论民族、民族国家与现代民族国家——以中国本土学术话语中的“民族”为中心

中国本土学术话语中的“民族”概念有一个演进的过程.古代“族”的概念以及“族类”观构成了中国传统文化中的一种群体分类体系.近代“民族”的使用始于西方术语翻译和汉语由文言向白话的转变,明显受到西方民族-国家和民族主义理论的影响.新中国成立后,马克思主义与苏联模式长期在我国民族理论研究中占据主导地位,围绕民族译名及民族形成问题出现过几次论争.20世纪90年代以来,国内学界对民族概念的讨论日益朝解构和多元反思的方向发展.综而观之,中国本土民族概念的传统导源于中华民族历史形成的多元一体格局,强大的包容性使其逐渐形成了内涵丰富、外延宽泛、使用灵活的独特话语体系.目前学界对民族国家与现代民族国家的使用不够规范,建议把民族国家作为特指性概念专门指称西欧早期民族国家,而把现代民族国家作为泛指性概念,用来指称所有时期和类型的民族国家.     

民族的政治和文化属性

本文首先对争议不断的“民族”概念进行了梳理,并提出作者的观点.按照中国人的理解,以生物性、血缘性及传统文化为认同依据的民族在古代就存在了.中国的民族出现的具体时间难以考证,但是我们可以确定一个标准,即出现阶级划分和地域认同是民族形成的标志,这样,民族就形成于部落及其联盟瓦解的基础之上了,也就是民族与早期国家的形成基本同...     

论民族认同的概念及其层次

民族认同理论是近年来国内外专家学者在多个学科领域研究探讨的重点话题,其在促进中华民族团结统一和构建社会主义和谐社会上具有重要的理论价值和实践意义,是新形势下爱国主义理论的拓展和创新.民族和认同两者的概念探讨出民族认同的概念及双重属性;民族认同可划分为文化认同、价值认同、历史认同、政治认同四个层次.重视民族认同理论,对解决中国当前民族问题以及多元文化背景下各民族共生共荣发展提供了现实解决途径.     

增进“国家民族”认同：法国的经验与启示

文章着眼于“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”这一民族理论研究新命题,以国际比较视野探讨了增进“国家民族”认同的法国经验,系统分析阐释了法国的民族问题、民族政策与成效及其对我国的启示。     

俄罗斯立法中的“少数民族”与“民族权利”及其沿革

俄罗斯联邦作为拥有超过190个少数民族的多民族国家，其民族情况之复杂、民族立法的体系之庞杂，足以成为一个极具代表性的研究样本。在俄罗斯现有的立法逻辑中，少数民族更多地被视为一个广义上的民族权利主体，按其语言表述和法律概念上的不同，主要划分为基于民族归属的个体权利、基于具体权利主张的个体权利、基于身份认同的少数民族(个体的或群体的)权利、基于原住民特有的身份认同的权利，以及已经出现但是尚未能被俄罗斯学界所广泛承认的、扩大化的少数民族社群的权利，其权利主体包含了久居少数民族聚居地的旧居民的权利，等等。俄罗斯民族立法体系分为联邦-地方两级，民族权利的内容主要侧重教育权和文化权，并基于这样的独特结构，逐渐形成了符合自身历史阶段和利益表达的民族立法的内在法律逻辑结构，在旧有的立法理念之上，根据时代的发展变迁提出了民族的“身份认同”、作为集体权利的民族权利等新理念，以期实现国家认同、民族认同和身份认同的统一。     

民族认同研究回顾

民族认同①是民族社会学研究领域中的核心内容之一,建国后受政治气候影响,相关研究一度沉寂,直到上世纪八十年代,民族认同研究才得到缓慢发展。进入九十年代后,研究者从多种角度展开探讨,将民族认同研究逐步推向深入。本文拟在综述学者们主要成果的基础上,提出一些有待深入研究的问题。一、民族认同理论综述(一)民族认同概念的阐述民族认同一词中的“认同”原本属于哲学范畴,后又在心理学研究中受到关注,如今该词的使用几乎成了社会科学领域的专利。学者一般认为民族认同是后天形成,并在民族互动基础上发展而成,从未与外族接触过的人是不会…     

论“民族心理”与“民族共同心理素质”的关系

本文针对多年来关于“民族心理”和“民族共同心理素质”两个概念存在许多含糊之处的现实 ,提出“民族心理”和“民族共同心理素质”是同属民族心理学范畴的两个不同的概念。民族心理是特定民族认识、情感、意志等心理过程和能力、气质、性格等个性心理特征的结合体 ;民族心理素质实际上是指民族心理产生的生理条件 ,即神经系统和感觉器官等心理现象产生的先天条件     

