和探讨"90后"大学生的思想行为特点,价值观念、理想境界等情况,是增强高校思想政治教育科学性、针对性、实效性,避免和减少盲目性、随意性的前提条件;是因材施教,促进大学生良好思想品德形成,找到大学生思想政治教育的有效途径和方式、方法的必要条件。     

Depressive Symptoms,Stress, and Social Support Among Dental Students at a Historically Black College and University

Objective: The authors measured the prevalence of depressive symptoms among dental students at a historically black college in the United States to determine how depressive symptoms, stress, and social support influence each other within this student population. Participants: Dental students (n = 143) completed a self-administered survey to assess depressive symptoms, stress, and social support, using validated and reliable instruments. Participants also reported demographic variables. Methods: The authors used multivariable linear regression controlling for potential confounding. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 16.7%. There were significantly higher levels of stress for students with depressive symptoms compared with those without such symptoms (p < .01), and students with depressive symptoms had significantly lower levels of social support (p < .01). Results show higher levels of depressive symptomatology to be related to decreased social support at both high and low stress levels (p < .01). Conclusions: Stress and social support are associated with depressive symptoms among dental students.     

The Prevalence of Dental Anxiety in Patients of a University Dental Clinic

Dental anxiety remains a pervasive barrier to dental treatment for many individuals, including college-age patients. In this article, the author reviews dental anxiety and examines the usefulness of assessment instruments for identifying dental anxiety. Using 2 unique assessment instruments, he examines the prevalence of dental anxiety in his university dental clinic's patient population. The 2 assessment instruments were determined to be equally effective in identifying anxious dental patients. Both instruments revealed that the average patient surveyed had low-to-mild dental anxiety. The results of this survey concur with those of previous studies of college-populations.     

Personality Characteristics and Value Stances of Students in Two Areas of Graduate Study

This study demonstrates that the attempt to rectify the problem of screening out the mavericks and the assertive individuals by ceasing to screen out almost anyone on grounds of personality has attracted to graduate social work programs an unduly large number of individuals with qualities not desirable for effective functioning in social work. Furthermore, further self-selection into organizing and planning practice versus therapeutically oriented types of practice results in two groups with identifiable personality differences.     

Characteristics of Female Students Who Aspire to Science and Engineering or Homemaking Occupations

This study identified predictors that discriminated between nontraditional and traditional career aspirations in a sample composed of 930 eighth-grade female students (52 Asian Americans, 123 Hispanics, 61 African Americans, 669 Whites, and 15 Native Americans). Results indicated that the students who aspired to careers in science or engineering scored significantly higher on educational aspirations; perceived parental expectations; student-reported grade point averages (GPAs); and mathematics, reading, and science test scores than did girls who aspired to homemaking occupations. They also scored higher on measures of self-esteem, internal locus of control, socioeconomic status, and had fewer siblings. Educational aspirations, parental expectations, self-reported GPA, and science proficiency were the best discriminators between the groups. Results also indicated that differences in the distributions of career aspirations across racial-ethnic groups were significant.     

Bathroom Transformation: From Hygiene to Well-Being?

ABSTRACT

Western bathroom standards, which have long been dominated by ideas of hygiene, seem to be in the process of change. Whereas transformations of kitchens have been well studied, little attention has been directed towards the contemporary development of bathrooms. This article provides a case study of the transformation in design, use, and meaning of Danish bathrooms, drawing lines back in history but focusing mainly on current changes. The bathroom is seen as a complex arena where many different forces interact. The study applies the regime concept to organize the story and outlines the developments in physical frameworks, practices, and images. It is based on a combination of literature survey, review of magazine and media coverage, visits to exhibitions, and qualitative interviews. The article outlines changes in Danish bathrooms and analyzes how new trends appear in relation to actual bathroom renovations. In particular, the notion of well-being is highlighted as challenging existing hygiene ideas.     

"00后"大学生思想行为特质及其培养对策

"00后"大学生有极强的"我中心"的主体觉醒意识,兼有"奋创者"的人设定位、"多元化"的价值取向、"四二一"微环境影响、"触屏族"式行为表达等多种思想行为特点,呈现出个性化、时代性和整体性特征。因其成长发展深受人口统计因素、环境因素和教育因素的影响,高校应探索以专业化教育支撑个性化发展,以文化育人实现教育全覆盖,以教学改革推动三全育人等,加强"00后"大学生思想行为引导,培养担当民族复兴大任的时代新人。