职业特征对中国城镇就业人员收入差别的影响(英文)

职业是决定就业人员劳动收入,继而影响居民收入差距程度的重要变量。本文利用国家统计局2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据中的子样本,对职业与收入差别之间的关系做了经验分析,结果发现职业间收入差距可以解释城镇就业人员收入总体差距的12-17％。造成这种差别的主要原因有二：一是由于各职业对就业人员人力资本上的要求有差异,从而导致了职业间劳动要素报酬上的差异;二是劳动力市场、地区分割所带来的不同职业问人员自由流动的障碍,造成了这种收入差别。前一种原因强调了人力资本的作用,这应当是市场化改革的积极成效;而后一种原因反映的却是现阶段的市场化改革还不彻底。因此,为了缩小职业间不合理的收入差距,我们还应进一步深化改革,尽可能地排除由于市场、地区分割造成的不同职业间人员自由流动的障碍。     

城镇居民收入分配差距双重分析与对策选择

目前我国城镇居民收入分配差距不断扩大,一定程度上影响了我国经济和社会的稳定发展。从20多年来我国改革开放的实践和城镇居民个人收入差距的现实,可以看出,导致差距拉大的原因既有合理因素,也有不合理因素。但不论其原因是否合理,收入差距的过分拉大都会对经济和社会产生不良影响。我们的目标是既要保持城镇居民收入合理拉开差距,又要避免收入差距过大,特别是要避免收入差距的不合理拉大。这就要求我们立足发展,整顿分配秩序,强化再分配功能,建立体现职工参与分配的工资协商机制,保障职工参与收入分配权利。     

收入分配调整的制度支点

收入分配调整的本质在于劳资关系的制衡,劳资制衡的制度基础是双方拥有形式上的平等权利,但是形式上的平等权利不能必然形成公平的劳资制衡关系,在资本强权时代,经济利益天然向资本一方倾斜,这既是历史的逻辑也是现实的逻辑。过多的经济利益倾斜到资本方的结果不仅仅是社会收入分配结构的失衡,而是更大范围的内外经济结构的全面失衡,劳方收入偏低与财富外流并行不悖。实现劳资制衡的目的不是走向全面的劳资对抗,而是通过在企业层面提升劳方的谈判能力构建新型的劳资关系,避免利益分配的一边倒倾向,资本强权不可以无节制,这就需要回归工会组织的谈判功能;在社会层面形成权力供求关系,权力的消费者就是权力的生产者,这样可以减少和避免初次分配和再分配过程中由于行政权力的过度介入扩大非生产群体与生产群体之间的收入差距,并把这种差距叠加到劳资收入差距中,放大收入分配的失衡。政治投票不但决定政治资源的配置也影响经济资源的配置,进行政治投票至少可以缩小非生产群体与生产群体之间的收入分配差距。     

共同富裕视域下的城乡收入差距缩减再审视

城乡关系转变对我国共同富裕目标实现具有重要作用。本文强调,新征程上,我国正在扎实推进共同富裕事业,且经济发展实践已经呈现出若干新特征,这使得城乡收入差距缩减问题需要再审视。理解我国城乡收入差距程度不能仅从差距相对数出发,而应关注差距在多个维度的表现,特别是应将差距缩减的重心从相对数下降转为绝对数下降。当前我国农村居民具有人力资本、土地权益资本、生态资本、文化资本,但其资本-收入的转化程度受到制约,这是城乡收入差距形成的主要原因,理解城乡收入差距成因应从收入流量转向资本-收入转化这样的本源因素。基于此,缩减城乡收入差距的主线是依靠制度完善来扩展农民资本再配置的选择权,这样才能在城乡融合发展进程中更好地推进我国的共同富裕事业。     

规范分配秩序 实现公平分配

目前我国收入分配领域存在着居民总体收入差距、城乡收入差距、地区收入差距、行业收入差距扩大的趋势 ,这是市场竞争、历史长期发展、经济增长、经济改革和体制变迁和经济政策变化共同作用的结果。只有大力发展生产力 ,加强宏观调控 ,完善税制 ,控制行业垄断 ,严惩腐败分子 ,提高农民收入 ,才能从根本上理顺收入分配关系 ,实现共同富裕     

城乡居民收入差距及其社会效应探析

随着市场经济的深入发展,城乡居民的收入出现了日益扩大的现象,给社会和谐带来了不利的影响。究其原因,有政策和制度设计方面的原因,也有农村、农民自身的因素。缩小城乡居民收入差距,减弱其带来的负面社会影响,必须改革收入分配制度,改革城乡二元户籍制度,加大农村教育力度,统筹城乡社会保障体系建设。     

京津冀地区产业结构转型对城乡居民收入差距的影响

基于2004-2020年京津冀地区13个城市的面板数据，实证检验了京津冀地区产业结构转型对城乡居民收入差距的作用效果。结果显示：京津冀地区产业结构转型显著影响城乡居民收入差距，即产业结构合理化会扩大城乡居民收入差距，而产业结构高度化有利于缩小城乡居民收入差距；京津冀地区产业结构高度化的空间外溢效果明显，可缓解本地和邻近地区的城乡居民收入差距；京津冀一体化会影响产业结构转型与城乡居民收入差距的作用效果，其中商品市场一体化的增强作用强于公共服务一体化。因此，京津冀地区应加快产业结构转型升级、完善区域一体化战略实施，这对于缩小城乡居民收入差距具有重要意义。     

