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1.
Samuel Estreicher 《Journal of Labor Research》2004,25(2):191-197
2.
Samuel Estreicher 《Journal of Labor Research》2006,27(4):505-511
In September 2005, six unions representing 5.4 million workers held their founding convention as a new federation independent
of the AFL-CIO. Infelicitously named “Change to Win Federation” (CTWF), the new alliance has called for a rededication of
union resources and energies towards organizing the unorganized. Although CTWF has occasioned considerable interest and speculation
among labor supporters and observers, it is difficult to determine why the break occurred, other than, perhaps, the personal
agenda of some of its leaders. An unstated, significant reason may be a desire on the rebels’ part to operate relatively free
of “noraiding” strictures of the AFL-CIO, even though the group disclaims any interest in challenging existing bargaining
relationships and has penned “solidarity pacts” with some of its principal AFL-CIO competitors and with state and local units
of the federation. Competitive forces are missing in the market for workplace representation services. The new group may reignite
the rival unionism that spurred organized labor’s marked growth from 1935–1954, but early returns suggest an emphasis on militant
posturing and on trendy, implausible themes such as “global unionism” and “subcontracting out strikes.” 相似文献
3.
4.
X. Conclusion During a period of strength the Canadian labor movement was able to secure enduring legislation providing for
their institutional protection. In the 1940s Justice Rand justified his decision by invoking the spirit underlying the operationalization
of a collective bargaining regime. In the 1990s the Canadian Supreme Court continued this tradition by refusing to hollow
out unions’ rights to a secure financial base and autonomy in decision making. Between the 1940s and the 1990s, the unions'
voice was heard in legislatures throughout the country through the NDP. Canadian unions now benefit from, among other things,
first-contract arbitration, job protection for striking workers, and a card process of union certification. Thus, although
current Canadian attitudes towards unions show considerable detachment, the embeddedness of legal protections helps hold such
challenges as RTW in Alberta at bay. During the same years, American labor was unable to translate its strength of numbers
into gains in public policy: in fact, as union density peaked, legislation such as the Taft-Hartley Act and Landrum-Griffin
Act eroded union institutional protections.
An earlier version of this article appears as “Union Security in Canada,” in The Internal Governance and Organizational Effectiveness of Labor Unions, edited by S. Estreicher, H. C. Katz, and B. E. Kaufman, Kluwer Press. We are grateful for their permission to reproduce
portions of the chapter. Comments from Dennis Nolan (University of South Carolina) and John Godard (University of Manitoba)
are greatly appre-ciated. The article benefited from their excellent suggestions. Research assistance from Fred Jacques is
acknowledged. We follow the Canadian spelling of “labour” for accuracy when it is used in citations, quotes, and titles. 相似文献
5.
The union voting intention literature shows that many nonunion employees who indicate that they think unions are instrumental
in increasing wages, benefits, and working conditions would vote against forming a union. Although American workers have often been characterized as pragmatic with regard to their support for unions,
the “disconnect” between union beliefs and union voting intentions just described suggests that more subtle forces are at
work. In this paper, it is shown empirically that union instrumentality is a limited predictor of union voting intentions
for a recent national cross-section of workers. Rather, more general feelings toward unions and employers are primary. These
accounted for a large portion of the variance in union voting intentions, with general feelings towards unions by far the
most critical predictor. A concluding section discusses whether the results may reflect changes in union power and changes
in employee views of unions. Areas for future research are discussed. 相似文献
6.
C. Timothy Koeller 《Journal of Labor Research》1994,15(1):19-32
This paper extends recent research on the determinants of the decline in union membership in the United States. Using biennial
state-level data for a set of years between 1958 and 1982, my model tests “union organizing,” “structural,” “management opposition,”
and “public policy” hypotheses concerning union membership and suggests improved specifications of each of these hypotheses.
The paper also examines the relative importance of each factor in explaining the decline in unionization. The results support
each of the hypotheses and confirm previous findings that changes in the structure of the labor force are most important in
explaining union membership decline. 相似文献
7.
Outsourcing and union power 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Charles R. Perry 《Journal of Labor Research》1997,18(4):521-534
The outsourcing of union work and jobs either diffuses or diminishes union membership, depending on perspective and situation.
The correlation of trends in union membership to trends in union power, while less than perfect, has until recently been relatively
strong over the past sixteen years. The fact that as diverse a sample of unions as AFSCME, SEIU, and UAW have chosen to make
outsourcing a prominent labor/public relations issue suggests that the correlation continues to be perceived by the union
movement to be significant, notwithstanding the efforts of the “new” leadership of the AFL-CIO to break that link with respect
to union political power by “taxing” member unions and their members to contribute both money and militancy to the 1996 election
cycle.