论民族认同与国家认同——兼谈“共存共生”论对两者关系协调的启示

如何协调处理民族认同与国家认同的关系,把两者之间的张力控制在适当范围之内,是当今世界每个民旋国家都要应对的重大课题.通过对民族认同与国家认同这两个概念的比对可以发现,它们之间既有区别,也有联系,共同存在于民族国家的政治架构之内.纵观近年来学界对两者关系问题的研究,可以按对两者关系性质的不同理解和把握而将其研究取向分为“对立冲突”和“共存共生”两种.分析表明,承认两者间的共存共生关系,要远比强调两者间的对立冲突更有利于两者关系的协调.只有在承认两者共存共生的前提下,对两者关系协调的讨论才是现实的和可行的.     

论民族意识对民族关系的影响

本文在讨论民族意识、民族认同意识的概念基础上,重点分析了民族认同意识对民族关系的正负面影响。认为民族认同意识的积极作用可以促进民族凝聚力的增强和民族关系的健康发展,民族认同意识的消极作用则会阻碍民族关系的正常发展。因此必须将民族认同意识维持在一个合理的“度”内。所谓“度”,就是民族认同意识的积极作用与消极作用的分界线。要维持这个度,首先必须将民族认同意识过分强烈的民族成员与民族认同意识一般的民族成员分别开来:其次,确定这种过分强烈的民族认同意识对本民族或本国家是否产生负面影响;再次,逐步消除对本民族和本国家产生负面影响的民族认同意识;最后,国家范围内民族平等团结氛围的营造。     

不被“整合”的向心力——民族走廊“国家化”研究

传统中国社会所具有的整合性主要表现为:地区组织与国家制度、地方认同与国家认同之间成为相互交织渗透的一体两面.然而,民族走廊的历史进程及空间结构显然并未沿着一种预期的整合模式,中原王朝推行的羁縻统治、土司制度和改土归流等重大制度和事件,在“内地化”或者“汉化”模式下展开,以期经历这些制度与事件,作为“异域”的民族走廊,自然而然就成为了华夏的“中国”.此类想法显然过于简单,因为中国不是一个同质的整体.民族走廊历史上存在多个有自己文字、礼仪与政治架构的王权及部落,中原王朝的户籍制度、礼仪规范等国家统治与社会整合方式对其影响较小,它们保持着不易改变的风习.然而,异质性较强的走廊文化并未影响到它千百年来形成的地方认同与国家认同:历史上,边远民族跨越万水千山阻隔表达慕义归化之情;在对外关系中,民族走廊的“国际”走廊属性是促成中华民族内部大认同的最根本的外部因素;此外,少数民族意识中民族间同源异流的观念,及其创世史诗中中华各民族同根共祖意识,汇聚成一股强大动力,使得民族走廊在历史发展中形成强大的向心力,并最终融入到中华民族的大家庭中.     

Concepts of national identity and the readiness for conflict behaviour

This article examines the process of national identity formation among ethnic minorities in the Crimea – specifically, the moderation effects of concepts of national identity on interrelations between conflict indicators and readiness for conflict or compromise for two ethnic minorities in Crimea. Based on a survey in the Crimea, results show that concepts of national identity moderate the effects of ethnic identity, ethnocentrism and economic deprivation on individual conflict behaviour. Research show that civic concept of national identity significantly reduces readiness for conflict among ethnic minorities. The position of a minority within the nation regulates impact of ethnic and multicultural concepts on readiness to fight with other groups.     

The state of the nation: the Norwegian King’s annual addresses – a window on a shifting nationhood

ABSTRACT

This article supplements the limited research on the monarchy by highlighting the symbolic and cultural value of Norway’s Royal House in nation-building. To maintain his unifying and non-partisan role, the king must balance between conflicting perspectives on national identity. Our analysis of royal New Year’s speeches 1960–2014 examines the concepts of ‘Norwegianness’ conveyed, noting the increasing focus on diversity and a multicultural society.     

民族认同的精神文化内涵

民族认同是民族文化尤其是精神文化被本民族全体成员体认、内化、弘扬、升华的过程。文化认同是民族认同的内在要求和前提条件,在民族认同中具有基础性作用。精神文化能准确、深刻地表达文化和民族的本质特征,在民族认同中占据着核心地位。从文化哲学的角度考察文化认同与民族认同的关系,剖析民族认同的文化实质,揭示民族心理、民族意识、民族精神等精神文化要素在民族认同过程中所起的重要作用,对于增进民族认同、弘扬民族精神、建设民族共有的精神家园具有重要的理论和现实指导意义。     

‘New concepts for unknown lands’: Deleuze and Guattari's non-nationalitarianisms

This article responds to the arguments of Hardt and Negri through the work of Deleuze and Guattari, seeking to show that the latter offer a range of concepts that reveal the diminishing role of the nation-state and national identity in the contemporary world.     

