团队社会资本与知识转移关系的实证研究:交互记忆系统的中介作用

团队社会资本被认为是促进团队知识转移的关键因素,但已有研究对社会资本如何影响团队知识转移的作用机理还缺乏系统的理论分析和实证研究。本文引入交互记忆系统作为中介变量,对社会资本是否通过交互记忆系统对团队知识转移产生影响进行实证研究。基于对23家软件外包承接企业的93个项目团队的问卷调查数据,通过结构方程模型方法发现,交互记忆系统在社会资本与团队知识转移的关系中发挥显著的完全中介作用,团队通过社会资本促进交互记忆系统的形成,是提高知识转移绩效的有效途径。     

基于团队认知能力的知识转移影响机制研究

以项目团队为背景,分别对知识转移及其影响因素、团队认知能力进行了分析讨论,并认为团队认知能力在项目团队内部知识转移情境中具有重要作用;继而构建了基于团队认知能力的知识转移概念模型,借助结构方程,在统计分析的基础上重点讨论了团队认知能力三个构成要素以及不同类型知识在知识转移过程中的不同角色及其影响,提出了具有现实意义的知识转移障碍解决思路.     

内部社会资本对知识能量与组织创新的影响——华南地区企业的实证研究

以华南地区的145家企业为对象,对企业内部社会资本、知识能量、组织创新与组织绩效之间的相互关系进行了实证研究。证实了内部社会资本对组织知识能量的蕴蓄有正向的影响;内部社会资本对组织创新有正向的影响;知识能量影响组织创新并进而影响组织的绩效;组织创新可分为管理创新和技术创新,技术创新对管理创新有显著的正向影响;技术创新和管理创新都对组织绩效有直接影响的正向。     

Coping with Diversity in Alliances for Innovation: The Role of Relational Social Capital and Knowledge Codifiability

Alliances are increasingly considered a key element for innovation, especially in knowledge‐intensive firms. While this is true, the mere membership to alliances does not explain innovation performance, and thus the alliance's characteristics that determine high performance must be examined. This research address the question of how the diversity of partners in a certain alliance for innovation affects innovation performance, and how this influence can be moderated by certain characteristics, such as the relational dimension of social capital and the type of knowledge shared among partners. The empirical analysis of a sample of 90 biotech companies shows that there is an inverted U‐shaped relationship between alliance partner diversity and innovation performance and confirms the positive moderating effects of relational social capital and knowledge codifiability. These findings contribute to the current research on alliances for innovation by providing empirical evidence on why some alliances perform better than others. Also, the results suggest that the study of alliance partner diversity, as a determinant of alliance performance, should not be addressed in isolation.     

The Effects of Knowledge Management on Team Members' Ratings of Project Success and Impact*

Many organizations are trying to improve the generation and utilization of knowledge. The activities associated with these efforts are identified as organizational knowledge management (KM). While much has been written about knowledge management from the organizational level, the success of such efforts over the long run will depend upon on how KM activities impact important outcomes as perceived by those at the employee level who actually implement the activities. This study used the input‐process‐output framework of team effectiveness to investigate the relationship between selected KM‐related activities on integrated product and process development team members' satisfaction with their project's success and the impact they expected it to have on the organization. The results indicate that team‐level leadership and support (i.e., inputs), along with knowledge generation and dissemination (i.e., processes), are key drivers of member performance‐related ratings (i.e., outputs). Finally, and possibly most importantly, a number of interactions were evident suggesting that the KM processes moderate the effects of the KM inputs. These findings and their implications are discussed.     