Although outsourcing may lead only to the diffusion of union membership either within or between unions, as opposed to the
diminution of union membership, this fact has not received a great deal of attention. The net effect on total union membership
of outsourcing from one union employer to another union employer is unclear, although the effect on the membership of the
union at the outsourcing employer is not. The redistribution of membership within a union as a result of outsourcing is likely
to have little immediate impact on union power. However, as even the best case scenario presented above suggests, it may have
significant long-run deleterious effects on union bargaining power by taking labor out of a sheltered market and putting it
into potentially competitive market. This is particularly likely to be the case when outsourcing (1) places the outsourced
work into a different industry or wage contour and (2) creates the possibility of moving from sole-source to multiplesource
supplier arrangements.
The redistribution of membership between unions as a result of outsourcing is unlikely to have a major impact on union power
broadly defined. It can have, however, serious deleterious effects in terms of the power of an individual union, as suggested
in my “competitive case” scenario. The fact that one union’s losses due to outsourcing may be another union’s gain is of little
consolation to the losing union. That act, in and of itself, may make the threat of outsourcing a potential union “Achilles
heel” at the bargaining table by placing it into competition with some other, perhaps unknown, union as well as possibly nonunion
competition.
The most obvious threat to union power comes from outsourcing that diminishes union membership overall by transferring jobs
from union to nonunion employers. The willingness and ability of employers to move work/jobs entirely out of the orbit of
union control constitutes, in terms of power and particularly union bargaining power, a revisitation of the phenomenon of
the “runaway shop.” It may also be viewed as a proactive form of hiring permanent replacements for (potentially) striking
workers. The union options in dealing with such a challenge are to endeavor to preclude outsourcing through legislation or
collective bargaining or to chase the work by organizing the unorganized, hopefully with the help of the unionized outsourcing
employer. Neither option may be easy, but as the 1996 auto industry negotiations suggest, the former may be less difficult
than the latter. The possibility that outsourcing from union to nonunion employer may provide unions with the power to organize
from the top (outsourcer) down (outsourcee) cannot be entirely ignored as the issue of supplier “neutrality” reportedly was
raised in the 1996 auto negotiations.
The adverse effects of outsourcing on union political and financial power, by virtue of its impact on the level or distribution
of union membership, can and may well be offset by an increase in union activism—as measured by dues levels, merger activity,
organizing commitment, and political action. The adverse effects of outsourcing on union bargaining power are more problematical
from the union standpoint. The effect of outsourcing, whatever its rationale or scenario, appears to be to put union labor
back into competition. Thus, outsourcing constitutes yet another challenge to the labor movement in its ongoing and seemingly
increasingly unsuccessful battle to take and keep U.S. union labor out of competition by proving itself able and willing to
organize to the extent of the market and standardizing wages in that market. 相似文献
8.
In the 2000 elections, organized labor mounted a“massive“ political effort. The AFL-CIO spearheaded a program that emphasized
both grassroots and“checkbook” politics. Labor 2000, however, represented much more than an attempt to influence elections.
Political action, dedicated to a“Working Families Agenda“ became a strategy of choice to elect candidates, influence lawmakers,
mobilize union members, and recruit workers into the labor movement. In this paper, I examine Labor 2000 from a strategic-choice
perspective. Specifically, I look at the scope and variety of labor's political effort; how labor allocated its political
resources; the degree of competition it faced; and the election outcomes. In addition, I examine the effort in terms of its
potential for transforming unions. Data from a variety of sources, some of which have not been previously used, are examined
to put Labor 2000 into perspective as a strategy. The results indicate that labor did have some success in mobilizing union
members politically. However, labor's impact proved insufficient to achieve immediate national election goals. Questions remain
about the wisdom of political action as a strategy of choice, especially in terms of its viability as an instrument for institutional
revival. 相似文献
9.
Vicki Barnett 《Journal of Labor Research》2003,24(1):55-72
Conclusion Exhausted by almost eight months of striking, the CEP members urged their union officers to take a radical proposal to the
Herald: forget the seniority clause, which the company had maintained was the main stumbling block. Many union members believed
that the Herald and Conrad Black didn’t care about seniority and had picked it as an issue in full confidence that it was
the one item no union would drop. But since nothing else was working, despite evidence the Herald was suffering severe circulation
and corporate-image losses, it was time to call the employer’s bluff. The company seemed to be taken by surprice at the CEP’s
abandoning of the cherished principle when union and compeny representatives met in front of an official of the Alberta government.
