民族地区上市公司机遇何在

西部大开发战略的实施,不仅会给民族地区经济发展注入活力,也将给民族地区上市公司带来难得的发展机遇。特别是国家决定在西部地区开展“十大工程”,预计总投入资金达千亿元。与这些业务相关的上市公司将会在西部开发战略中率先受益。基础设施类上市公司 基础设施落后是制约民族地区经济和社会发展的重要因素,主要表现在交通、通信、电网、城市基础设施落后,水利设施不足。目前西部开发最缺乏的不是各种优惠政策,而是基础配套设施少,影响了各方面投资的积极性。国家对这个问题十分重视,“十大工程”中基础设施工程就占６项。未来十…     

湖南省为加快民族地区社会经济发展制订优惠政策

最近,湖南省人民政府为加快少数民族和民族地区社会经济的发展,根据省内少数民族社会经济发展的实际情况,出台了若干优惠政策。其主要内容有:根据国家产业政策和民族地区的特殊情况,在工业技术改造、基础设施建设及农业开发等方面,选择一批项目纳入全省“十五”计划,并逐年提高对民族地区的固定资产投资水平。各项建设项目要尽量减少民族地区的配套资金,对民族地区列入省级计划的公益事业基础设施建设项目,其配套资金比例不作规定。由省计委牵头,协商有关部门对“九五”期间没有通路、通电的村,作出规划,提高补助标准,逐步实现通路、通电;公…     

湖南省财政厅：民族地区发展

2007年,湖南省财政厅充分发挥职能作用,进一步加大投入,逐步完善体制机制,切实帮助少数民族和民族地区加快发展,取得了较好成效。具体做法有：一是积极筹措资金加快民族地区基础设施建设步伐。2007年省财政共安排民族地区通畅工程建设资金1．54亿元,通达工程建设资金0．66亿元,农村安全饮水工程建设资金2823万元,还向民族地区投入国债资金2．44亿元用于完善基础设施,同时决定在下达基础设施建设项目投资计划时,不再要求民族地区安排配套资金。     

经济关联网络对民族地区县域经济增长的影响效应

县域经济发展是巩固民族地区脱贫攻坚成果、推动乡村振兴、提高民族地区经济发展韧性和加快民族地区中国式现代化建设步伐的重要动力。贵州省是我国民族地区发展的“样板”,本文以贵州省88个县级行政单位为研究样本,采用社会网络分析法和空间计量模型,探究经济关联网络对民族地区县域经济增长的影响效应。研究发现,贵州省县域经济关联网络渐趋成熟,具有明显的核心—边缘结构特征;经济关联网络对民族地区县域经济具有明显的增长效应和空间溢出效应,网络中心性的提升显著地促进了本地经济增长,点出度中心性的提升对邻近地区经济增长产生正向溢出效应,点入度中心性的提升对邻近地区经济增长产生抑制作用;经济关联网络对民族地区县域经济增长具有明显的异质性,在城市群和网络核心区域内网络外部效应更加明显;网络外部经济能够促进民族地区县域经济协调,网络聚集阴影的出现不利于民族地区县域经济的协调发展。为推进民族地区县域经济高质量发展,民族地区应从补齐基础设施发展短板、发展各具特色的县域经济和深化县域合作等方面入手。     

加大投资力度,加快民族地区交通建设步伐

多年来,我厅在省委、省政府的正确领导下,认真贯彻落实《民族区域自治法》,不断加大对我省少数民族地区交通基础设施的投资力度,同时,积极开展建设扶贫、教育扶贫和企业扶贫,为加速少数民族地区经济建设,促进全省各民族共同繁荣进步做了大量工作。一、切实加强领导,制定民族地区交通发展蓝图近年来,党中央、国务院实施加大基础设施建设,拉动经济发展和西部开发战略,给我省民族地区的交通建设提供了前所未有的发展机遇。为积极配合省委、省政府加快湘西地区开发的决定,厅党组做出了果断的决策:加大对民族地区、贫困地区交通设施建设的投入,狠…     

民族地区扶贫要重点突出四大开发

<正>民族地区地处边远,远离中心城市,少数民族聚集,社会经济发展滞后,地区内部差异大。由于历史和自然等原因,我省民族地区与全省、全国的发展差异呈现进一步扩大态势。集中反映在“五个相对落后” 上。一是交通、水利等基础设施相对落后。民族地区位置偏远、闭塞,远离全省政治、经济、文化中心,交通运输     