软件外包中社会资本对知识共享的影响研究

基于已有文献提出软件外包中结构资本、认知资本、关系资本与知识共享之间相关关系的概念模型,并提出假设。通过对西安软件园14家软件外包企业中管理者的访谈及相关员工的问卷调查,用结构方程模型方法、SPSS 16.0等软件对数据进行验证,实证结果表明:结构资本与知识共享没有显著关系;认知资本与知识共享有正相关关系,但并不显著;关系资本与知识共享有正相关关系,也不显著。对结构方程模型进行简化后,社会资本对知识共享有着显著的正向影响。     

ERP与六西格玛的集成

ERP是管理思想与信息技术共同发展的结晶,六西格玛提供了企业业务流程优化的一整套方法。本文解释了ERP和六西格玛的内涵,分析了ERP与六西格玛的集成可能性,在此基础上对ERP与六西格玛集成的模型进行了研究。     

风险投资机构高管团队知识背景与高科技投资偏好

 风险投资机构的决策不仅与被投资对象的未来成长空间有关,也受到投资机构多方面特征的影响。根据高层梯队理论,在风险投资的复杂环境下,风险投资机构高管团队作为主要决策者,其特征对投资决策起决定性作用。        选取194家中国风险投资机构为样本,从高管团队知识背景的角度分析风险投资机构高科技投资偏好形成的原因,构建Logistic模型和OLS模型,检验高管团队不同教育背景(显性知识)和从业经验(隐性知识)对高科技投资偏好的影响。        研究结果表明,风险投资机构高管团队知识背景和从业经验显著影响其高科技投资偏好。高管团队中具有理工类教育背景和高科技从业经验的成员比例较高的机构更倾向于投资高科技企业,金融从业经验的成员比例较高的机构更倾向于投资非高科技企业;高科技从业经验的成员比例越高的机构在高科技企业首轮融资时进行投资的比例越高,金融从业经验和咨询从业经验的成员比例越高的机构在高科技企业首轮融资时进行投资的比例越低。进一步研究发现,在不同产权性质的风险投资机构中,高管团队知识背景对高科技投资偏好的影响具有差异性,国有性质样本中金融从业经验对高科技投资偏好的负向影响不再显著,非国有性质样本中高科技从业经验对高科技投资轮次偏好的正向影响不显著。与非国有性质风险资本相比,国有性质风险资本高管团队成员的理工科教育背景和高科技从业经验较弱,导致国有风险资本投资高科技企业较少。        从高管团队知识背景的角度拓展了对风险投资机构高科技投资偏好问题的解释,有助于更好地认识风险资本的投资行为和国有风险资本的投资行为,促进风险投资与被投资企业形成更具价值的匹配关系,对优化风险投资机构的投资决策、更好地发挥其在支持技术创新中的重要作用以及国有风险投资机构建设提供实践指导意义。     

知识接收方视角下社会资本对知识转移的影响研究

已有关于知识转移的研究大多集中于如何激励知识源促使其进行知识转移,并假定知识接收方能够接收来自于知识源的知识.为克服此种偏见,基于知识接收方视角,在分析社会资本对知识转移作用的基础上,以6家广东省企业的7个研发团队为样本,运用多层线性回归分析方法实证研究知识接收方社会资本、知识接收方与知识源间的对偶关系对于知识转移的影响,检验知识接收方社会资本在对偶关系与知识转移间的调节作用.研究结果表明,知识接收方社会资本3个维度中信任水平显著促进知识转移,公司任期对知识转移存在负向影响,而网络中心性对知识转移的作用不显著;对偶关系方面,知识源专业知识感知和关系强度对知识转移都存在显著正向影响,知识接收方网络中心性在对偶关系与知识转移之间起调节作用.     

弥合社会资本鸿沟:构建企业社会创业家与金字塔底层个体间的合作关系——基于LZ农村电商项目的单案例研究

企业社会创业能够有效解决金字塔底层的贫困问题。基于社会资本理论,本研究探索了在兼顾经济收益与社会价值的前提下,企业社会创业家是如何辨识、交互并最终与BoP个体建立合作关系的。通过深入了解中国某大型企业农村电商项目,本研究解锁了企业社会创业家与当地个体合作者之间合作关系的构建及演化过程。我们首先发现了个体合作者的两种特性(社交优势和专业知识)以及两种动员方式(个人收入和关系价值)。随后,我们开发了根植于BoP的企业社会创业整合模型,重点关注合作关系从建立、发展到最后制度化的变化过程。整个模型共有选择个体合作者、提升个体合作者水平以及制度化合作关系这3个阶段。本研究深化了对BoP能力培养的理解,并在BoP合作关系、基于社会资本理论的企业社会创业以及以社群为中心的BoP战略等相关领域做出了理论贡献。     

外部社会资本与集群企业创新绩效的关系:知识溢出与学习效应的影响

以知识溢出、学习效应为中介变量,研究跨国公司主导下外部社会资本对集群创新的影响.基于上海浦东ICT集群的实证研究显示,外部社会资本的3个维度均不直接影响集群企业的创新绩效,而是通过知识溢出和学习效应间接产生影响.其中,外部结构资本通过知识溢出和学习效应间接影响集群企业创新绩效;外部关系资本和外部认知资本通过知识溢出间接影响集群企业创新绩效.     