从城镇居民收入差距扩大看社会保障制度的完善

构建社会主义和谐社会必须解决居民收入差距过大的问题,城镇居民收入差距的不断扩大,已成为当前经济社会生活中的一个焦点。社会保障制度的相对滞后是城镇居民收入差距不断扩大的一个重要原因。缓解城镇居民收入分配矛盾、缩小收入差距,当务之急是要加快完善社会保障制度,切实发挥社会保障这一"安全网"、"稳定器"的作用。     

收入差距测度及分解方法述评(英文)

本文按研究对象将收入差距划分为总体收入差距和组群收入差距两大类,从收入不平等、极化和组群收入差距三个层面梳理了收入差距的测度及其分解方法。其中,收入不平等侧重于对总体收入差距的刻画;极化着眼于收入分布中的“聚集”或“扎堆”现象,其衡量指标大体上可分为两极分化测度指标和多极分化测度指标。在收入差距的分解上,Shapley分解和组群收入差距的分布分解方法都是较为前沿的研究领域。文章还强调了各种收入差距衡量指标或分解方法的适用性和针对性,以便有的放矢地选用合适的相关指标和方法,更精准地探寻收入差距的成因。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： INCOME INEQUALITY IN CHINA Inter-industry Inequality： An Important Source of the Urban Income Gap--Regression-based Decomposition

基于回归方程的收入差距分解发现,1988年、1995年和2002年,行业间收入不平等对中国城镇居民收入差距的贡献越来越大,而且这主要是由一些收入迅速提高的垄断行业造成的。同时,区位、教育、所有制和职业类型以及是否有第二职业对收入差距的贡献也在提高,是否完全就业和年龄对收入差距的贡献明显下降。因此,缩小中国城镇收入差距,亟需打破劳动力市场进入壁垒和产品市场行业垄断。此外,减轻地区间的劳动力流动障碍、普遍提高劳动者的受教育水平等措施也将是未来政府缩小城镇收入差距的重要政策着力点。     

扩大中等收入者比重的经济学分析

十六大报告在深化分配制度改革中提出,以共同富裕为目标,扩大中等收入者比重,提高低收入者收入水平。这是一个创新的理论,有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本文首先分析了中等收入阶层的社会功能,并提出了扩大中等收入者比重的理论依据和作用。     

Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform: compulsory Income Management and the National Disability Insurance Scheme

This paper explores contemporary contradictions and tensions in Australian social policy principles and governmental practices that are being used to drive behavioural change, such as compulsory income management. By means of compulsory income management the Australian Government determines how certain categories of income support recipients can spend their payments through the practice of quarantining a proportion of that payment. In this process some groups in the community, particularly young unemployed people and Indigenous Australians, are being portrayed as requiring a paternalistic push in order to make responsible choices. The poverty experienced by some groups of income support recipients appears to be seen as a consequence of poor spending patterns rather than economic and social inequalities. By contrast, Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) has been constructed as a person centred system of support that recognises the importance of both human agency and structural investment to expand personal choices and control. Here we look at the rationale guiding these developments to explore the tensions and contradictions in social policy more broadly, identifying what would be required if governments sought to promote greater autonomy, dignity and respect for people receiving income support payments in Australia.     

The determinants of income mobility of older people in England and South Korea

This paper adopts a longitudinal approach toward examining what lies behind income mobility of older people aged 50 and over in England and aged 45 and over in South Korea over the period between 2006 and 2012, using panel data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). The breakdown of income mobility which takes into account different type of division of the elderly population and income sources are also performed. The findings reveal that income growth has very little impact on aggregate income mobility in England, while it is crucial for the income mobility levels in Korea. There is a great deal of income mobility among single people under the age of 65 in England, while older people who are aged 65 or above and live alone experienced a greater variation in their income over time in Korea. In the case of breakdown of income mobility by income sources, it appears that labor income is the most important determinant of mobility in both countries and income from self‐employment for Korea and income from social transfers in England also plays an important contribution to income mobility.     

