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1.
Income share elasticity is a function π which can describe the size distribution of income (Esteban in Intern Econ Rev 27:439–444, 1986). On the other hand, the conventional density representation of the latter gives parameters of first or second order stochastic dominance (SD), widely used to describe shifts in income distribution, to which inequality measures are attached. The paper draws a link between the two, by providing conditions such that a given shift to π is equivalent to a first or second order SD shift of the distribution of income. Some applications to Lorenz rankings are also provided. 相似文献
2.
This paper is concerned with the problem of ranking Lorenz curves in situations where the Lorenz curves intersect and no unambiguous
ranking can be attained without introducing weaker ranking criteria than first-degree Lorenz dominance. To deal with such
situations, Aaberge (Soc Choice Welf 33:235–259, 2009) introduced two alternative sequences of nested dominance criteria for Lorenz curves, which proved to characterize two separate
systems of nested subfamilies of inequality measures. This paper uses the obtained characterization results to arrange the
members of two different generalized Gini families of inequality measures into subfamilies according to their relationship
to Lorenz dominance of various degrees. Since the various criteria of higher degree Lorenz dominance provide convenient computational
methods, these results can be used to identify the largest subfamily of the generalized Gini families, and thus the least
restrictive social preferences, required to reach unambiguous ranking of a set of Lorenz curves. We further show that the
weight-functions of the members of the generalized Gini families offer intuitive interpretations of higher degree Lorenz dominance,
which generally has been viewed as difficult to interpret because they involve assumptions about third and higher derivatives.
To demonstrate the usefulness of these methods for empirical applications, we examine the time trend in income and earnings
inequality of Norwegian males during the period 1967–2005. 相似文献
3.
Rolf Aaberge 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(2):235-259
This paper is concerned with the problem of ranking Lorenz curves in situations where the Lorenz curves intersect and no unambiguous
ranking can be attained without introducing weaker ranking criteria than first-degree Lorenz dominance. To deal with such
situations two alternative sequences of nested dominance criteria between Lorenz curves are introduced. At the limit the systems
of dominance criteria appear to depend solely on the income share of either the worst-off or the best-off income recipient.
This result suggests two alternative strategies for increasing the number of Lorenz curves that can be strictly ordered; one
that places more emphasis on changes that occur in the lower part of the income distribution and the other that places more
emphasis on changes that occur in the upper part of the income distribution. Both strategies turn out to depart from the Gini
coefficient; one requires higher degree of downside and the other higher degree of upside inequality aversion than what is
exhibited by the Gini coefficient. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the sequences of dominance criteria characterize two
separate systems of nested subfamilies of inequality measures and thus provide a method for identifying the least restrictive
social preferences required to reach an unambiguous ranking of a given set of Lorenz curves. Moreover, it is demonstrated
that the introduction of successively more general transfer principles than the Pigou–Dalton principle of transfers forms
a helpful basis for judging the normative significance of higher degrees of Lorenz dominance. The dominance results for Lorenz
curves do also apply to generalized Lorenz curves and thus provide convenient characterizations of the corresponding social
welfare orderings. 相似文献
4.
Alessandra Michelangeli Eugenio Peluso Alain Trannoy 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(3):373-391
Consumption is commonly used as a proxy for permanent income. We go a step further by establishing the link between the distribution of consumption and that of permanent income in terms of dominance orderings. We introduce two new dominance orderings, the Generalized Top Lorenz test and the related affluence ordering. If consumption is a concave function of permanent income, we get an indirect and robust method to detect a change in permanent income concentration when the full stream of income receipts along the life cycle is unknown and only consumption data are available. Our application on US data for the period 1980?C2002 points out the difficult start in life of people belonging to the ??Baby loser generation?? (people born in the sixties) with respect to the previous and following cohort. 相似文献
5.
Buhong Zheng 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,28(2):255-280
The justification for using Lorenz dominance as an inequality ranking condition has been based on the aggregate social welfare
comparison and the Pigou–Dalton principle of transfers. Since both the aggregating aspect of the social welfare function and
certain implications of the principle of transfers are debatable, ordering conditions stronger than Lorenz dominance are worth exploring.
