民族认同与国家认同研究述评

民族认同与国家认同的研究一直以来都是学界关注的重点内容之一,学者们为此进行了不懈的努力,成就卓然。文章通过对目前国内外民族认同和国家认同的相关研究成果进行系统梳理,指出通过引入身份认同理论,把群体或个体的意识和行为同文化和社会结构因素联系起来,从综合性、历时性的动态视角来研究民族问题,并由此总结出民族认同与国家认同变迁的规律或机理,将会更好地服务于现实社会。     

“民族国家”与“国家民族”——“民族认同”与“国家认同”的紧张关系何以消解

伴随着全球化的到来,民族主义浪潮再度兴起。在民族主义的催生下,多民族国家内的少数民族的民族认同得以强化,相应地可能弱化国家认同,国家的统一和稳定受到严重威胁。显然,当代民族国家的国家认同危机的症候是民族认同与国家认同的紧张关系。何以消解这一紧张关系?一些民族国家曾经采用过或仍在继续所谓的同化和多元化等策略,前者已经被人民强烈地抵制,后者也凸显出诸多问题。为此,本文尝试基于对民族国家实质的分析,结合考察已有的理论范式的不足,并探究一体化的路径,即通过构建国家民族来实现民族认同与国家认同的关系的和谐。     

“民族认同”的源与流及其认同变迁

尽管"民族认同"已成为学术界不断泛化的话题,但是,关于何谓"民族认同"还存在诸多疑惑。无论是原生论(根基论)固守民族认同乃血缘认同,还是工具论(环境论)坚持民族认同是地域认同;无论是主张从内涵到边缘的研究理路,还是坚持从边缘到内涵的研究取向,客观民族主义与主观民族主义似乎并不完全对立。那么,如何对待民族认同问题?或许理想的途径是既要从民族认同的源来探求内涵,又要重视民族认同的流,去辨析含义。为此,考察"民族认同"的源与流及其认同变迁,具有理论意义和实践意义。     

民族国家认同与中华民族凝聚力问题研究

对民族认同中的民族与国家、情感与理性、封闭与开放的张力的把握,影响到民族凝聚力的形成。当代中国社会民族凝聚力的弱化与认同障碍主要表现在:国内民族分裂主义的扩张、民族问题与社会问题的交织等方面。总结历史经验,当前要加强民族国家认同、反对民族分裂;逐步实现各民族的和谐发展和共同繁荣。     

改革开放以来中国民族理论若干问题研究述评

改革开放30年来,在国内外大势的影响下,中国民族理论研究经历了诸多的变化,但总趋势是:在探讨中发展,在摸索中前进。本文所论及的民族概念问题、民族形成问题、民族结构与民族属性问题、民族意识与民族关系问题,只是改革开放以来中国民族理论研究领域中很少但却是比较重要的几个问题。适逢改革开放30年,对这几个问题的研究成果进行归纳、概括和总结,无疑将有助于进一步推进中国民族理论研究的深入和发展。     

岭南民族源流研究述评

在岭南各民族族源问题上,国内外学者已经做了百余年的研究,近十年来又呈现出多学科共同参与研究的局面.在岭南诸族源流问题上,有的学术界已经初步取得了一致的意见,但在某些具体的问题上还存分歧;有的众说纷纭,尚未取得一致意见;"土著说"和"外来说"成为了学术界在岭南诸族族源问题上争论的焦点,分子人类学的研究成为了这个领域新的亮点.本文拟就前人在此问题上的研究做一个述评.     

少数民族电影研究述评

文化批评学、文化美学、政治民族学和影视人类学这四种学科方法是少数民族电影研究几个比较重要的研究取向;少数民族电影本体研究主要集中在概念界定、文化性格、文化视点、文化冲突、社会功能以及与民族文化的关系上;界定核心概念和建构理论框架是少数民族电影研究的当务之急;把握少数民族电影的文化本质,系统理性地建构其学科理论体系,是少数民族电影研究应该坚持的发展方向.     

构建民族认同探析

民族问题在当今世界拥有很强的影响力,尤其在多民族国家中具有长期性和普遍性的特征。处理民族问题应该首先进行有效沟通,其次建立民族认同,最终实现国家认同,是民族问题解决和民族国家稳定繁荣的重要路径。     

伊犁跨界民族的国家认同与民族认同调查研究

多民族国家中跨界民族的民族认同与国家认同及其关系问题,是世界上普遍关注的重要的社会问题.本文以对我国新疆跨界民族哈萨克族的实地调研为基础,探讨了伊犁哈萨克族的民族认同与国家认同的现状、原因及促进两者协调统一的对策,以利于巩固我国国家统一、民族团结、边疆稳定和促进睦邻友好.     

民族认同和国家认同研究综述

民族认同和国家认同对多民族国家和地区的民族团结和社会稳定有着至关重要的作用,因此成为国内外备受关注的热点研究问题。学者们主要从民族认同的内涵、结构、发展、影响因素等多个方面进行研究,而我国学者还特别提出民族认同应包含本民族和中华民族认同。国家认同和民族认同有密切的关系,但国家认同的研究还有待于进一步深入展开。     

从民族、国家结构类型看民族问题与民族治理的差异性

主权赋予了现代国家进行民族治理、处理民族问题的自主性,而各国具体的民族事象和民族结构关系又彼此不同.在将民族国家分类为准同质性民族国家、移民国家、传统帝国转型国家、部族或民族整合型国家的基础上,本文旨在通过归类对比分析,着力于揭示民族问题和民族治理的时空差异性.     