But within a few days, Gaynor was saying publicly there were other issues in the way, not just seniority. Despite the innovative
use of electronic communications during the strike, there was no hope of obtaining a settlement if the Herald wasn’t forced to negotiate with the union. The provincial government, however, failed to enforce provisions of its weak labor
laws that required “bargaining in good faith.” 相似文献
10.
Cynthia Estlund 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(4):591-608
This article argues that the ineffectuality of American labor law and the shrinking scope of collective representation and
collective bargaining are partly traceable to the law’s “ossification”—to its having been essentially sealed off for several
decades from democratic revision and renewal and from local experimentation and innovation. The elements of this process of
ossification, once assembled, make up an imposing set of barriers to innovation. The basic law has been cut off from legislative
revision at the national level by Congress; from “market”-driven competition by employers; from the entrepreneurial and creative
energies of private litigation; from variation at the state or local level by representative or judicial bodies; from changing
constitutional doctrine; and from emerging transnational legal norms. Moreover, the National Labor Relations Board—the designated
institutional vehicle for adjusting the labor laws to modern conditions—is increasingly hemmed in by the age of the text and
the large body of judicial interpretations that has grown up over the years. The resulting statutory scheme is drastically
out of date and out of sync with the needs of 21st century workers and labor markets.
相似文献
Cynthia EstlundEmail: |
11.
Rachel Sherman 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):201-219
Drawing on participant observation and interviews, this paper analyzes the paid labor of lifestyle production. In particular,
I look at jobs in the lifestyle management industry that involve making consumption-related aesthetic choices with and for
clients. This is taste work, and workers are taste brokers, who mediate between clients and markets, between clients and other people, and between clients and their own desires. Taste
brokers shape not only clients’ consumption decisions but also their class performances and dispositions. I argue that taste
brokers also reproduce legitimate social differences in three ways: by fostering distinctions between “good” and “bad” taste;
by reinforcing the association between particular tastes and particular class positions; and by casting women as both better
at and responsible for making aesthetic decisions. 相似文献
12.
Previous analysis using aggregate data has concluded that union decertification activity is “exclusively a product of market
conditions.” We employ data disaggregated by local (county) labor market which permits a preliminary investigation of the
importance of potential nonmarket influences that are not measurable using aggregate data, namely, the type of bargaining
unit, the type of union, the type of employer, and proxies for union resources. It also allows a more precise specification
of the labor market characteristics previously found to influence decertification. Our results confirm the importance of market
conditions in decertification activity and outcomes, but they also suggest that the likelihood of decertification is much
greater in independent unions and in industry-county combinations in which the typical employee works part-time and has limited
alternative income opportunities. Institutional characteristics of the union and employer, individual characteristics of bargaining
unit members, and local economic conditions are important determinants of decertification. 相似文献
13.
There have been relatively few studies on why workers choose to decertify a union as their bargaining unit and virtually no
empirical studies on the outcomes of employer-initiated representation elections. Using data from the NLRB monthly election
reports (1977–1981), we attempt to analyze the factors that seem to influence the outcomes of employer-initiated representation
elections with an incumbent union. Variables in our analysis include size of the election unit, region, industrial classification,
type of incumbent union, and the state of the local economy. While the data show a concentration of elections on the West
Coast, there is no significant difference in the ability of unions there to “win” decertification elections. 相似文献
14.
This article focuses on Malawian sex workers’ understandings of exchange and intimacy, showing how multiple historically emergent
categories and specific work pragmatics produce specific patterns of relational meanings. As we show, sex workers make sense
of their relationships with clients through two categories. The first is sex work; the second is the chibwenzi, an intimate premarital relational category that emerged from pre-colonial transformations in courtship practices. These
categories, in turn, are also shaped differently in different work settings. We use narratives from in-depth interviews with
45 sex workers and bar managers in southern Malawi to describe how the everyday pragmatics of two forms of sex work—performed
by “bargirls” and “freelancers”—foster distinct understandings of relationships between them and men they have sex with. Bargirls,
who work and live in bars, blurred the boundaries between “regulars” and chibwenzi; freelancers, who are not tethered to a specific work environment, often subverted the meanings of the chibwenzi, presenting these relationships as both intimate and emotionally distant. Through this comparison, we thus refine an approach
to the study of the intimacy-exchange nexus, and use it to capture the complexities of gender relations in post-colonial Malawi. 相似文献
15.
Frank Ridzi 《Qualitative sociology》2007,30(4):383-402
Contemporary US labor solidarity faces new opportunities and challenges in the midst of global economic and governmental restructuring.