A particularly interesting direction to pursue is to follow the frequently invoked notion that inequality is the “gap” between
the rich and the poor. This paper follows this notion to formally propose a unified utility-gap concept and characterizes
several utility-gap based conditions as general stronger-than-Lorenz-dominance ranking criteria. Specifically, we propose
utility-gap dominance which requires all pair-wise utility-gaps in one distribution to be uniformly smaller than those of
the other distribution. We then explore a conceptually weaker dominance concept – quasi dominance – which imposes conditions
only on the gap between each person’s utility and some reference utility point of the distribution.
I am grateful to two anonymous referees and Peter Lambert for their very constructive comments and suggestions on an earlier
version of the paper. The usual caveat applies. 相似文献
6.
A. B. Atkinson 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2008,6(3):277-283
The article, written in 1973, examines what comparisons of income distributions can be made when Lorenz curves cross, employing
the concept of third-order stochastic dominance.
“More on the measurement of inequality” as reviewed by Prof. P. Lambert will appear in the Rediscovered Classics section,
along with the editorial. 相似文献
7.
Vito Peragine 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2004,2(1):11-30
According to the opportunity egalitarian ethics, economic inequalities due to factors beyond the individual responsibility are inequitable and to be compensated by society, whereas inequalities due to personal responsibility are equitable and not to be compensated. In this paper we derive welfare and inequality criteria that respect this principle of justice. We characterize axiomatically classes of opportunity egalitarian social evaluation functions. Then, by requiring unanimous agreement among such classes, we provide simple distributional conditions to rank income distributions. These criteria extend the Lorenz and generalized Lorenz partial orderings, commonly used in the unidimensional case of income distributions, to the current context of equality of opportunity. 相似文献
8.
Inequality orderings and unit consistency 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Buhong Zheng 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,29(3):515-538
The paper examines the implications of the newly proposed unit consistency axiom for partial inequality orderings. We first
show that some intermediate Lorenz dominance conditions violate the axiom. We then characterize a class of intermediate Lorenz
orderings and demonstrate that the only unit-consistent member is the one related to Krtscha (Models and measurement of welfare
and inequality. Springer, Heidelberg, 1994)’s intermediate notion of inequality which has recently been investigated by Zoli
(A surplus sharing approach to the measurement of inequality. Discussion paper no. 98/25, University of York, 1998; Logic,
game, theory and social choice. Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, 1999) and Yoshida (Soc Choice Welf 24:557–574, 2005). Finally,
we provide a general characterization for unit-consistent Lorenz orderings and the Krtscha-type dominance again turns out
to be the only one that is intermediate and unit-consistent. 相似文献
9.
We consider the problem of ranking distributions of opportunity sets on the basis of equality. First, conditional on a given
ranking of individual opportunity sets, we define the notion of an equalizing transformation. Then, assuming that the opportunity
sets are ranked according to the cardinality ordering, we formulate the analogues of the notions of the Lorenz partial ordering,
equalizing (Dalton) transfers, and inequality averse social welfare functions – concepts which play a central role in the
literature on income inequality. Our main result is a cardinality-based analogue of the fundamental theorem of inequality
measurement: one distribution Lorenz dominates another if and only if the former can be obtained from the latter by a finite
sequence of rank preserving equalizations, and if and only if the former is ranked higher than the latter by all inequality
averse social welfare functions. In addition, we characterize the smallest monotonic and transitive extension of our cardinality-based
Lorenz inequality ordering.
Received: 2 May 1995 / Accepted: 11 October 1996 相似文献
10.
W. Henry Chiu 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,28(3):375-399
This paper clarifies the conceptual distinction of downside inequality aversion (or transfer sensitivity) as a normative criterion
for judging income distributions from the Pigou-Dalton principle of transfers. We show that when the Lorenz curves of two
income distributions intersect, how the change from one distribution to the other is judged by an inequality index exhibiting
downside inequality aversion often depends on the relative strengths of its downside inequality aversion and inequality aversion.
For additive inequality indices or their monotonic transformations, a measure characterizing the strength of an index’s downside
inequality aversion against its inequality aversion is shown to determine the ranking by the index of two distributions whose
Lorenz curves cross once. The precise condition under which the same result generalizes to the case of multiple-crossing Lorenz
curves is also identified. The results are particularly useful in understanding the distributional impact of tax reforms.
I received exceptionally helpful comments from Mike Hoy, Peter Lambert, the Editor, Buhong Zheng, and an anonymous referee.
