论加强新的社会阶层与工农联系的途径和对策

社会大变革进程中产生的新的社会阶层与工人阶级和广大农民之间,存在着密切的联系.新的社会阶层的产生和发展,对工农两大社会主体阶级有着巨大的冲击.在构建社会主义和谐社会和全面建设小康社会过程中,理顺情绪,化解矛盾,合理统筹和协调新的社会阶层与工农基本群众之间的关系,对于巩固和发展工农联盟,增强党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础,意义重大而深远.     

An Extension of the Conventional TFR

The period-based total fertility rate is probably the most commonly used single measure of a population??s fertility level, but it has the disadvantage that it only controls for the population??s age distribution and not for any other subdividing feature, such as the parity distribution, ethnic composition, or educational attainment. This may lead the TFR to change because the population composition changes, even when the underlying fertility remains constant in each population sub-group. In the present contribution, we use elementary event-history methods to show how one can easily control the TFR against a change in the population??s distribution across any selected subdivision. We use the data of the Romanian Gender and Generations Survey of 2005 to illustrate how this can be done.     

中国城镇社会的阶层分化与阶层关系

社会阶层结构是社会利益、社会矛盾和社会冲突最重要的基础之一。利用2003年度GSS调 查数据,对中国城镇社会阶层的分化和阶层间关系的分析表明,在资源与机会、社会交往、社会评价、阶层认同 和职业流动上,阶层间的分化日益明显。一个和谐的社会并非一个不存在社会阶层,不存在阶层间不平等、阶 层间冲突或矛盾的社会,而是一个能够整合不同阶层的利益、控制阶层矛盾和冲突的社会。     

吉林省城镇社会各阶层的特点与消费行为研究

改革开放以来，我国经济和社会的长足发展使社会阶层的结构发生了深刻变化，从而使居民的消费结构和方式随之改变。因此，研究社会阶层的划分和特点进而根据这些特点对消费行为进行分析是当前社会学和消费者行为学研究的重要领域。笔者以吉林省城镇居民为研究对象，按照一定的标准对其进行了社会阶层的划分和研究，得出了各阶层的特点并根据这些特点对吉林省居民的消费行为进行了分析，旨在为当地政府制定相应的政策措施和企业采取有效的营销策略提供理论参考。     

Anticipated (Grand-)Parental Childcare Support and the Decision to Become a Parent

Based on a cost-reduction argument, this study explored whether anticipated childcare support from their mothers influenced adult daughters’ decisions to have their first child. Using six waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam), discrete-time hazard models (N = 3155 women) were estimated for the transition to the decision to have the first child. Anticipated childcare support from the women’s mothers was approximated by the travelling distance between adult daughters and their mothers, a measure whose suitability was tested empirically. The results indicated that women in a position to anticipate having access to childcare support in the future decided to make the transition to parenthood earlier. This finding highlights both the strength of social interaction effects on fertility decision-making and the importance of intergenerational relationships for individual fertility histories already at their very beginning.     

社会分层理论与中国城市的类中间阶层

马克思的阶级理论和韦伯的多元分层理论是研究社会分层的两大理论模式 ,国内的社会学学者多融合这两家之所长 ,来探讨当代中国的社会分层现象。西方社会 ,马克思和韦伯的继承者也对原有理论进行了重新发现与探索 ,形成了关于社会分层的新马克思主义和新韦伯主义。新马克思主义认为 ,阶级内部出现了阶层分化 ;新韦伯主义认为 ,职业秩序是决定社会分层的最重要来源 ,教育以及由此获得的技术专长是构成封闭过程结构化的重要因素。更进一步的 ,维克多·倪 (Victor Nee)和撒列尼 (I.Szelenyi)集中研究国家社会主义的市场转型过程里社会精英的形成和替代模式 ,采用嵌入性观点 ,讨论了市场转型对社会分层结构所造成的影响。相应的 ,孙立平分析了向市场转型过程中 ,行政精英向市场精英的转化。种种迹象表明 ,在当前中国社会的转型时期 ,就全社会来看 ,中间阶层的存在还并不明显 ,如果说有 ,那也仅是就一些产业结构接近信息经济要求的大城市而言。     

鲁迅小说的社会杂语分析

本文借用巴赫金有关长篇小说的话语理论和福柯有关话语权力的思想,对鲁迅小说作了新的解读。从整体上看,鲁迅小说以鲁镇和未庄为中心,构成了一个社会杂语的环境,其间六个层次的话语的运动,体现了世纪初处在流动、变化之中的乡土中国各个话 语集团较量的实况。其中,最引人注目的是三个话语集团：被剥夺了话语权、以他者话语为自己话语的“失语”的人们;尚未掌握话语权、只能以反常或疯狂的形式出现的代表新兴话语力量的“独语”的人们;处在传统话语与新兴话语张力中的“双语”的人们。鲁迅正是通过上述各种话语力量互相消长、互相激荡的运动的揭示,表达了对辛亥革命后局势的忧虑和对传统话语的批判。     