The importance of Australian national identity to a sense of belonging of Anglo-Celtic and Chinese cultural groups in regional Australia

This study explored the primacy of importance of Australian national identity as underpinning belongingness of Anglo-Celtic and Chinese cultural groups. A mixed-method approach comprised focus groups and interviews was used. Australian national identity did not hold primacy of importance to a sense of belonging in either group, however family identities were of primary importance to both, together with cultural identity of the Chinese. Anglo-Celtic's felt culturally disassociated, whereas Chinese sought majority acceptance through cultural promotion, and bicultural identification. Findings call for further research of Australian national identity of the majority and other minority cultural groups.     

Austrian Maps and Bulgarian Territorial Claims

This article concerns the attempt of the re-emerged Bulgarian state to re-define and re-conceptualise national identity in Sofia's visual and spatial representations. The idea to conceptualise and represent Bulgarian identity as homogeneous in the monumental St Nevsky's Cathedral was transformed through the simultaneous and synchronic emergence of monumental houses of worship of other ethnic and religious communities. The forging of Bulgarian identity, in anticipation of reunification, veered from official concepts towards pre-liberation democratic ideology. This countered the elite's vision and helped others assert difference as a component of Bulgarian-ness, thus introducing an alternative to the homogenising model.     

西部民族地区互联网使用对居民国家认同感的积极影响——基于宁夏三县（区）民族村的调查

西部民族地区已实现互联网基础设施建设全面覆盖，但互联网使用影响国家认同感的具体机制尚未在已有研究中得到充分揭示。本文从铸牢中华民族共同体意识出发，考察互联网环境中信息接触、在线交往和媒介偏好对西部民族地区农村居民国家认同感的影响，从中识别出产生实证性效果的具体因素。研究发现，西部民族地区居民国家认同感高，且态度稳定一致；互联网已经成为形塑国家认同感的主要舆论场域：在人际层面，异质性在线交往对国家认同产生积极影响；在个体层面，网络信息环境通过个体媒介偏好对国家认同产生差异化的影响。研究强调了互联网是形塑西部民族地区居民国家认同的重要路径这一基本事实，揭示出异质性在线交往和网络新闻偏好对强化国家认同的重要意义。     

Multicultural nationalism? National identities among minority groups in Scotland’s census

This paper uses data from a new question in the 2011 UK censuses of population to investigate national identities among ethnic and religious minorities. It focuses primarily on Scotland, while presenting comparative data for England and Wales. A robust comparison of national identities between different minorities in Scotland and with similar groups in other nations of Britain has previously not been possible because ethnic and religious minority groups represent a small proportion of Scotland’s population and are weakly represented in sample surveys. The new census question on national identity therefore offers an unprecedented opportunity for this kind of analysis. The analysis is used to critically evaluate previous claims of the existence of multicultural nationalism in Scotland and previous research that has suggested that Scottish identity is relatively inclusive of people in minority groups. The findings suggest that while Scottish national identity is relatively inclusive of minorities in some respects, the conclusions of previous research should be treated with some caution.     

Whiteness and national identity: teacher discourses in Australian primary schools

The study examines how white teachers talked to children about national identity and cultural diversity by drawing on qualitative research with eight- to 12-year-old students and their teachers from four Australian primary schools with different racial, ethnic and cultural demographics. Despite a range of explicit and implicit approaches that fostered different levels of critique among students, teachers often communicated Australian national identity as commensurate to white racial and Anglo-Australian cultural identity. We identified three main approaches teachers used to talk about national identity and cultural diversity: cultural essentialism, race elision and a quasi-critical approach. We conclude that the wider education system needs to develop a more formal curriculum structure that guides teachers in developing a better awareness of the power of white normativity, and to critically and explicitly counter discourse and practice that centres whiteness as foundational to dominant conceptualisations of national identity.     

Place,identity and football: Catalonia,Catalanisme and Football Club Barcelona, 1899–1975

A growing body of work considers sport and the social construction of identities. Drawing from that research, this article considers how football clubs are involved in the construction of national identities by making explicit the connections between sport, identity and place. The first part of the article examines the literature addressing sport and collective identification/representation and considers critical approaches that uncover the power relations that frame the sport/identity nexus. The second part of the article applies these ideas to a discussion of Football Club Barcelona's role in the social construction of Catalan nationalism and national identity from 1899 to 1975.