The remaining errors and shortcomings are my own – W.H. Chiu 相似文献
11.
This article considers, in the context of the fixed-population constant-sum comparison of income distributions, a number of
intransitive binary relations smaller than Lorenz dominance. We determine their transitive closure, and we study how they
relate to each other and to other relations that have appeared in the literature. Among other results, we provide alternative
characterizations of Lorenz dominance. 相似文献
12.
Udo Ebert 《Social Choice and Welfare》1999,16(2):233-258
The paper proposes the consistent and rigorous use of equivalence scales for households of different size. Equivalence scales
are employed for deriving the income of an equivalent adult representing the household and for weighting the different household types. The proceeding takes into account the possibilities and the needs of different
household types at the same time and seems to be adequate if income distributions are to be compared in terms of social welfare
or inequality. The approach allows to define and to investigate the usual concepts (Lorenz curve, Lorenz dominance, social
welfare function, progressive transfers etc.) for heterogeneous populations. They can be interpreted in an obvious way, and
the results, well known for homogeneous populations, can be generalized. Furthermore, some unpleasant and unsatisfactory paradoxa
or impossibility results, which can be found in the literature, vanish in the framework considered.
Received: 7 March 1997/Accepted: 4 November 1997 相似文献
13.
Chiaki Hara Tomoichi Shinotsuka Kotaro Suzumura Yongsheng Xu 《Social Choice and Welfare》2008,31(2):179-191
There exists a utilitarian tradition à la Sidgwick of treating equal generations equally. Diamond showed that there exists
no social evaluation ordering over infinite utility streams in the presence of the Pareto principle, the Sidgwick principle,
and continuity. Instead of requiring the Sidgwick principle of procedural fairness, we focus on two principles of distributional
egalitarianism along the line of the Pigou–Dalton transfer principle and the Lorenz domination principle, and show that there
exists no social evaluation relation satisfying one of these egalitarian principles and the weakened continuity and rationality
axioms even in the absence of the Pareto principle.
This paper is a substantially revised version of our foregoing paper, “On the Possibility of Continuous, Paretian and Egalitarian
Evaluation of Infinite Utility Streams,” which was based on our joint research conducted as a part of the Project on Intergenerational
Equity under the auspices of the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology of Japan. Thanks are due to Geir Asheim, Kaushik Basu, Walter Bossert, Hajime Hori, Tomoki Inoue, Mitsunori
Noguchi and Koichi Tadenuma with whom we had several discussions on this and related issues. We are also grateful to the anonymous
referees and the Associate Editor in charge of our earlier paper for their helpful comments and suggestions. Needless to say,
no one other than ourselves should be held responsible for any remaining defect of this paper. 相似文献
14.
Patrick Moyes 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2007,5(3):279-303
It is well-known that, when the Lorenz curves do not cross, the ranking of distributions provided by the Gini index is identical
to the one implied by the Lorenz criterion. This does not preclude inequality as measured by the Gini index to increase while
the Lorenz curves cross. A suitable modification of the Gini coefficient allows the Lorenz quasi-ordering to coincide with
the ranking generated by the application of unanimity over the class of extended Gini indices. Recently the Lorenz quasi-ordering
and the underlying principle of transfers have come under attack, while new criteria – the differentials, deprivation and
satisfaction quasi-orderings – have been proposed for providing unambiguous rankings of distributions. We suggest to weaken
the principle of transfers by imposing additional restrictions on the progressive transfers, which take into account the positions
on the income scale of the donors and beneficiaries. We identify the subclasses of extended Gini indices that satisfy these
weaker versions of the principle of transfers and we show that the application of unanimity among these classes generate rankings
of distributions that coincide with those implied by the differentials, deprivation and satisfaction quasi-orderings.
相似文献
15.