以人为本,坚持科学的发展观

发展中国家经济发展的趋势表明 ,人均GDP到 10 0 0美元后是个关键时刻。因此 ,强调以人为本、坚持科学的发展观 ,目的是 ,既要让经济持续发展 ,又要能满足人民群众不断增长的多方面需求。文章从不断提高经济增长质量、城乡协调发展与农民增收的关系、缓解就业、政府职能的转变、北京的发展等几个方面做了具体论述     

经济转型时期收入分配实证分析

收入分配体现着人民的根本利益,对推动经济发展和社会进步至关重要。经济转型时期居民收入发生了剧烈变动,收入倾斜政策在破除平均主义的同时,也出现了贫富悬殊、两极分化的现象。保持收入差距,又要缩小贫富悬殊,是摆在我们面前的重要历史使命。实现共同富裕是我们的伟大目标,为此,必须加强政府公共政策导向和调控力度,使分配制度改革进入一个新的阶段。     

Structural pressures, social policy and poverty

The purpose of this article is twofold. The first aim is to examine 15 OECD countries from the point of view of the so-called third-generation studies, analysing if the development of poverty and income transfers has been uniform in countries classified under the same welfare state models. This has been done to test how appropriate it is to use welfare state models as an analytical tool in comparative welfare state research. The second aim is to examine the effect of different structural factors on poverty and income transfers. Obtained results indicate that two demographic variables studied behave somewhat differently. The share of older people in the population is – not very surprisingly – connected to an increase in income transfers. In the case of younger population groups, the results are the opposite. The results show that the greater the proportion of older people in the population, the lower the poverty rates. Social policy has in many countries consisted primarily of pension policy, and investments in the elderly population are now beginning to bear fruit. Good pension schemes diminish the immediate poverty risk of older people. As a consequence of their increased well-being, the overall poverty rate will fall. In addition to demographic factors, the results indicate that the unemployment rate is connected, on the one hand, to growth in income transfers and, on the other hand, also to increases in poverty. However, unemployment's effect on poverty is not straightforward. The direct effect is indeed an increase in poverty but, if income transfers are taken into account, the indirect effect is a decrease in poverty, since unemployment increases income transfers (unemployment benefits), which on their side alleviate poverty.     

The decomposition of social policy in Sweden

The traditionally strong dominance of the state in social security in Sweden has been replaced by a more mixed structure. Individuals are increasingly covered by a mix of private welfare, employment-based corporate welfare and state programmes. There are several reasons behind this development: shifts in the economic and political conditions, strong tax incentives for the individual to buy private insurance, increasing problems for the public system in covering the loss of income for middle and high income earners, repeated media reports that the public welfare system will go bankrupt in the near future and increasing reports on free-riding and cheating in the area of public insurance. The advantage of the more mixed system may be its similarities to social insurance in some of the European Community Member States. However, from a social policy point of view there are also some dangers. There will be increasing tendencies towards inequality. In particular, the difference in social security conditions between the skilfully employed and marginal groups will be even more marked. The unemployed, the young and people with physical or mental handicaps will be left outside the private and corporate structures. There is also a marked risk that some individuals be reach a level of coverage well above the loss of income, and this will be a disincentive to work. Private and corporate welfare systems are also largely invisible in the sense that individuals may not even know under what conditions they are covered. Another problem is that public attitudes towards the public welfare system will increasingly become more negative and different in various parts of the population. The effect of this may be a vicious circle: public social policy becomes increasingly inefficient and unpopular among the working population and remains only as a marginal system for small marginal groups.     

社会资本与不平等的再生产：以农民工与城市职工的收入差距为例

本文以农民工与城市职工收入差距研究为切入点,探讨社会资本对收入不平等的影响路径及其程度。通过分析中国8城市的调查数据,运用收入分解方法,考察社会资本影响农民工与城市职工收入差异的两条路径,即进入职业的机会差异和职业内的收入差异。研究结果表明,户籍制度和交往同质性原则导致农民工（相比城市职工）在社会资本存量方面更加欠缺,难以进入收入高的职业,且职业内的讨价还价能力也很有限。两种路径差异的综合,是导致农民工收入较低的重要社会原因,因此,社会资本是维持和固化社会不平等的微观机制。     

典型行业科技人员收入、分配制度效率、幸福感影响关系研究

收入影响人们的工作状态和绩效,高效率的收入分配制度可以提高人们的收入满意度和产出,进而提升幸福感。典型行业科技人员的收入与收入满意度、分配制度公平性满意度、分配制度激励满意度存在正相关关系,与行业间收入差距合理性满意度之间没有相关关系。典型行业科技人员的收入与单位收入科研产出率呈负相关关系。现有的收入分配制度仅仅从工资的构成、收入的多少去考虑和设计,没有兼顾科技人员这一特殊群体的其他诉求,因此需要进一步完善典型行业科技人员的收入分配制度：一方面要重视建立公平合理的绩效评价机制,让科研产出与收入较好地匹配;另一方面要建立除收入以外的其他奖惩机制。     

Do poor people have a stronger relationship between income and mortality than the rich? Implications of panel data for health-health analysis

Articles developing health-health analysis have used the observation that richer people tend to face reduced mortality risk to estimate the break-even cost per life saved of health regulations. If government requires that the private sector spend more than this break-even cutoff, the risk of dying due to reduced health investment is increased by more than it will be reduced by the direct action of the health regulation. We use panel data to suggest that the relationship between income and the probability of death is greater for poor people than for the rich. As a consequence, break-even cutoffs are roughly twice as large for the richest 20% of the population than they are for the poorest 20%. The nonlinearity in the income-to-mortality linkage also implies that income transfers between income groups which are ignored in traditional cost-benefit analysis will affect the conclusions of health-health analysis significantly.