中国少数民族地区建制镇研究

建制镇在中国少数民族地区的经济发展和城镇化推进过程中具有特殊而重要的地位。目前,民族地区建制镇镇区人口规模普遍偏小,建制镇密度低,镇间联系程度弱;近十年来,民族地区人口产业和职业结构具有逆向调整趋势;建制镇基础设施虽有改进,但总体上建制镇的乡村基础设施落后,有线电视、垃圾集中处理、人均用电及公路密度与全国比较相差较大,与东部地区和中部地区比较差距就更大;人员从业依然以农业为主,非农产业就业比重低;建制镇的产业集聚带动功能弱,难以带动镇域的经济发展;虽然农业依然是民族地区建制镇经济的基础和主体,但农业投资不足。为让民族地区建制镇发挥产业集聚带动功能,各级政府应充分重视建制镇的建设,首先要提升建制镇规划水平,发挥规划的引领作用和法治作用,确保建制镇建设健康有序发展;其次,根据民族地区的具体实际调整行政区划,对于巨型镇和大型镇,可以考虑设市和自治市;第三,多渠道筹集资金,加快基础设施建设;第四,把建制镇建设同产业园区建设结合起来,发挥建制镇产业的集聚带动功能,提升其自我发展能力,使一些建制镇形成新的经济增长极,从而振兴地方经济;第五,以加快土地、户籍等体制改革为突破口,加快体制机制创新,激发建制镇发展的活力。     

打造漠上水城

内蒙古自治区乌海市属于典型的工矿城市，经历了“先有矿后有市”、“先生产后生活”的发展模式，市区规模小、建设档次低、城市集聚效应差、基础设施历史欠账较多。     

铸牢中华民族共同体意识：属能、机制与方略——基于民族地区交通变迁的三维探赜

交通发展在民族交往交流交融中扮演着不可或缺的纽带角色,内蕴了属能、机制和方略三重维度。剖视交通固有属性,在增进国家认同和民族共同体认同上,具有强烈的空间社会势能、经济发展动能、政治整合功能和景观文化效能。从总体上看,伴随着交通现代化的变迁,各民族之间的关系经历了一个“互动—认同—意识”过程,并参汇着不同的机制演化路径,共同构造了铸牢中华民族共同体意识的基本面向。基于交通推动铸牢中华民族共同体意识的基本属能和演化机制,需要着眼于民族地区综合交通体系建设和整体经济社会发展水平,夯实物质基础以增强各民族间的联结与融通;同时在交通发展中需要重视民族特色文化继承和发扬,传承交通历史和精神,深挖铸牢中华民族共同体意识的思想财富。     

谋划好“十四五”时期少数民族和民族地区发展

据有关统计,“十三五”期间国家累计向民族八省区下达民族地区转移支付3800多亿元、均衡性转移支付20000多亿元,有力支持了民族地区改革发展。以交通、通信基础设施建设为例,截至2019年底,民族八省区公路网总里程达122万公里,高速公路通车里程达3.6万公里。     

民族地区网红经济的生成逻辑、演化路径与经济社会影响研究

网红是随着互联网发展而出现的一种新兴群体,随之产生的网红经济是一种新型商业模式。近年来,随着互联网的普及和脱贫攻坚战的推进,我国民族地区网红经济发展速度迅猛。网红经济在帮助民族地区民众增收脱贫和推动地方经济发展方面发挥了重要作用。文章结合网红经济的生成逻辑和演化路径,对民族地区网红经济的生成逻辑、演化路径进行了探究,分析了网红经济对民族地区经济社会的影响,摸清了网红经济在民族地区发展遇到的困境,并从基础设施建设、质量监管体系、特色民族文化等角度提出相关政策建议。     