Concepts of national identity and the readiness for conflict behaviour

This article examines the process of national identity formation among ethnic minorities in the Crimea – specifically, the moderation effects of concepts of national identity on interrelations between conflict indicators and readiness for conflict or compromise for two ethnic minorities in Crimea. Based on a survey in the Crimea, results show that concepts of national identity moderate the effects of ethnic identity, ethnocentrism and economic deprivation on individual conflict behaviour. Research show that civic concept of national identity significantly reduces readiness for conflict among ethnic minorities. The position of a minority within the nation regulates impact of ethnic and multicultural concepts on readiness to fight with other groups.     

Basque nationalism's changing discourse on the nation

The discourse on the nation is one of the theoretical cores of all expressions of nationalism, but varies in its elaboration from one to another and even within one particular form of nationalism by virtue of the identifying aspects that can be used in each case, and of historical and spatial context. The article analyses the example of Basque nationalism, which, through time, has developed two great official discourses and a third non-official one related to space. In effect, given that neither of the official discourses is entirely political and territorial, contradictions arise among nationalists (in the case of all of its trends) and, in particular, in certain areas not presenting the more or less primordial and objective characteristics. At the same time, a second, more subjective, discourse, one that is extendable to all nationalists and reaffirms them in their national identity, has developed in order to overcome these contradictions.     

Constructing nation: national narratives of history teachers in Ukraine

This paper scrutinizes history narratives as a practice of a specific kind of nation-building and analyzes the role of history teachers in this process. Based on 60 semi-structural interviews with history teachers in Ukraine, this paper analyzes three major national narratives used by history teachers to produce specific meaning of social identity among school pupils. This paper shows how history teachers reproduce national identity in their classrooms by altering the teaching program and textbook narratives and by promoting their vision of a nation, rights of specific groups to participate in nation-building process and defining enemies and allies.     

Immigration,national identity and political trust in European democracies

This article argues that discrepancies between individual-level conceptualisations of national identity and official government approaches to national identity, as reflected in policies towards migrants, contribute to reduced levels of political trust in Europe. Public opinion data matched with contextual data measuring immigrant incorporation policies are used to investigate this proposition. The findings indicate that individuals who take a more exclusive approach to national identity but live in political systems that are comparatively more welcoming of immigrant incorporation into the national political system tend to be the least trusting of their political systems, and this is closely followed by those individuals who adopt a more inclusive form of identity but live in countries that are relatively less welcoming in their treatment of immigrants. Where individual identity and immigrant incorporation are both inclusive, trust tends to be relatively high.     

Postcolonial guilt and national identity: historical injustice and the Australian settler state

In nations with a record of historical injustice, guilt about the past is deeply implicated in both efforts towards reconciliation and the construction of national identity. This is as true in notionally postcolonial nations, where past injustice is often denied or avoided, as it is in situations where conflict and injustice have been more recent, overt or visible to the rest of the world. Taking the Australian case as an example, this article considers the dimensions of historical collective guilt, and explores the implications of that guilt for contemporary national identity in postcolonial nations. It argues that until a nation is able to deal with social psychological barriers to addressing historical injustice, it is likely to construct and maintain a narrow and defensive form of nationalism.     

Education and national identity in a comparative context

A missing link in the voluminous chain of prior studies on Canadian versus American identity is a comparative analysis of the impact of social studies – especially civics – education on the construction of national identity in these two North American nation-states. This article analyzes curricular documents and secondary-level school textbooks to learn more about how social studies education contributes to constructing a sense of ‘being a Canadian’ versus ‘being an American’ north and south of the 49th parallel.     

Religion,truth, national identity and social meaning: The example of Northern Ireland

This article argues that national identity is closely bound up with religion, which in turn is closely bound up with ideas of truth. Different religions will form and transmit different ideas of truth, both moral and cognitive, and transmit them and socialise their members in to holding them. From this a socially exclusive group is formed, which becomes one basis for a nation. This nation becomes morally and cognitively exclusive of non-religious members since they will hold different truths and so cannot be trusted, they cannot be ‘loyal and true’. Ireland and Northern Ireland provide a classic example of this, where Catholic and Protestant were the mediums for transmitting Romantic or Enlightenment versions of the truth and so provided a basis for opposed ideas of nation.     

Kingdoms,republics and people's democracies: legitimacy and national identity in European constitutions

This article uses constitutional texts to explore the models of national identity which elites in European states have apparently wished to endorse. It analyses three types of constitutions – of constitutional monarchies, democratic republics, and former revolutionary communist states – to establish how the primary principle of legitimacy is identified, and how the concept of ‘the people’ is understood. It concludes that these issues evoke a different response in the three types of constitution, suggesting a surprising survival of the implications of the monarchical-republican distinction, and a brief flowering of at least the principle of international proletarian solidarity in communist constitutions.     

试论国家认同与边疆民族地区农村社会保障

国民对国家的认同是保证国家生存和应有地位的重要条件.面对全球化、现代化的挑战,国家认同日渐成为备受关注的学术话语和重要的实践课题.边疆民族地区是国家战略安全的前沿要地,同时,又处于国家认同的“边缘地带”.完善的社会保障是强化国家认同的基础性制度,是搭建个人对于国家归属与忠诚感的桥梁.