Sabine C. Koch Christina G. Baehne Lenelis Kruse Friederike Zimmermann Joerg Zumbach 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2010,34(3):137-153
This study investigated visual dominance and visual egalitarianism of men and women (N = 94; 17 teams) in team meetings at diverse workplaces. Two novel gaze-related measures were developed: (a) a group visual dominance ratio (group-VDR) assessing each member’s visual dominance vis-à-vis all other members, and (b) a gaze distribution index (GDI) assessing each member’s visual egalitarianism to all group members. Multilevel analyses were conducted to account for
influences of the team members’ sex and status on the individual level and for influences of sex and status composition of
the teams, and the team leaders’ sex on the group level. Results suggested that high-status individuals displayed more visual
dominance than low-status individuals. The significant interaction of individuals’ sex and status indicated that the positive
relationship of status and visual dominance applied particularly to women. The more women in a team, the more visual dominance
was displayed. The team leader’s sex significantly influenced visual egalitarianism: Gaze distribution was less egalitarian
when the team leader was male. 相似文献
16.
Liberal egalitarian theories of justice share the egalitarian ideal that inequalities due to factors beyond individual control
should be eliminated. This justifies that individuals sometimes receive more (or less) than their marginal productivity, which
in turn implies that a change in one individual’s effort sometimes will affect the post-tax income of others. What restrictions
should we place on such distributive interdependencies? The article provides characterizations of three main classes of redistribution
mechanisms on the basis of how this question is answered. 相似文献
17.
Michael Bartlett Kevin Shafer Michael M. O. Seipel 《Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment》2013,23(8):918-930
This article examines the relationship between egalitarian gender attitudes and its effect on income, poverty, and social service utilization. In a sample of married fathers in the Fragile Families data (N = 717), we conducted regression analyses on these questions, five years after initial interviews. Our results indicate that egalitarian attitudes were positively associated with income and social service utilization and negatively associated with poverty. Implications of these findings are discussed, including possible explanations for these findings, their importance for social work practice, and recommendations for social policy. 相似文献
18.
Ekaterina Kalugina Catherine Sofer Natalia Radtchenko 《Review of Economics of the Household》2009,7(4):447-471
The paper proposes an original strategy for analyzing household sharing of income and satisfaction. Using two different subjective
questions from the Russian data RLMS (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey), we assume a correspondence between, first, the
perception of income that household members report and their true income sharing, and, second, between their answer to a satisfaction
question and their utility. We show that answers given by different members of the household bring pertinent information on
income sharing and utility in the household. In particular, we find a significant effect of the female–male wage ratio in
reported income perception and satisfaction differentials between household members. Our data covers the transition period
(1994–2003) characterized by massive economic and social changes in Russia. We investigate the evolution of intra-household
welfare distribution by exploiting the episode of the financial crisis of 1998 to distinguish two periods: pre- and post-crisis.
Our empirical strategy consists of applying probit-type models allowing the parameters to change in a discrete manner between
two periods and accounting for discrete unobserved heterogeneity. 相似文献
19.
Kristof Bosmans 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,29(3):405-428
We propose a straightforward dominance procedure for comparing social welfare orderings (SWOs) with respect to the degree
of inequality aversion they express. Three versions of the procedure are considered, each of which uses a different underlying
criterion of inequality comparisons: (i) a concept based on the Lorenz quasi-ordering, which we argue to be the ideal version,
(ii) a concept based on a minimalist criterion of inequality, and (iii) a concept based on the relative differentials quasi-ordering.
It turns out that the traditional Arrow–Pratt approach is equivalent to the latter two concepts for important classes of SWOs,
but that it is profoundly inconsistent with the Lorenz-based concept. With respect to the problem of combining extreme inequality
aversion and monotonicity, concepts (ii) and (iii) identify as extremely inequality averse a class of SWOs that includes leximin
as a special case, whereas the Lorenz-based concept (i) concludes that extreme inequality aversion and monotonicity are incompatible. 相似文献
20.
Gleb Koshevoy 《Social Choice and Welfare》1997,15(1):1-14
The distribution of d commodities among n individuals is described by an n×d row stochastic matrix. We present a geometric approach to order such matrices. For a row stochastic matrix the Lorenz zonotope
is investigated, which is a higher dimensional generalization of the Lorenz curve. The Lorenz zonotope is a convex polytope.
The inclusion of Lorenz zonotopes defines an ordering between row stochastic matrices, which is a multivariate majorization.
For a cone in nonnegative d-space, a cone extension of the Lorenz zonotope and the respective inclusion ordering are introduced. We study this class
of orderings and establish equivalence with known majorizations. It is provided a finite set of inequalities to which the
ordering is equivalent.
Received: 16 February 1994/Accepted: 22 May 1996 相似文献