Does Migrant Background Matter for Adolescents’ Fertility Preferences? The Latin American 1.5 Generation in Spain

This article examines the fertility preferences of Latin American adolescents of the 1.5 generation and their native peers in Spain. We compare their expected age at first birth as well as their expected family size. The fertility preferences of the 1.5 generation are likely to reflect the family values of two different socialization environments as well as the adaptation process to the childbearing norms of the host society. The analysis is based on the Chances Survey, which collected data from 2700 adolescents in secondary schools in Madrid in 2011. Results indicate that fertility timing preferences of Latin American adolescents reflect socialization influences from the society of origin, but also a quick adaptation to the childbearing norms in the host society, since their expected age at first birth is somewhat earlier than that of their Spanish peers but considerably later than that prevailing in their country of origin. The degree of social integration, measured by the number of the respondent’s best friends who were Spanish, seems more important than age at migration for diminishing the gap between Latin Americans and Spaniards. Moreover, higher educational expectations are associated with preferences for postponed entry into parenthood. With regard to family size expectations, we find no significant variation between adolescents of migrant and native origin, confirming the argument that the “two-child norm” currently prevails in both middle- and high-income countries.     

改革开放以来我国社会阶层流动轨迹及趋势

改革开放以来,无论是职业视角下的传统职业阶层和新兴职业阶层,还是社会地位视角下的强势阶层、弱势阶层和中间阶层,都在频繁地流动。从职业视角看,主要由公有制领域流向非公有制领域,由第一产业流向第二、第三产业;未来一个时期,有的职业阶层将缩小乃至消失,有的职业阶层还将继续扩张。从社会地位视角看,阶层流动既存在阶层成员在不同地位阶层间和同一地位阶层内的个体性流动,也存在着阶层整体的地位流动;未来一个时期,弱势阶层和中间阶层成员的水平流动将是社会流动的主流,强势阶层与弱势阶层间的社会地位差距也会越来越大。     

关于中国煤炭史志编纂工作几个问题之我见

煤炭是人类实现其自身发展的最重要的物质资料之一,而文明的发展又始终贯穿着矿业的演进。因此,以煤矿工人为代表的工人阶级的出现和发展,引发了中国社会阶级关系和政治力量对比的重要变动。20多年来,中国煤炭史志的编纂工作已经取得了有目共睹、十分可喜的成绩,但与中国煤矿悠久的历史和丰富多彩的内容相比,与铁路、纺织等行业相比,煤炭历史的研究还处在起步阶段。因此,要加强煤炭史志资料的整理和开发利用工作;对已有的煤炭史志著作,要加强宣传和评论;要开展较大项目的专题研究,在新的历史条件下推动产生一批标志性的中国煤炭史志成果。     

A hypothesis about the decline of fertility

The hypothesis proposed earlier seems to be supported by the analysis of U.S. fertility. Urbanization was consistently negatively correlated with thelevel of fertility in 1810, 1860, 1920, and 1940. Urbanization was not significantly correlated with thedecline of fertility in the period, i.e. from 1800 to 1860; from 1860 to 1920; and from 1920 to 1940. For the period from 1800 to 1860, however, the decline was closely associated with a proxy variable for what is called the spirit of autonomy, i.e., a feeling of control over one's life. It is hypothesized that this sense of control extended to control over fertility. After 1860 the ideas became so widespread that they were no longer associated with any particular group, region, religion, or class. It was just a matter of time until the ideas spread slowly to all groups.     

论新疆少数民族人口发展和生育观的新变化

随着新疆跨越式的发展,政府政策、社会经济、就业等因素使少数民族人口和生育观有了新的变化。为了适应新的变化,推动少数民族人口生育与社会经济协调发展,文章对新疆少数民族生育观念发生转变的影响因素进行分析和总结,认为只有坚持过去的成功经验,不断开拓创新,提高少数民族人口素质,加强人口的文化素质培育,加快新疆城市化建设,才能实现新疆人口、社会、经济的科学发展目标。     

阶级分层：对当代中国社会分层的另一种解读——基于学理层面思考的中国阶级分层

卡尔·马克思的社会阶级理论仍然适合分析当代中国的社会分层。按照马克斯·韦伯的关于阶级和阶层是一个历史过程的观点，中国开始出现阶级现象；并尝试运用稀缺性生产要素占有关系解读当下的中国阶级状况及其相互关系；认为阶级分化或冲突并不必然会导致阶级对抗，阶级合作是现代社会的一个理性选择。     