民族地区FDI、对外贸易与经济增长的相关性研究——基于广西1990-2013的实证分析

International trade and investment have been two major topics in the field of interna-tional economics. They are also two main ways to deepen foreign economic ties. With the rapid de-velopment of the China—ASEAN free trade area and the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone, international trade and investment have had an important influ-ence on the ethnic areas of Guangxi. Guangxi is a frontier and coastal minority area, and as well as an important window opening on to the ASEAN e-conomic sphere and economic hinterland. It has great power and vitality for economic development within the ASEAN economic sphere. However, Guangxi, if compared with domestic developed are-as, is a relatively backward region within China’s economy. Its level for utilizing FDI( Foreign Direct Investment) lags behind, and its foreign trade vol-ume has definitely lagged far behind that in the more developed coastal provinces. This has severe-ly restricted the economic and social transformation of the Guangxi, and is an important obstacle for re-alizing a “well -off” society in ethnic areas. In recent years, resulting in the increasing external dependency in ethnic areas, the development of foreign investment has kept steady. This has played an important role in promoting technological progress and adjusting the industrial structure in ethnic areas. At the same time, foreign investment has also increased the speed of the ethnic minority areas’ ability to absorb advanced technology and management experience. This, in turn, has had great significance for further exploring international markets. However, the various regions in China have differences in their utilization of FDI and for-eign trade, so, effective an evaluation for exploring foreign trade and FDI has had a specific effect on the economic growth in ethnic areas, which can provide certain reference points for ethnic minority areas to formulate economic policy. Based on the relevant data of exports, imports and economic growth collected between 1990 and 2013 for Guan-gxi, and using statistical analysis and the econo-metric regression method, this article studies the relationship between FDI, foreign trade and eco-nomic growth in ethnic minority areas of Guangxi.     

中国民族间发展的多重差异格局与差别化、协同性政策开发研究——论中国民族关系的新形态与民族政策的新体系

After 60 years of implementation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic political support for promoting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups. Especially since the period of “Reform and Open-ing Up” began, the national preferential policies and support for ethnic minority areas gradually in-creased, and economic and social development in the ethnic minority areas clearly speeded up. Ac-cording to official statistics, after more than 30 years of “Reform and Opening Up”, the economic growth rate of China’s ethnic minority areas is high-er than the national average. However, at the same time , the economic and social development gap be-tween different ethnic groups has become more and more pronounced. The development of the ethnic groups has created a structure of multiple dispari-ties, which fundamentally restricts ethnic unity, as well as political and social stability in ethnic areas of China. This structure of multiple disparities re-flects the imbalances mainly in four aspects: 1 ) the ongoing large gap between the ethnic minority areas and Han Chinese regions remains; 2 ) the unequal economic and social development among the various ethnic minority people has expanded;3 ) the economic gap within the same ethnic minor-ity autonomous region has gradually become more pronounced;and, 4 ) the differences in develop-ment within the same ethnic group who live in vari-ous regions of China are also very obvious. The multiple inequalities of the economic and social development of China’s ethnic groups add more complexity to the ethnic problems of China. The disparity in economic and social development between different ethnic groups is not only an eco-nomic problem, but is also a significant political issue. Hence, promoting a balanced economic and social development among the various ethnic groups has a very obvious practical significance for main-taining ethnic unity, promoting national integra-tion, and maintaining national stability . Based on the discussion above, this article mainly explores which kind of ethnic policy can ef-fectively resolve the multiple disparities found with-in ethnic development and is beneficial for promo-ting the integration of the various ethnic groups in China? On the basis of summarizing and reviewing approaches found in earlier research, the author puts forward the following core ideas:1 ) The economic and social development differences of various ethnic groups have formed a pattern of multiple disparities in China, and it is no longer simply a gap between the Han and ethnic minorities. Since the implementation of the “Re-form and Opening Up” policy, the differentiation or disparity between China’s ethnic minorities has become more and more pronounced—this phenom-enon constitutes a new challenge to China’s ethnic unity and national unification. Therefore, we must adjust ethnic policy in order to solve the “true problem” or “new problem” concerning China’s ethnic problem. 2 ) The multi-faceted disparities found in the economic and social development among China’s ethnic minorities result from many factors, inclu-ding institutional, policy, historical, geographical, cultural, and psychological. Therefore, we must realize a diversity of ethnic policy, and build a comprehensive ethnic policy system. 3 ) For the purpose of realizing the integration and state construction of the ethnic groups, in ad-dition to implementing the current policy of differ-entiation, we must also ensure a “four balanced and coordinated development”. This includes a balance between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas, a balance among the various ethnic minori-ties themselves, a balance within the same ethnic minority areas, and a balance within the same eth-nic group who live in different areas. This requires the central government to strengthen a double dif-ferentiation and collaborative orientation of ethnic policies concerning the market, labor, resources, technology, and capital.     