Indicative of these changes the 1996 welfare reform has created a new brand of contingent government contract workers to implement
welfare-to-work while simultaneously fostering contingent work among welfare clients. In this paper I use ethnographic data
from a major city in New York State to explore the relative positioning of these labor groups and I ask whether contingent
government workers could mediate between organized labor and welfare recipients, thereby facilitating political collaboration.
I conclude by identifying considerable structural and interpersonal barriers to solidarity including lack of contingent worker
consciousness, difference in “skill” levels, antagonistic relationships with clients and a tendency to interpret client hardships
in terms of personal defects. I contrast these findings with instances where labor unions have become involved in welfare
issues and propose steps toward a new paradigm for labor solidarity.
Frank Ridzi is Director of Urban and Regional Studies and Assistant Professor of Sociology at Le Moyne College. He has conducted research and written in the areas of social welfare policy, sociology of work, and student affairs. His recent work has appeared in such places as the Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, Research in the Sociology of Work, Review of Policy Research and the NASPA Journal of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. 相似文献
Frank RidziEmail: |
Frank Ridzi is Director of Urban and Regional Studies and Assistant Professor of Sociology at Le Moyne College. He has conducted research and written in the areas of social welfare policy, sociology of work, and student affairs. His recent work has appeared in such places as the Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, Research in the Sociology of Work, Review of Policy Research and the NASPA Journal of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. 相似文献
16.
Through the in-depth analysis of the features of Huabei rural industrialization, the unique factory regime in Baigou, Hebei,
and the resulting special workers, this paper reveals two dilemmas the migrant workers in Baigou and larger Hubei area face:
Because of the interpersonal network of labor market, personalized trade, familial labor process, and patrimonial management,
the workers are unable to become either industrial working class or citizens. Facing this special group of workers, we still
believe in their power of self-liberation. Drawing on Touraine’s action sociology and sociological intervention, and Burawoy’s
public sociology and praxis-oriented research, we modify “sociological intervention” according to the reality of Chinese society
and propose the methodology of “strong sociological intervention” whose vehicle is “Baigou Migrant Worker Night School.” The
night school provided workers with courses of labor law, English, and computer based on their actual needs. Labor law is the
core to evoke the self-consciousness of the workers. Through communications in the night school and workers’ real living circumstances,
we collected their true information and treated it as the source of sociological knowledge. After three sessions of night
school training, workers showed changes in skills, social, and psychological aspects, laying a foundation for the growth of
self-consciousness. 相似文献
17.
Jackie Gabriel 《Journal of Labor Research》2008,29(1):68-87
Faced with declining union membership and a growing immigrant workforce, the US labor movement has started to realize the
importance of organizing immigrant workers. Yet the conventional wisdom among many within the movement is that immigrant workers
are “unorganizable.” Based on a case study of a collaborative effort between the United Food and Commercial Workers Union
and Omaha Together, One Community to organize an estimated 4,000 Latino immigrant meatpacking workers, I demonstrate not only
the “organizability” of immigrant workers, but also the fact that they have been organizing themselves, with the help of a
community-based organization, in the absence of union efforts. This case study suggests that in order to facilitate successful
organizing campaigns among immigrant workers, unions need to reach out to community-based organizations and institutions that
have established relationships with immigrant workers.
相似文献
Jackie GabrielEmail: |
18.
Many European countries have instigated a form of “industrial democracy” by legislating codetermination schemes. However,
codetermination may also be accomplished without legislation. We show that unionizing an industry’s labor supply will also
achieve much the same results as mandatory codetermination as long as unions are exempt from antitrust legislation. The value
of “union codetermination” will yield returns beyond what economists have previously predicted. 相似文献
19.
Westermeyer J Canive J Thuras P Thompson J Kim SW Crosby RD Garrard J 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(2):193-205
Goal This analysis was undertaken to assess the demographic and mental health characteristics of “normal” or non-problem gamblers
versus non-gamblers in a representative community sample. Sample Study participants consisted of 557 North Central American Indian veterans. Data collection included a demographic and trauma questionnaire, a computer-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R, and a treatment
history algorithm. Findings Univariate analyses revealed that gamblers had greater social competence (i.e., higher education, living with a spouse) and
higher lifetime psychiatric morbidity. Binary regression analysis revealed that, compared to non-gamblers, gamblers were older,
more highly educated, and more apt to be married. More gamblers showed evidence for lifetime risk-taking as evidenced by Antisocial
Personality Disorder and Tobacco Dependence. Conclusions Social achievement and disposable income function as prerequisites for “normal” gambling in this population, although “externalizing”
or “risk-taking” disorders also serve as independent contributors to at least some gambling. The increased rate of “internalizing”
or emotional disorders are only indirectly related to gambling, perhaps through increasing age or through the “externalizing”
disorders. 相似文献
20.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献