东欧中亚国家阶级结构的变化

东欧中亚国家的社会面貌已经发生了全面而深刻的变化 ,阶级结构的变化便是这其中的重要内容。在推动阶级结构发生改变的诸多因素中 ,这些国家的历史传统、所确立的目标模式以及所推行的实际政策和具体操作方式发挥了突出的作用。今天东欧中亚国家阶级结构的面貌可以概括为 :两大基本板块 (即“上流社会”与“下层社会”的二元格局 )、四个主要阶级 (即官僚阶级、官僚资产阶级、新兴的资产阶级和小资产阶级以及雇佣劳动阶级 )。无论是就种类还是就属性而言 ,这些社会集团时下都带有鲜明的转型社会的特征。     

Detecting Deliberate Fertility Control in Pre-transitional Populations: Evidence from six German villages, 1766–1863

This article deals with the possible existence of deliberate fertility control before the fertility transition. The timing of the fertility response to economic stress, as measured by fluctuations in grain prices, is used as a measure of deliberate, but non-parity specific, control. Birth histories from six German villages (1766–1863), including information on occupation of the husband, are used together with community-wide grain price series in a micro-level event-history analysis. The results show a negative fertility response to grain prices both in the year immediately following the price change, and with a 1-year lag. The response was also highly different between socioeconomic groups, with the most pronounced effects among the unskilled laborers. Moreover, the response in this group was very rapid, already present 3–6 months after the price change. As all involuntary fertility responses to economic hardship (e.g., malnutrition, spousal separation, and spontaneous abortion) come with a considerable time lag, the existence of such a rapid response among the lower social groups suggests that individual agency (deliberate control) was an important aspect of reproductive behavior also before the fertility transition.     

积极构建和谐的社会阶层关系

和谐的阶层关系是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要前提和基础,是激发社会各阶层人员创造力的强大动力,是缓和和解决各类社会矛盾的润滑剂。进入改革开放时期以来,在行政管理体制、生产资料所有制、分配方式、产业结构、培育市场体系、社会事业等方面的改革逐步深化,使原有的社会阶层开始分化,关系不断调整,同时一些新的社会阶层也相伴而生,阶层关系还处在形成和调整阶段。由于收入分配差距过大、政治权利保障不平衡、社会地位不对称、价值观念多元化等原因,导致阶层关系出现矛盾。要通过发挥政府的主导作用和社会组织的调节作用,调动社会各阶层的积极因素,促进社会阶层关系和谐,构建社会主义和谐社会。     

1949～1956年我国农村阶级阶层的变迁

在1949—1956年中国社会大变动的过程中,农村的阶级阶层也发生了变化。这个变化主要受两个运动的影响:在土地改革运动中,地主阶级已经被消灭,贫农、农村工人、贫民、游民以及富农和中农,由于土地和其他生产资料的变动,也不再是原来意义上的阶层;在对农业的社会主义改造中,农民的经济分层已经不复存在了。     

马克思阶级关系两极分化理论在当代的适用性——兼析赖特的中间阶级理论

马克思、恩格斯把资本主义社会看作是资产阶级和无产阶级两极对立的社会。当代资本主义国家出现了一个由专业管理人员组成的新的社会群体。这个群体既不同于传统的资产阶级,也不同于无产阶级,即所谓的中间阶级。从总体上说,尽管存在着中间阶级有所扩大的现象,使得当代资本主义社会阶级关系呈现较为复杂局面,但资本主义社会的阶级结构呈两极化的态势并未根本改变。     

近代英国社会结构变迁中的文化牵引作用

近代英国社会由高度分层的五分层等级社会向三层式社会结构变迁,又从三层制塔型结构向中间不断膨大、分层越加细密、难以阶级属性描述的梨性结构变迁。在这个流动与变化的过程中,社会分层的相对性、模糊性、互动性和变化性最为本质。社会上层引领、各阶层参与建构的文化认同新要素,起到了整合分层利益、固着分层结构、促进社会和谐的作用。它表现为精英向下吸取各阶层价值观念,全社会向上看齐精英传统理念,从而共同铸就近代英国"绅士文化",在分层结构变迁中文化的牵引作用成为稳定和谐发展的关键。     

家庭性别平等观念与生育性别意愿——对湖北省8县(市)996名农村居民的实证分析

以人口学、社会学(家庭方面)、社会心理学(认知方面)等相关理论为基础,从生育主体———农村居民的主观角度,通过大规模问卷调查,并辅以个案访谈的方式收集资料,考察和研究了家庭性别平等观念、生育性别意愿以及两者之间的关系。并依研究结论讨论了当前我国农村家庭性别平等观念的表现和变化,以及对生育性别意愿的研究思路和方法。