民族村寨旅游业高质量发展的评价体系构建

推动民族村寨旅游业高质量发展,既是适应新时代社会主要矛盾转变的客观要求,又是发展民族地区经济和复兴民族传统文化的必然选择。只有构建科学的评价体系,才能为进一步完善民族村寨旅游业高质量发展提供方向指导。本文基于新发展理念,从产业创新发展、产业协调发展、产业绿色发展、产业开放发展和产业共享发展五个维度评估了包括旅游创新机制、城乡协调、产业资源共享等在内的15个指标层级和32个具体指标的民族村寨旅游业高质量发展评价体系。该评价体系可以初步掌握民族村寨旅游资源的利用质量及效果,及时反映出民族村寨旅游业高质量发展的整体情况,从而精准民族村寨旅游业高质量发展靶向。     

对民族地区城市社区建设的思考

城市社区基层政权的建设,已成为新时期民族地区城市社会经济、政治、文化发展的中心任务之一,本文通过对构建合理有序的城市社区结构、给城市居民提供完善的城市基础设施、营造社区建设良好的软环境、建立高效的城市社区组织队伍、创建社区服务评价体系等七个方面的思考,全面地梳理了民族地区城市社区建设的思路,指出了当前城市社区建设在民族地区城市化战略中的重要意义。     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

推行股份合作制在西部大开发中的意义--以西藏为例

文章根据西藏的实地调查材料,联系西部民族地区的整体情况,认为由于长期实行计划经济的发展模式,逐步形成了城镇和农村、干部职工和农牧民的不平衡发展,这是西部民族地区亟待解决的重要问题.利用西部大开发的历史契机,推动西部民族地区向社会主义市场经济转轨,在进行软硬件基础设施建设、加大改革开放力度的同时,应当运用政策和资金优势,推行股份合作制等多种经营组织形式,重点扶持农村和农牧民的发展.     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展     