Learning and Knowledge Transfer in Africa-China JVs: Interplay between Informalities,Culture, and Social Capital

This study examines 29 Africa-China JVs from 12 African countries to explore the ways in which African partners gain knowledge and learn from their Chinese counterparts. Based on the perspectives of social capital, cultural difference, and informalities, we analyze the strategies, behaviors, and tactics employed by Africans both at the individual and at the organizational levels to gain knowledge within JVs. By using a multiple case study method with semi-structured interviews, we find that African partners actively take advantage of multiple cultural and social capital-related factors to support learning. Africans often use informal, even clandestine, mechanisms to manage cultural differences and build trust in order to gain knowledge. Theoretically, the structural, relational, and cognitive aspects of social capital are found to be important in exploiting opportunities through informal actions and the creation of informal contexts more conducive to learning and knowledge transfer. The presented findings provide new insights into knowledge-seeking JVs, particularly in the Africa-China context, because they propose a not-yet-explored perspective that explains learning through the exploitation of informalities.     

积极情绪的社会功能及其对团队创造力的影响:隐性知识共享的中介作用

情绪是创造力的重要前因变量。当前研究指出,情绪通过认知路径作用于个体创造力,情绪通过动机路径间接作用于创造力。但是很少有研究涉及情绪的社会功能通过人际互动路径作用于团队创造力,即情绪会影响团队成员的隐性知识共享从而作用于创造力。本文采用问卷调查法,通过对57个团队(包含538个团队成员)的调查,从团队层次探讨了个体积极情绪的社会功能通过隐性知识共享作用于团队创造力。研究结果表明:在团队层次,控制了团队成员积极情绪均值后,内在动机均值则不再对团队创造力有显著预测作用;在控制了内在动机均值的情况下,积极情绪均值还能显著影响团队创造力,而隐性知识共享完全中介了积极情绪均值与团队创造力之间的关系。本文的结论对研发团队的创造力管理有一定现实意义。     

团队内知识分享行为影响因素的结构性研究

文章以我国高新技术企业为例,对团队内成员问的知识分享行为及其影响因素进行实证研究.研究发现,团队成员问的共享心智模式能够引导成员在所需的情境中与其它成员进行互动,因此对知识分享行为具有显著的正向影响效果,而这种影响效果,会受到成员性格特征的调节影响.对于敬业性的参与者而言,当知识传递者与知识接收者同时具有高敬业性格时,研究共享心智模式对于知识分享的影响效果;对于外向性的参与者而言,当知识传递者具有高外向性格,而知识接收者具有低外向性格时,共享心智模式对于知识分享反而具有显著的影响效果.所以,在团队运作过程中,团队领导者若能通过详细的任务说明以及增进成员的互动等方式,让不同性格的团队成员具有相匹配的心智模式,将有助于团队知识分享行为的产生.     

Internet环境下ERP与CRM的集成

针对大多数企业信息化建设的历程与现状,论述了进行基于Internet环境下ERP与CRM系统集成的必要性,及其探讨性的解决方案,并且根据作者的开发经历予以实例进行阐述。     

系统集成创新与知识的集成和生成

自主创新中的集成创新与引进吸收消化再创新都可以看作是系统集成创新。系统集成创新是把已有的知识、技术创造性地以系统集成的方式创造出前所未有的新产品、新工艺、新的服务方式或新的经营管理模式,其新颖性表现在系统的集成思想和方式上。系统集成创新具有成本低、时间短、风险小、灵活性大的特点,特别适用于我国当前的发展水平。从系统思想出发,探讨了系统集成创新的特点,并研究了创新过程中的知识集成与生成问题。指出基于二分法的知识转化与生成之思路的局限性,提出基于多阶段知识集成的知识转化与生成的思路与步骤。     