“五个发展”理念与民族地区经济社会全面发展研究

Development is the master key for resolving various problems in ethnic areas. During the process of development, we must have correct principles of development. During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, it was acknowledged that the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society, resolving its challenges, and grasping the advantages of development in ethnic areas must firmly establish and thoroughly conduct the development concepts of innovation, coordina￣tion, green, openness and sharing. This article presents an evaluation framework of the “five de￣velopment” concept, and then evaluates the devel￣opment status of ethnic areas. Based on the results of this evaluation, it proposes approaches for inno￣vation, coordination, green development, open￣ness, and sharing in ethnic areas.
Innovation is the first driving force in guiding development;coordination is the requirement for a sustainable and healthy development; green or“green development” is a necessary condition for sustainable development and important for people’s pursuit of a good life;openness is the only road for a country’s prosperity and development; and sha￣ring is the basic requirement of socialism with Chi￣nese characteristics. This paper analyzes the status of innovation in ethnic areas from the innovations of products, technology, markets and systems, etc. And, it discovers that the general level of innova￣tion in the eight ethnic provinces and districts of China ( Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai) is low, and that the development of innovation is unbal￣anced. Compared with the national average, devel￣opment in these areas lags far behind. For the pur￣pose of maintaining constant economic growth in the ethnic areas, and chasing after the level of de￣veloped areas, the input in innovation must be in￣creased, and the structure of innovation must be further optimized so that innovation becomes an im￣portant driving force in economic development. Realizing innovative development in ethnic areas must depend on the effort of constructing its own learning ability. Laborers should get good educa￣tion, good infrastructure should be built, and good innovation environmental programs should be crea￣ted with the investment of the government.
Realization of harmonious regional develop￣ment is the basic purpose of China’s regional devel￣opment strategy. Understanding this from the angle of economics, the concept of coordination at least should include coordination among three elements, i. e. time, departments and space. The concept of coordination for development should be realized through market mechanisms in the competitive en￣vironment, or through the rational intervention of the government. The concept of coordination for development discussed here mainly refers to the development of coordination of different regions and of urban and rural areas. Seeing from the perspec￣tive of harmonious regional development, the de￣velopment in the eight ethnic provinces and dis￣tricts is actually imbalanced. In addition, urban-rural relationship is another important aspect of re￣gional coordination development. The imbalanced development between urban and rural areas in Chi￣na is not only reflected in income, but is even more reflected in basic public services. The ap￣proaches for realizing the development of regional coordination in ethnic areas should 1 ) be com￣bined with an economic support belt, and impor￣tant lines of communication;2 ) guide the popula￣tion and economic activities to move to important regions for development;and 3 ) take a path of in￣clusive and green urbanization.
Green development is a basic element for sus￣tainable development. The purpose of green devel￣opment is to get solid growth, and avoid unsustain￣able models. Green development will make the re￣sources efficient, clean and resilient in the process of development. Green development requires con￣sidering the environmental capacity or resource carrying capacity while pushing economic develop￣ment. There are three factors in green growth, that it be: efficient, clean and resilient. Green devel￣opment in ethnic areas is decided by its ecological location. Generally speaking, compared with the national level, both the efficiency of resource usage and carbon emission in ethnic areas is low; and environmental resilience is very different in various areas. Increasing the resource usage rate and re￣ducing carbon emission are the main approaches for realizing green development in ethnic areas. The rich natural resources in ethnic areas are only a potential advantage, and not an economic advan￣tage in reality. For the purpose of turning rich nat￣ural resources into an economic advantage, and u￣sing them to promote the regional economic devel￣opment, one should depend on the property rights structure of natural resources, regional conditions of the area, the exploitation cost, the local tech￣niques for transforming natural resources, and the market conditions. We should strive to develop green ecological economics, and realize the“Three-Wins” in growth, poverty alleviation, and ecolo￣gy. According to the ecological advantages of the ethnic areas, as well as their ecological position in the whole country, we should rapidly develop green ecological industries ( eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, eco -industry ) , and make ecological economics become the important source for increas￣ing the income of the poor population. This should be done by taking the rare ecological resources as the base, the market needs as guidance, the mod￣ern business model as the carrier, and social cap￣ital as the driving force. Moreover, we should make plans for green development , make clear its goals and steps, and implement the Green Industry Approach. We should enhance ecological construc￣tion and protection; and initiate new progress in ecological civilization and poverty alleviation.
Openness or opening up is an inevitable course for the prosperity and development of a country or a district. Openness in ethnic areas in￣cludes both external and internal openness. Exter￣nal openness is opening up to other countries or districts, and internal openness is opening up to other areas within China. It could be noticed that external openness in the eight provinces and dis￣tricts of ethnic areas in China is imbalanced. So, we should integrate it with the construction strategy of the “One Belt and One Road” program, and construct a new external opening up framework in an all-round way. Ethnic areas are core areas of and an important foundation for constructing of the Silk Road economic belt, and the 21st -century Maritime Silk Road. The ethnic areas should im￣plement more actively the strategy of openness, and improve the strategic framework of opening up externally, construct new, open economic systems, expand new, open economic spaces so as to build the ethnic areas into important bridgeheads and create vital border economic belts opened to the west, north, and south of China.
Sharing the results of development by various ethnic groups, and realizing a common prosperity are the requirements of socialism. The nature of sharing development is inclusive, fair and benefi￣cial. It further clarifies the keynotes of the rela￣tionship between development and the people, and re-emphasizes that improving the benefits of the people, promoting the people’s development in all-round ways are starting points and goals of de￣velopment. Poverty alleviation is the key in sharing development in the ethnic areas. The Central Pov￣erty Alleviation and Development Work Conference proposed that “ the goal of poverty alleviation dur￣ing ‘the 13 th Five-Year Plan’ is to win the battle against poverty, which includes ensuring food, clothing, compulsory education, basic medical service and housing security for the poor by 2020.” Furthermore,“precise poverty alleviation”is the basic strategy for fulfilling this goal. The foundation of “precise poverty alleviation” is to i￣dentify poverty precisely, and to judge whether it belongs to income poverty or poverty by chance. Speaking from policy choice, we need to strength￣en the self-development capability of poor popu￣lations; speaking from project choice, we should evaluate whether it is pro -poor or pro -growth;speaking from industrial development, we should consider both the market choice and governmental support;and, speaking from spacial layout, a con￣cept of sharing in development should be realized within centralized equalization.