Public Perception of Climate Change: The Importance of Knowledge and Cultural Worldviews

The importance of knowledge for lay people's climate change concerns has been questioned in recent years, as it had been suggested that cultural values are stronger predictors of concern about climate change than knowledge. Studies that simultaneously measured knowledge related to climate change and cultural values have, however, been missing. We conducted a mail survey in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland (N = 1,065). Results suggested that cultural worldviews and climate‐related knowledge were significantly related with people's concern about climate change. Also, cultural worldviews and climate‐relevant knowledge appeared important for people's willingness to change behaviors and to accept climate change policies. In addition, different types of knowledge were found to have different impacts on people's concern about climate change, their willingness to change behaviors, and their acceptance of policies about climate change. Specifically, causal knowledge significantly increased concern about climate change and willingness to support climate‐friendly policies. We therefore concluded that risk communication should focus on causal knowledge, provided this knowledge does not threaten cultural values.     

Knowledge retention in ERP implementations: the context of UK SMEs

Abstract

Knowledge retention (k-retention) is vital for various enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementations in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), though it is a highly demanding and challenging task. The aim of this paper is to investigate different types of approaches to k-retention and factors influencing k-retention in SMEs. Our study adopts a grounded theory approach with cases based on 12 ERP implementations in UK SMEs. We analyze our data using thematic analysis. The findings reveal specific elements that support the k-retention of ERP package knowledge and business process knowledge. These elements are: k-retention tools, documentation, human capital and the understanding of k-retention challenges. In addition to insights from these aspects, our study reveals two additional factors (project management and organizational culture) that influence ERP package k-retention and business process k-retention. Based on these findings, we develop an ERP k-retention (EKR) framework that can be utilized by SMEs which are considering implementing ERP systems, to facilitate knowledge retention during implementation.     

The Negative Effects of Social Capital in Organizations: A Review and Extension

Numerous studies have examined the positive effects of social capital in organizations, whereas the possible negative effects have attracted considerably less scholarly attention. To rectify this imbalance, this paper first undertakes a rigorous review of the published scholarly empirical evidence pertaining to the negative effects of social capital in organizations through a search of Web of Knowledge and Scopus, and then enumerates six potentially negative effects arising from increased levels of social capital. The review focuses on negative effects arising from bonding social capital and those arising from dense networks and closure, advancing new theory to elucidate the generative mechanisms that give rise to the proposed negative effects. Finally, the authors identify potential moderators of the negative effects thus theorized. Using the lens of social identification theory, the authors argue that dysfunctional identification processes restrict the processing of information and stimulate over‐commitment to established relationships, diluting in turn the dialectical process, and inhibiting individual learning within organizations, culminating in groupthink, the postponement of structural adjustments, the non‐rational escalation of commitment, and the blurring of firms’ boundaries. This review thus furthers the agenda of a more balanced inquiry into the effects of social capital in organizations.     

The Importance of Social Embeddedness: Churn Models at Mobile Providers

This article argues the importance of social embeddedness at mobile providers by examining the effects of customers’ network topological properties on churn probability—the probability of a customer switching from one telecommunication provider to another. This article uses data from regional snowball sampling—the only practically feasible network sampling method—to identify groups with significantly different churn ratios for customers with different network topological properties. Clear evidence indicates that individual network characteristics (node‐level metrics) have considerable impact on churn probabilities. The inclusion of network‐related measures in the churn model allows a longer‐term projection of churners and improves the predictive power of the model. With no possibility to carry out repeated sampling, sample stability was checked through simulation results. On the one hand, this article highlights the importance and effectiveness of the provider's tailored marketing campaigns by showing that customers targeted by direct marketing campaigns are less threatened by churn than nontargeted customers. On the other, this article shows that social embeddedness blocks the impact of the very same marketing efforts. This article forwards the idea that social embeddedness, also prevalent in vendor switching, can be extended to understanding the development of professional societies threatened by membership churn.